Heterologous Complement Research Articles

THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: VI. THE EFFECT OF ADJUVANT ON THE STIMULATION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ PRODUCTION

The production of immuno-conglutinin can be stimulated by (1) the injection of a heterologous complement absorbed on an antigen-antibody complex or on certain active surfaces (heterostimulation) or (2) any strong antigenic challenge (autostimulation). The incorporation of these antigens in adjuvants increases and prolongs the production of immuno-conglutinin in response to heterostimulation but decreases the immuno-conglutinin response to autostimulation. Adjuvant alone, kaolin in adjuvant, or kaolin treated with heated serum in adjuvant do not stimulate the production of immuno-conglutinin.In heterostimulation experiments, the intramuscular route of inoculation stimulates the highest and most prolonged high titers of immuno-conglutinin. The intravenous route of inoculation stimulates high titers of immuno-conglutinin but the level of activity decreases quite markedly over the period of 30 weeks.

Notizen: Contraction of the Embryonic Calf Muscle Cells in vitro by Heterologous Antibodies and Complement

Article Notizen: Contraction of the Embryonic Calf Muscle Cells in vitro by Heterologous Antibodies and Complement was published on November 1, 1961 in the journal Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (volume 16, issue 11).

On the mechanisms of immune cytolysis by means of heterologous antibodies and complement

Heterologous antibodies of the Ehrlich ascites tumor, in the presence of complement, cause a rapid drop of the ATP in the cells of this tumor. Probably there is a relation between this effect and the immune cytolysis.

Homologous and heterologous complement fixing antibody in persons infected with ECHO; Coxsackie and poliomyelitis viruses.

A study of heterologous CF antibody responses in persons naturally or experimentally infected with ECHO virus types 10, 16, and 20, Coxsackie B virus type 3, or poliovirus type 1, indicated an antigenic relationship between the following viruses: ECHO types 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 16, and 20, Coxsackie B virus types 1, 3, 4, and 5. No antigenic relationship was noted between ECHO virus type 10 and any of the other enteroviruses.

The Demonstration of an Antibody against Complement

Summary A method for the preparation of antibody against several complements has been described. This is a true antibody and not what is ordinarily understood as anticomplementary activity for the following reasons: The antibody gives a classical primary and secondary immune response to parenterally injected complement.It reacts with its homologous complement, fixing heterologous complement, to produce a positive complement-fixation test.It is inhibited by unheated homologous complement but not to any extent by heated homologous complement.It can be removed by adsorption with homologous complement. Varying degrees of cross-reaction were shown to exist between the anticomplements and heterologous complements tested.

Hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes sensitized with leptospiral extracts.

SummaryLeptospiral extracts are capable of sensitizing sheep erythrocytes to the HL action of homologous and heterologous leptospiral antiserum and complement, and description of the HL procedure is presented. The HL procedure was shown to be broadly specific, in sharp contrast to the high degree of type specificity seen in the AL procedure. In comparison with HL titrations, the HA reaction was also found to have broad specificity but to be considerably less sensitive than the HL reaction. All 3 procedures were compared in a study involving 580 randomly selected human sera, from which data it would seem that the HL procedure warrants further study as a possible screening tool for the rapid detection and titration of leptospiral antibodies in human sera.

Complement Fixation Tests with Homologous and Heterologous Types of Coxsackie Virus in Man

Summary The results of complement fixation tests in human sera using nine antigenically distinct Coxsackie, or C, viruses are presented. In five proven cases of C virus infection among laboratory personnel, homologous complement fixing (c.f.) antibodies were produced as a result of infection. At the same time, however, a variable number of heterologous c.f. antibodies also showed significant rises in titer together with the homologous type. In 42 patients with paralytic and nonparalytic poliomyelitis in Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1949, and in 32 such individuals in Cincinnati and Akron, Ohio, in 1947, it was found that the C virus antibody patterns could not be related to: Paralytic or nonparalytic type of illness. Success or failure to isolate Coxsackie viruses. Success or failure to isolate poliomyelitis virus. The relationship between complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies in man is not clear from this study. It is true that when a particular C virus is isolated from a patient, he shows immunologic evidence of the specific infection by both the c.f. and neutralization tests, even though heterologous c.f. antibodies may also appear. But when infection cannot be proved by virus isolation, then there appears to be no consistent correlation between the presence or absence of the two kinds of antibodies. Possible mechanisms of the rises in heterologous complement fixing antibodies are discussed.

THE COMPARATIVE MERITS OF VARIOUS COMPLEMENTS AND AMBOCEPTORS IN THE SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS

1. The maximum activity of an antihuman hemolytic amboceptor may be obtained by employing the homologous or heterologous complement, according to the variable relations existing between the species furnishing the amboceptor and the one supplying the complement. Thus, some amboceptors are best reactivated by the complement of the same species, while others may act most strongly when reactivated with the complements of certain suitable heterologous species. 2. From the above it is clear that the complementary activity of a given serum may be very variable according to the varieties of amboceptors employed. In expressing the complementary activity of a serum, the species of the host of the amboceptor must always be stated. Thus, one serum may have many different complementary titers according to the amboceptors used. A similar variation in the titers of the amboceptors occurs when a variety of complements are employed. 3. Certain species of animals (pig and sheep) yield sera which are comparatively poor in reactivating most varieties of antihuman amboceptors. The complements of these species deteriorate rapidly. 4. The serum of chicken contained but little complement for the amboceptors derived from the mammalia, while the amboceptor from the chicken was only poorly, or not at all, reactivable by the complements contained in the mammalian sera. The serum of pig was the only variety which reactivated this amboceptor in a fair degree. 5. For the fixation tests guinea pig complement is the most favorable. This complement is also the most active and durable of those which have been studied. The complements of pig and sheep are quite fixable, but their weakness and rapid deterioration render them unsuitable for fixation purposes. Rabbit complement is quite active but is not easily fixable. Goat complement is, as already stated, difficult to fix, in spite of its strong complementary activity. The other complements are unsuitable because of their feeble complementary activity. 6. For fixation tests the antihuman amboceptors produced in the rabbit and guinea pig are suitable. They are, moreover, very active and do not cause the phenomenon of non-fixation. The amboceptors from other animals are unsuitable, as we cannot find a complement which strongly reactivates them. The amboceptor from the goat is unsuitable because of the danger of masking the fixation phenomenon by subsequent hemolysis. 7. In summing up, we arrive at the conclusion that the rabbit is the best animal for producing antihuman amboceptor, and the guinea pig for supplying complement. The guinea pig produces a good amboceptor, but its small size renders it second in choice. So far, no other animals have been found useful for the fixation experiments.