Heterojunction Microspheres Research Articles

Facile fabrication of a cellulose-based photocatalytic membrane decorated with core-shell heterojunction microspheres for efficient and continuous wastewater remediation

Advanced oxidation processes have extensive applications in the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. However, conventional powder photochemical catalysts have limited utility due to their susceptibility to agglomeration, electron-hole recombination, and challenges in recycling. In this work, we herein propose an integration tactic to facilely fabricate a cellulose-based photocatalytic electrospun membrane (ZPP/CA-ENM) via synchronous electrospinning of acetate cellulose (CA) and electrospray of core-shell PMMA@PDA@ZIF-67 (ZPP) photocatalysts. This hybrid membrane is capable of synergistic PMS activation and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) and methylene blue (MB). For the ZPP catalysts, the PDA@ZIF-67 heterojunctions greatly promote the adsorption of visible light and the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, leading to excellent catalytic efficiency. The synchronous electrospinning and electrospray not only lead to the formation of porous and spiderweb-like membrane structure, but also facilitates the dispersion and recycling of these catalysts. Results reveal that under the presence of light irradiation and PMS, various oxidative species, including 1O2, SO4−, OH and O2− are generated, resulting in rapid degradations of TC (93.31 % within 30 min) and MB (99.90 % within 15 min), which also exhibits a rapid degradation and high efficiency in a cascade continuous lab setup. This work provides a new strategy for exploring novel and efficient material for wastewater purification.

Synergistic engineering of heterojunction and surface coating to boost Zn storage performance of V2O3-based microspheres as an advanced cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Vanadium-based compounds are highly regarded as potential cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) owing to the high theoretical capacity, diverse structural frameworks and abundant oxidation states. Nevertheless, the challenges such as slow diffusion kinetics, low electrical conductivity and inadequate structural stability restrict their further development. Herein, yolk shell-like SiO2-coated V2O3/VN heterojunction microspheres (VON@SiO2) are synthesized through a hydrothermal method followed by annealing and subsequent SiO2 coating. As an advanced cathode for AZIBs, the construction of V2O3/VN heterojunction effectively exposes reactive sites, leads to the reduction in interfacial charge transfer resistance, and thus improves the ion diffusion kinetics, while the surface coating of SiO2 is beneficial for enhancing the structural stability of the material and further reduces the capacity fading. Additionally, the micromorphology of porous yolk shell-like microspheres self-assembled by nanoparticles contributes to the complete penetration of electrolyte and greatly exposing reactive sites. Based on synergistic engineering of heterojunction, surface coating and porous shell-like micromorphology, the synthesized VON@SiO2 delivers excellent specific capacities of 483.5 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and 294 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1, and exhibits impressive cycling performance with 94 % of capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Further, in-situ XRD and ex-situ XPS reveals the mechanism of zinc ion storage. This work offers a valuable reference into the development of high-performance cathode materials for AZIBs by co-engineering of heterojunction, surface coating and micromorphology optimization.

NiO/ZnO heterojunction microspheres for methane detection at room temperature

Low working temperature CH4 gas sensors are necessary to explore to obtain intrinsic safety. In this work, NiO/ZnO microspheres were synthesized through facile hydrothermal methods and the strategy of photo-activation was used to develop room-temperature CH4 gas sensors. The characterizations of as-prepared samples were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicated that NiO/ZnO is a microsphere structure assembled with porous nanosheets. NiO/ZnO composite had good optical properties to use light energy. The methane gas-sensing performances were systematically investigated at room temperature. It shows that the prepared sensors exhibit good CH4 gas sensing performances at room temperature under UV illumination. NiO/ZnO microspheres exhibited enhanced response values. In particular, NiO/ZnO-2 sensor exhibited the highest response (8.61–5000 ppm CH4), which is 3.42 times of pure ZnO, low detection limit, good selectivity, and repeatability under UV light. The excellent gas sensing performances may be related to the UV light and the formation of heterojunction, which widens the depletion layer and increases the amount of valid carriers. This work gives a sight to explore photo-activated CH4 gas sensors.

Preparation and photocatalytic properties of a CdWO4/Bi2WO6 binary heterojunction

CdWO4/Bi2WO6 heterojunction microspheres are prepared by hydrothermal and subsequent impregnation processes, and the formation of the CdWO4/Bi2WO6 Z-scheme heterojunction significantly improves the visible light degradation performance for RhB dyes.

Constructing a novel type-Ⅱ ZnO/BiOCOOH heterojunction microspheres for the degradation of tetracycline and bacterial inactivation

A novel ZnO/BiOCOOH microsphere photocatalyst with a type-Ⅱ mechanism was developed for the first time. This strategy was accomplished by immobilizing ZnO onto 3D BiOCOOH microspheres via a single-step hydrothermal synthesis method. The ability to degrade tetracycline (TC) in water under visible light and inactivate bacteria of as-catalyst were analyzed. Among the prepared samples, the ZnO/BiOCOOH composite, with a mass ratio of 40%(Zn/Bi), exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, which was able to degrade 98.22% of TC in just 90 min and completely eradicated Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in 48 h, and had potential application in solving water resource environmental pollution. The photoelectric characteristics of the photocatalysts were examined by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The findings indicated that the superior photocatalytic performance could be credited to the dissociation of electrons (e−) and holes (h+) in heterojunction composites. Finally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and capture experiments were conducted to confirm the photocatalytic mechanism of the type-Ⅱ heterojunction. This work provides a new Bi-base photocatalyst for aqueous environmental control.

Plasmon Bi in-situ anchored on BiOCl nanosheets assembled microspheres towards optimized photothermal-photocatalytic performance

Interface engineering is of great importance to improve the photocatalytic performance. Herein, in-situ formation plasmon Bi/BiOCl nanosheets assembled heterojunction microspheres are fabricated via facile reductive solvothermal approach. The aldehyde group in the DMF structure is used to exert the weak reducing property of the solvent and thus strip out the metal Bi in BiOCl. The metal Bi is anchored on surface of BiOCl firmly due to in-situ formation engineered interface, which could realize efficient charge transfer channel. The resultant Bi/BiOCl heterojunctions assemblies with narrow bandgap of 3.05 eV and mesoporous structure extend the photoresponse to visible light region and could provide sufficient surface active sites. The visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of high-toxic norfloxacin for Bi/BiOCl heterojunctions is up to 95.5% within 20 min, representing several times that of pristine BiOCl nanosheets and the physical mixture. It is attributed to the in-situ formation of Bi/BiOCl heterojunctions and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of plasmon Bi promoting charge transfer, and the obvious photothermal effect promoting the photocatalytic reaction, which are verified by experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This strategy provides ideal perspectives for fabricating metal/semiconductor heterojunctions photocatalysts with high-performance.

Preparation and visible light catalytic degradation of magnetically recyclable ZnFe2O4/BiOBr flower-like microspheres

The construction of a binary heterojunction is a crucial method for solving the low separation efficiency and photon utilization of BiOBr (BOB) photogeneration carriers. In this study, magnetic recyclable ZnFe2O4/BiOBr (ZFB) heterojunction microspheres containing oxygen vacancies were prepared using a two-step solvothermal method. The results of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis show that ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) induces the growth of a nanolayer structure on the surface of BOB, the diffraction peak intensity ratio of I(102)/I(110) increases, and the specific surface area increases significantly. The analysis of photoelectric characteristics indicates that compared with BOB, ZFB has a smaller bandgap, a larger visible response range, and a higher photogenerated carrier migration and separation efficiency. ZFB can significantly degrade the activated benzene ring in organic molecules, with the degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB), norfloxacin (NOR), and sulfadiazine (SDZ) reaching 99.04 %, 91.70 %, and 86.64 %, respectively. Under the magnetic recovery, the five-cycle degradation performance retention rate reaches more than 92 %. Holes and superoxide radicals are the main active substances of ZFB photocatalytic materials for degradation of micropollutants. This research provides an idea for the preparation of a green and efficient photocatalytic material with high recyclable efficiency, which can simultaneously degrade various micropollutants in organic wastewater.

NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microspheres for conductometric triethylamine gas sensors

Triethylamine (TEA), a clear and colorless liquid with strong ammonia odor, has great danger to human health and environment. We synthesize the NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microspheres using hydrothermal method for TEA detection. To characterize the as-prepared samples, XRD, XPS, SEM, UV–vis, and EIS are used. Among the pure NiO, BiVO4, 5%NiO-BiVO4 and 30%NiO-BiVO4, the 10%NiO-BiVO4 sensor exhibits excellent gas sensing properties, including fast response/recovery times, high humidity resistance, and low detection limit of 3.42 ppb toward TEA. Moreover, the enhanced mechanism of NiO/BiVO4 p-n heterojunction microsphere is also proposed. Consequently, NiO coupled with BiVO4 to form NiO-BiVO4 can be an effective strategy for improving TEA gas sensors.

In-situ fabrication of hollow BiOIxCly n-n type heterojunction microspheres with enhanced visible-light-driven performance for rhodamine B degradation and CO2 reduction

It is pressing to explore highly efficient and broad-spectrum photocatalysts to address environmental issues. In this work, in situ self-assembled hollow BiOIxCly n-n type heterojunction microspheres were simply synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method, and the microstructure, morphology, optical, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic properties of the samples were researched. The photocatalytic activity of materials was investigated for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation and CO2 reduction. The characterization results illustrated that the introduction of moderate amounts of Cl− in BiOI could promote the conversion of RhB and CO2, and it improved separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes in BiOI. Specially, when the doping ratio of I− and Cl− was 2:1, BiOIxCly exhibited the most outstanding photocatalytic activity for RhB degradation (99.42 %, 20 min) and reduction of CO2 to methanol (1042.12 µmol/gcat, 8 h) and ethanol (264.53 µmol/gcat, 8 h), which were approximately 3.40 and 3.91times larger than that of BiOI, respectively. This study could describe a potential strategy for assisting with environmental purification and energy transformation.

The visible light photocatalytic degradation of ethylene using a polyvinyl alcohol film loaded with Ag2O-TiO2-Bi2WO6 heterojunction microspheres

In this study, Ag2O-TiO2-Bi2WO6(ATB) heterojunction microsphere photocatalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal and surface deposition method. ATB was loaded onto the surface and interior of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films to construct a novel ATB/PVA composite film with photocatalytic degradation performance of ethylene by internal doping and surface loading method. The ATB microspheres and ATB/PVA composite films were characterized, and the photodegradation effect and mechanism of ethylene by ATB/PVA composite films was investigated. The results showed that ATB had the best ethylene degradation effect, and the reaction rate constant K' value was 6.0722 × 10-4 min−1, which was 11.79, 2.71 and 1.48 times than that of TiO2, Bi2WO6 and TiO2/Bi2WO6(TB), respectively. The improvement of photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the addition of Ag2O, which enhanced the visible light absorption performance and reduced the band gap of ATB. The formation of ternary heterostructures promoted the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers. When the internal doping amount of ATB was 3 wt% and the surface loading amount was 1.5 wt%, the ATB microspheres were well dispersed inside and on the surface of PVA film, and the ATB/PVA composite film had the best ethylene degradation performance with K 'value of 6.8107 × 10-4 min−1, which was increased by 12.16% compared with the pure internal doping film.

Insights into the degradation mechanism of perfluorooctanoic acid under visible-light irradiation through fabricating flower-shaped Bi5O7I/ZnO n-n heterojunction microspheres

• Bi 5 O 7 I/ZnO n-n heterojunction was facilely prepared by in-situ phase transition. • n-n Bi 5 O 7 I/ZnO efficiently degraded PFOA under visible light irradiation. • The experimental mechanism was verified by DFT calculation. • h + were the active substance responsible for PFOA degradation. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which is an emerging contaminant, has received extensive attention in recent times due to its high toxicity and environmental risk. In this study, BiOI supported on Zn-Al hydrotalcite (BOI 0.04 -BHZA) was calcined at 400 ℃ to obtain flower-shaped Bi 5 O 7 I/ZnO n-n heterojunction microspheres for the photocatalytic degradation of PFOA under visible light irradiation. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Compared with BOI (k 1 = 0.0044 h −1 ), BHZA (k 2 = 0.0054 h −1 ), and BOI 0.04 -BHZA (k 3 = 0.0073 h −1 ), the degradation rate constant of Bi 5 O 7 I/ZnO n-n heterojunction microspheres (k 4 = 0.013 h −1 ) increased by 2.9, 2.4, and 1.8 times, respectively. Approximately 91% of PFOA was degraded after 6 h of irradiation. The excellent photocatalytic performance was ascribed to the Bi 5 O 7 I/ZnO n-n heterojunction formed by calcination, which enlarged the photoresponse to the visible light region and increased the separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the degradation pathway of PFOA was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and ion chromatography assisted by density functional theory calculations. The results demonstrated that the carboxylic groups of PFOA was vulnerable to attack by the photoproduction hole. The formed unstable perfluoroheptyl radicals transformed into shorter chain perfluorocarboxylic acids by the elimination of CF 2 units. It was expected that this Bi 5 O 7 I/ZnO n-n heterojunction photocatalyst would be a promising candidate for PFOA treatment.

Z-scheme heterojunction based on NiWO4/WO3 microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light.

The green treatment of dye wastewater has always been a research hotspot in the environmental field. The photocatalytic technology is considered to be a simple and effective strategy to remove dyes in wastewater. A new type of NiWO4/WO3 Z-scheme heterojunction microspheres were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and impregnation-calcination process. The crystal structure, microscopic morphology, optical and electrochemical properties of the samples were systematically characterized. The photocatalytic activity of methylene blue (MB) was studied by visible light irradiation. The results show that the direct Z-scheme heterojunction formed by NiWO4/WO3 effectively reduces the transfer resistance of photogenerated carriers and improves the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. The degradation rates of NiWO4/WO3-4 Z-scheme heterojunction microspheres to MB dye are 1.8 and 3.2 times higher than that of pure WO3·2H2O and WO3 microspheres, respectively. Combined with the Mott-Schottky curve and the active species capture experiments, a possible Z-scheme photogenerated carrier transfer mechanism is proposed. This study provides a method for the development and design of Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts in the field of wastewater purification.

Heterojunction interface of zinc oxide and zinc sulfide promoting reactive molecules activation and carrier separation toward efficient photocatalysis

Heterojunction photocatalysts, which can alleviate the low carrier separation efficiency and insufficient light absorption capacity of a single catalyst, have received widespread attention. However, the specific interfacial structure of the heterojunction and its effect on the photocatalytic reaction is still unclear. Herein, a battery of zinc oxide/zinc sulfide (ZnO@ZnS) heterojunction microspheres with different degrees of sulfuration were successfully constructed via a facile hydrothermal method. The as-prepared photocatalysts shown decent aerobic nitric oxide (NO) oxidation performance under visible light irradiation, and the results of various characterization techniques illustrated that the superior photoactivity could be ascribed to the spatial separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs due to the synergy of the internal electric field and the band offset. More importantly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the heterojunction interface can significantly promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO+ reaction intermediates and thus accelerate the photocatalytic reaction. Finally, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technology was used to time-dependently monitor the NO oxidation process, revealing the photocatalytic mechanism. This work investigated the role of the heterojunction interface in the gas-phase catalytic reaction, broadening the practical application of the ZnO@ZnS heterojunction.

Fabricating Mn3O4/β-Bi2O3 heterojunction microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic activity for organic pollutants degradation and NO removal

Novel porous sphere-like Mn3O4/β-Bi2O3 heterojunction photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by a heat treatment technique for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants (Rhodamine B (RhB), Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Methyl Blue (MB)) and oxidation removal of nitric oxide (NO). The XRD pattern results reveal that the β-Bi2O3 phase exists in all as-prepared samples. The UV–Vis spectra show that the optical adsorption ability of β-Bi2O3 has been greatly enhanced by loading with Mn3O4. The HRTEM results show that the Mn3O4/β-Bi2O3 heterostructures were successfully formed in the composite photocatalyst (S2 sample). The photocatalytic experiments reveal that 2 wt% Mn3O4/β-Bi2O3 heterojunction photocatalyst (S2) exhibited the most superior photocatalytic performance for NO removal and organic pollutants (RhB, MB and BPA) degradation. The experimental and DFT calculation results show that a type-II heterojunction can be formed at the interface between the Mn3O4 and β-Bi2O3 phases, which is very beneficial to promote the rapid separation of photogenerated carriers, thus producing excellent photocatalytic performances. This work provides insights into preparation of highly efficient visible light driven photocatalysts for pollutants removal.

Methyl orange adsorption from aqueous solutions on 3D hierarchical PbS/ZnO microspheres

In this study, three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical PbS/ZnO heterojunction microspheres were successfully fabricated by combining a facile hydrothermal method and an improved successive ionic-layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). As an adsorbent for the first time, the adsorption activities for the methyl orange (MO) of the prepared 3D hierarchical PbS/ZnO heterojunction microspheres were investigated. By optimizing the loading of PbS nanoparticles (NPs), the 3D hierarchical PbS/ZnO heterojunction microspheres show enhanced adsorption ability for MO with a high removal rate of more than 91% and a maximum adsorption capacity of 159 mg g−1 at equilibrium time within less than 40 min. The kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherm investigations for the adsorption process of MO over the 3D hierarchical PbS/ZnO heterojunction microspheres experimentally demonstrate that the adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order model with the nature of spontaneous and endothermic and is well fitted with the normal Langmuir isotherm model. Based on the comparative investigations and the experimental results of kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherm studies, a reasonable adsorption mechanism of MO over the 3D hierarchical PbS/ZnO heterojunction microspheres was proposed. This work not only describes a new semiconductor heterojunction adsorbent but also offers a new idea for the fabrication of other semiconductor heterojunction adsorbents.

Facile fabrication of hierarchical p-Ag2O/n-Nb2O5 heterojunction microspheres with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity.

Constructing p–n heterojunction is an efficient strategy to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we report a hierarchical Ag2O/Nb2O5 heterojunction composite as a novel and efficient visible-light driven photocatalyst. Hierarchical Nb2O5 microspheres were prepared by a hydrothermal method, and then the in situ growth of Ag2O nanoparticles on their surfaces was realized by a simple deposition method. Structural and textural features of the Ag2O/Nb2O5 composites were investigated, revealing that Ag2O nanoparticles were well distributed on the surface of Nb2O5 microspheres. Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was significantly enhanced by Ag2O/Nb2O5 photocatalysts under visible light. The optimal Ag/Nb molar ratio was determined to be 0.15 : 1, which yielded a 21.8 times faster degradation rate constant than plain Nb2O5 microspheres and had excellent stability for at least 4 catalytic cycles. The superior photocatalytic performance of Ag2O/Nb2O5 photocatalyst can be ascribed to the hierarchical superstructure as well as the heterojunction between Ag2O and Nb2O5, which facilitated the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. This work has potential application in the future for solving environmental pollution.

One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of nano-sheet assembled NiO/ZnO microspheres for efficient sulfur dioxide detection

The nano-sheet assembled NiO/ZnO microspheres with a diameter of ca. 2 μm have been synthesized via facile hydrothermal method followed by a thermal treatment process. The gas-sensing measurement results show that the sensor using nano-sheet assembled NiO/ZnO microspheres exhibits improved response to sulfur dioxide gas compared with the pure ZnO microspheres sensor. In particular, the sensor with a Ni/Zn molar ratio of 0.5 (0.5 mol% NiO/ZnO) shows high response value (S = 107) and superior selectivity to 10 ppm sulfur dioxide at a low operating temperature of 160 °C and the detection limit of the NiO/ZnO sensor toward sulfur dioxide is down to 1 ppm (S = 6). The enhanced sensing performance is attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunctions on the interface, the catalytic function of NiO and the three-dimensional microspheres composed of the lamellar structure with a large specific surface area. The three-dimensional microspheres provide more active sites for gas adsorption, and the interlayer gap facilitates the diffusion of gas in three-dimensional structure, resulting in high sensitivity and superior selectivity. This work provides a simple method for the synthesis of NiO/ZnO heterojunction microspheres with superior gas-sensing performance, which can be used as a potential material for sulfur dioxide detection.

Efficiently photocatalytic degradation of monochlorophenol on in-situ fabricated BiPO4/β-Bi2O3 heterojunction microspheres and O2-free hole-induced selective dechloridation conversion with H2 evolution

Herein, hierarchical BiPO4/β-Bi2O3 microspheres have been successfully synthesized via one-step annealing pyrophosphate anchored (BiO)2CO3 microspheres, and utilized as efficient and recyclable photocatalysts for CPs degradation. Notably, the amount-optimized heterojunctional microspheres display high photocatalytic activity for 2-CP degradation, even with 5-time enhancement compared to the classical TiO2 (P25). By means of the surface photovoltage spectra, photocurrent action spectra and CPs adsorption curves, the exceptional photoactivities are mainly attributed to the strong adsorption of 2-CP due to the complexation of Bi on Bi2O3 with empty orbitals and Cl of 2-CP with lone-pair electrons for efficiently modulating holes, and to the prolonged charge lifetime by transferring the photogenerated proper-energy-level electrons of β-Bi2O3 to the in-situ formed nano-BiPO4. It is confirmed that the photogenerated holes are dominant to induce the degradation of 2-CP on BiPO4/β-Bi2O3, and to initiate the selective conversion to the value-added intermediates like 4-acetoxyphenol on O2-free condition, along with H2 evolution.

All-Solid Z-Scheme Bi-BiOCl/AgCl Heterojunction Microspheres for Improved Electron-Hole Separation and Enhanced Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Performance.

All-solid Z-scheme Bi-BiOCl/AgCl heterojunction microspheres are successfully prepared via hydrothermal, NaBH4 reduction and chemical deposition strategy. They are tested by various characterization methods, and they show that metal Bi is present after reduction and AgCl nanoparticles are successfully compounded onto BiOCl. Bi plays the role of a bridge connecting the two semiconductors of BiOCl and AgCl. All-solid Z-scheme heterojunction structures are formed successfully. The narrow band gap of the Z-scheme Bi-BiOCl/AgCl heterojunction microspheres is about 2.17 eV, which can expand the optical response range. Moreover, the photocatalytic hydrogen production rate still reaches 198.2 μmol h-1 g-1, extends the electron transport life, inhibits the recombination of electron hole pairs, and improves the photocatalytic activity.

Significant Enhancement of Hole Transport Ability in Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Microspheres

Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) strategy requires morphology of wide area donor–acceptor interfaces with high charge carrier mobilities through the bicontinuous charge transporting layers. Here, we repor...