Heterogeneous Suspension Research Articles

Poly(butylene succinate) Microparticles Prepared Through Green Suspension Polycondensations

AbstractThe demand for sustainable polymer particles production is growing, driven by the need for efficient, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials. In this context, the present study explores the production of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) particles in a single step using a green heterogeneous suspension process, using vegetable oil as the suspending medium. Particularly, the effects of oil type (soybean, corn, sunflower), dispersed phase holdup (10–30 wt.%), stabilizers (Span 20, Span 80, Tween 80, Brij 52, Brij 93, Igepal‐co‐520, Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)), reaction time (1–5 h), and temperature (100–160 °C) on the suspension polymerization are investigated. Results indicate that particle size and shape are influenced by the vegetable oil and stabilizer. Additionally, it is shown that the particle size distribution is affected by the use of a sonicator, allowing the manufacture of even smaller microsized particles. Based on the results, a 30 wt.% holdup in corn oil with a blend of surfactants can be recommended, producing spherical particles with an average diameter of 100 µm. Moreover, higher reaction temperatures (160 °C) and longer reaction times (5 h) positively impacted the molar mass of the obtained particles. Finally, cytotoxicity tests using Bone Marrow‐Derived Macrophages cells confirmed the safe use of PBS microparticles at concentrations up to 1000 µg mL⁻¹

Study on the hydraulic conveyance characteristics of suspended coarse particles within pipelines

The Flow Regime Transition Device transforms the gelled crude oil mass into gelled crude oil particles for hydraulic conveying. The gelled crude oil particles may reaggregate into gelled crude oil mass at the later stage of hydraulic conveying. Therefore, understanding the patterns of hydraulic suspension conveying gelled crude oil particles is vital for safely gathering and efficiently conveying crude oil. This paper employs the CFD-DEM coupling technique to conduct a numerical study on the hydraulic conveying characteristics of gelled crude oil particles. The accuracy of the model and the solution method is verified by comparing them with the experimental data of particle concentration distribution, and single particle rise behavior, and particle transport flow of gelled crude oil. The size range of gelled crude oil particles spans from 0.0001 m to 0.003 m. We operate the transportation within a velocity range of 0.5 to 4 m/s and a concentration range of 0.022 to 0.0537. Simulation results indicate two flow regimes in the hydraulic conveying of gelled crude oil particles: an upper-moving bed flow and a heterogeneous suspension flow. With increased conveying velocity, the upper moving bed flow gradually transitions to a heterogeneous suspension flow. Beneath the upper moving bed flow, some scattered particles exist, likely resulting from the action of turbulent diffusion. Changes in conveying concentration and particle size have a minor impact on the velocity distribution of particles and fluid but a more significant effect on the particle distribution across the pipe cross-section. Also, when conveying particles of different sizes, most smaller particles travel along the pipe wall.

The comparison of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 on ZnO photocatalysts at slightly acidic and alkaline pH towards the formation of valuable products

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen (as a valuable byproduct) in the suspension or solution of various Zn-based forms in an alkaline environment and water, respectively, was investigated. These are the first results showing homogeneous CO2 photoreduction in the presence of Zn-based photocatalysts in an inorganic environment.The ZnO photocatalysts were suspended in the alkaline environment, while in water, they completely dissolved during at least 6 hours of carbonation, forming a transparent solution. The small crystallite size also determines a high zinc solubility in an aqueous solution (97.7 % for 14 nm, 92.2 % for 25 nm, and 68.5 % for crystallites larger than 100 nm). This homogeneous solution showed a slightly lower photoactivity than the heterogeneous suspension because of a lower concentration of crucial bicarbonate HCO3- ions. In both cases, the selectivity gives the order H2>CO>CH4. It was suggested that the photoactive centres in the dissolved agglomerates are the –Zn–O–Zn– hydrous bridges, which can use bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions as a transporter of CO2. In addition, the H+ ions generated during the ZnO dissolving in water can first participate in the CO2 photoreduction towards CO and CH4 and, afterwards, involve forming small quantities of hydrogen.

The Interaction and Rheological Behavior of Preformed Gel Particles with Surfactants

Heterogeneous combination flooding systems are composed of surfactant and viscoelastic preformed gel particles (PGP) that can migrate in the pores. The interactions between PGP and surfactants have an important impact on the system. In our research described here heterogeneous aqueous suspensions of PGP and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS) or a nonionic surfactant coconut oil alkanolamide, (CDEA) were prepared. The effects of SDBS and CDEA on the swelling and rheological properties of the PGP was investigated. In addition, the influence of SDBS and CDEA on the thermal effects of PGP was studied. The results showed that the swelling ratio, apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the PGP decreased with the increase of SDBS concentration. On the contrary, the CDEA increased the swelling ratio and the rheological properties of PGP. The specific heat capacity ( C p ) of PGP increased with the SDBS concentration and decreased with the CDEA concentration. Similar to the rheological behavior, the influence of interactions on the PGP molecular thermal motion was related to the concentration of the surfactants. Therefore, studying the variation of C p with concentration can provide reference for the reasonable dosage of surfactants in heterogeneous oil displacement systems and a new perspective for investigating the interaction between surfactant and PGP or other polymers.

FRI443 Optimizing Conditions Of Tubule-like Structures In Testicular Organoids That Will Support Spermatogenesis

Abstract Disclosure: O. Printy: None. Testicular organoids are increasingly being investigated as a potential means of fertility restoration. These organoids have been shown to self-organize to recapitulate the inner architecture of the native testis, forming tubule-like structures that resemble the seminiferous tubules. However, these tubule-like structures lack dimensionality and do not contain a large, meiotically active germ cell population. We hypothesized that if testicular organoids are cultured under appropriate microenvironmental conditions, we will observe the development of tubule-like structures with diameters that resemble what is seen in vivo, in addition to appropriate somatic cell localization and Sertoli-germ cell interactions. To test this hypothesis, we generated organoids from 5dpp male CD1 mice at three cellular seeding densities: low density (170,000 cells per well), medium density (280,000 cells per well), and high density (310,000 cells per well). The heterogenous testicular cell suspension formed compact organoids at all three seeding densities and organoid diameter increased with increasing cell number. To assess the ability of the organoids to mimic the inner architecture of a testis, we performed immunohistochemistry on 14-day-old organoids: for the major somatic cell types of the testis Leydig cells (HSD3B2), peritubular myoid cells (ACTA1), and Sertoli cells (SOX9). Thus far, only medium density organoids appear to recapitulate the compartmentalization seen in native testes. These organoids tend to contain semi-continuous ring-like structures composed exclusively of ACTA1positive cells; these structures encapsulate a population of SOX9-positive cells, while HSD3B2-expressing cells are located on the periphery of the organoids. To assess the organoids’ ability to fuse to form a larger aggregate, organoids were transferred to 3D printed troughs. However, organoids did not merge and appeared to die. However, when organoids are cultured together in microcentrifuge tubes and alginate structures, they fused to form a larger aggregate. In the future, immunohistochemistry will be used to evaluate whether any extended tubule-like structures formed within the aggregates. Additionally, spermatogonial stem cells will be injected into the aggregates and ELISA assays will be performed to assess the spermatogenic and hormonal functionality of the organoids. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Thermodynamically controlled multiphase separation of heterogeneous liquid crystal colloids

Phase separation is a universal physical transition process whereby a homogeneous mixture splits into two distinct compartments that are driven by the component activity, elasticity, or compositions. In the current work, we develop a series of heterogeneous colloidal suspensions that exhibit both liquid-liquid phase separation of semiflexible binary polymers and liquid crystal phase separation of rigid, rod-like nanocellulose particles. The phase behavior of the multicomponent mixture is controlled by the trade-off between thermodynamics and kinetics during the two transition processes, displaying cholesteric self-assembly of nanocellulose within or across the compartmented aqueous phases. Upon thermodynamic control, two-, three-, and four-phase coexistence behaviors with rich liquid crystal stackings are realized. Among which, each relevant multiphase separation kinetics shows fundamentally different paths governed by nucleation and growth of polymer droplets and nanocellulose tactoids. Furthermore, a coupled multiphase transition can be realized by tuning the composition and the equilibrium temperature, which results in thermotropic behavior of polymers within a lyotropic liquid crystal matrix. Finally, upon drying, the multicomponent mixture undergoes a hierarchical self-assembly of nanocellulose and polymers into stratified cholesteric films, exhibiting compartmentalized polymer distribution and anisotropic microporous structure.

TiO2/g-C3N4 Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Decomposition

In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with heterostructures were synthesized in situ from a mixture of melamine and peroxo-titanium complexes in a calcination process. The TiO2 nanoparticles are well-dispersed on the g-C3N4 nanosheets. The prepared TiO2/g-C3N4 composites have a heterostructure and excellent photocatalytic activity for decomposing methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The as-obtained g-C3N4 embroiled with TiO2 has a much larger surface area than its components (66.7 and 6.6 m2·g−1 for TiO2 and g-C3N4 against 95.5–143.8 m2·g−1 for the composite, respectively). It enhances the separation of photo-generated charge carriers. The TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalytic degradation of MB was investigated in aqueous heterogeneous suspensions. The experimental kinetic data for the photocatalytic process follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Furthermore, TiO2/g-C3N4 retains high photocatalytic activity after four reaction cycles. In addition to prompt removal of the color, the TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst can oxidize MB almost completely to final oxidation products. The pathway of MB decomposition was also addressed. Additionally, the TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalytic system was employed to eliminate other typical organic pigments, such as malachite green, methyl blue, and methyl red. The TiO2/g-C3N4 material, with remarkable dye degradability, is a promising catalyst in industrial textile treatment and can find applications in light-harvesting systems.

Physical limitations induced by a medium based on wheat bran for the production of biopesticides by Bacillus thuringiensis spp kurstaki

Biopesticides, vectors for the development of the bioeconomy, represent a realistic alternative to petroleum-based chemical pesticides and their known harmfulness to humans and the environment. Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium used for the production of biocontrol agents in agriculture. This insecticidal activity is mainly due to the production of parasporal δ-endotoxins consisting of an assembly of crystalline proteins called Cry. The European project IPM-4-Citrus (MSCA RISE, No. 734921, 2017-2023) aims to optimise these bioproductions from 3 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki (Lip, BLB1 and HD1) in a complex medium (wheat bran). The biochemical composition and nutritional limitations induced by the medium were identified. The physical properties of these heterogeneous suspensions are necessary for the definition of operating conditions favourable to scale-up. In this study, the morpho-granulometry of substrates, the ability to separate solid-liquid suspension and to clarify fermentation broth, and their rheological behaviour were studied as a function of substrate concentration and granulometry.

Simultaneous Sizing and Refractive Index Analysis of Heterogeneous Nanoparticle Suspensions.

Rapid and reliable characterization of heterogeneous nanoparticle suspensions is a key technology across the nanosciences. Although approaches exist for homogeneous samples, they are often unsuitable for polydisperse suspensions, as particles of different sizes and compositions can lead to indistinguishable signals at the detector. Here, we introduce holographic nanoparticle tracking analysis, holoNTA, as a straightforward methodology that decouples size and material refractive index contributions. HoloNTA is applicable to any heterogeneous nanoparticle sample and has the sensitivity to measure the intrinsic heterogeneity of the sample. Specifically, we combined high dynamic range k-space imaging with holographic 3D single-particle tracking. This strategy enables long-term tracking by extending the imaging volume and delivers precise and accurate estimates of both scattering amplitude and diffusion coefficient of individual nanoparticles, from which particle refractive index and hydrodynamic size are determined. We specifically demonstrate, by simulations and experiments, that irrespective of localization uncertainty and size, the sizing sensitivity is improved as our extended detection volume yields considerably longer particle trajectories than previously reported by comparable technologies. As validation, we measured both homogeneous and heterogeneous suspensions of nanoparticles in the 40-250 nm size range and further monitored protein corona formation, where we identified subtle differences between the nanoparticle-protein complexes derived from avidin, bovine serum albumin, and streptavidin. We foresee that our approach will find many applications of both fundamental and applied nature where routine quantification and sizing of nanoparticles are required.

Chemometric study in plasmonic photocatalytic efficiency of gold nanoparticles loaded mesoporous TiO2 for mineralization of ibuprofen pharmaceutical pollutant: Box Behnken Design conception

In this study gold nanoparticles loaded mesoporous TiO2 (Titania) photocatalyst for mineralization of ibuprofen (IBP) pharmaceutical pollutant has been investigated in aqueous heterogeneous suspension. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a three variables-model with three levels was used to optimize the photocatalytic process. The interaction effects of wavelength irradiation, IBP concentration and metal supported on Titania concentration on the mineralization of pharmaceutical pollutant were analyzed. IBP mineralization efficiency was modeled by a polynomial regression with a coefficient of determination R2 equal to 0.9974. An optimum efficiency of IBP mineralization of 98.50 % was achieved at optimized experimental conditions of wavelength irradiation equal to 366 nm, and 29.46 mg.L−1 as a value of IBP concentration and a metal concentration of 0.5 wt%. Overall, the results indicate that gold nanoparticles supported on mesoporous Titania at low concentration (0.5Au-TiO2) have a very interesting performance and exhibit good conditions as a photodriven catalyst for mineralization of pharmaceutical pollutant in wastewater.

The influence mechanism of micron surface roughness on slime coating and bubble attachment on coal surface

Surface roughness has significant influence on the hydrophobicity of particle surface and bubble attachment process. To date, there is scarce research concerned the influence of roughness on surface hydrophobicity when the surface is contaminated by slime, which is inevitable in actual process involving heterogeneous suspension. In this work, the influence of micron surface roughness on the slime coating between quartz particles and coal surface was studied. In addition, the bubble attachment process before and after slime coating was also analyzed. The coal surfaces with root mean square (RMS) roughness Ra of 2.50 to 6.02 μm were obtained by polishing a lump coal by sandpaper of different meshes. The slime coating process was observed by an in-situ particle vision and measurement (PVM) probe and quantified by image processing. It was found that slime coating became more severe with the decrease of Ra. The non-contact van der Waals and the elastic contact interaction between quartz particle and coal surface of different roughness was analyzed. It indicates that high roughness could mitigate slime coating due to the larger elastic contact interaction. The attachment of a rising bubble on coal surface immersed in water was observed by a high-speed camera. A reduced contact angle and prolonged contact time was found for coal surface with Ra = 2.50 μm after slime coating. For coal surfaces with Ra ≥ 3.60 μm, the contact angle did not change profoundly, however, the contact time decreased slightly after slime coating, which may be attributed to the filling of the grooves between asperities and the decrease of surface roughness caused by the coating of quartz particles.

The Microfluidic Ice Nuclei Counter Zürich (MINCZ): a platform for homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation

Abstract. Ice nucleation in the atmosphere is the precursor to important processes that determine cloud properties and lifetime. Computational models that are used to predict weather and project future climate changes require parameterizations of both homogeneous nucleation (i.e. in pure water) and heterogeneous nucleation (i.e. catalysed by ice-nucleating particles, INPs). Microfluidic systems have gained momentum as a tool for obtaining such parameterizations and gaining insight into the stochastic and deterministic contributions to ice nucleation. To overcome the shortcomings of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices with regard to temperature uncertainty and droplet instability due to continuous water adsorption by PDMS, we have developed a new instrument: the Microfluidic Ice Nuclei Counter Zürich (MINCZ). In MINCZ, droplets with a diameter of 75 µm are generated using a PDMS chip, and hundreds of these droplets are then stored in fluoropolymer tubing that is relatively impermeable to water and solvents. Droplets within the tubing are cooled in an ethanol bath. We validate MINCZ by measuring the homogeneous freezing temperatures of water droplets and the heterogeneous freezing temperatures of aqueous suspensions containing microcline, a common and effective INP in the atmosphere. We obtain results with a high accuracy of 0.2 K in measured droplet temperature. Pure water droplets with a diameter of 75 µm freeze at a median temperature of 237.3 K with a standard deviation of 0.1 K. Additionally, we perform several freeze–thaw cycles. In the future, MINCZ will be used to investigate the freezing behaviour of INPs, motivated by a need for better-constrained parameterizations of ice nucleation in weather and climate models, wherein the presence or absence of ice influences cloud optical properties and precipitation formation.

Abstract 6089: Novel workflow enables enhanced tissue dissociation and gentle clean-up for single cell applications

Abstract With genomic instability being a hallmark of cancer, heterogeneity within solid tumors is prevalent. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity contributes strongly to clinical outcomes. In fact, heterogeneity is often cited as a driver of therapeutic failure, chemo-resistance, and recurrence of disease. Current bulk profiling analysis of tumors is limited in its ability to provide the level of granularity necessary for uncovering aspects of heterogeneity that contribute to poor outcomes. Thus, it is imperative to gain a deeper understanding of tumors at the single-cell level. To properly analyze tumor heterogeneity at the single-cell level it is critical that quality methods for tissue dissociation and cell purification be utilized. While the most frequently used workflows rely on a combination of enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of the tissue followed by RBC lysis to remove contaminating red blood cells, these approaches tend to be harsh on cells leading to activation of cell stress pathways or even the loss of target cells due to their death during processing. The analysis of tumor heterogeneity has long been hampered by issues with low yield and sample preparation-induced alterations in cell physiology. To alleviate these issues, we present a workflow that couples Cellsonics’ SimpleFlow™ with Akadeum’s Buoyancy Activated Cell Sorting (BACS™) Microbubbles for gentle and effective tumor dissociation and clean-up that does not compromise precious samples. Cellsonics’ SimpleFlow™ system features the proprietary Bulk Lateral Ultrasonic™ (BLU™) energy to generate single cells from solid tissue with unparalleled speed, quality, and sample integrity. SimpleFlow™ is engineered to enable any lab to obtain the full spectrum of heterogeneous cell populations while maintaining the native gene expression patterns across all cell types. Single cell samples can be generated from solid tissues in 4-10 minutes under cold temperature without the use of enzymes. Akadeum’s BACS™ Microbubble technology features low-density microbubbles that are functionalized to capture an array of analytes including particular cell types. Akadeum’s BACS™ Microbubbles enable the purification of cell types of interest quickly, easily, and without sacrificing cell health and physiology. In this study, The SimpleFlow™ system was used to dissociate fresh tissues from mice to obtain a heterogeneous suspension of single cells. Following the dissociation, up to 99% of RBCs were removed from samples using Akadeum’s Mouse RBC Depletion. In subsequent studies, cancer cells were spiked into tissue samples prior to processing to assess their recovery and physiology. The novel workflow presented here combing SimpleFlow™ and microbubbles demonstrates the recovery of the full spectrum of cells and did not harm tumor cell recovery or health. Citation Format: Chananat Klomsiri, Edward Grimley, Jon Roussey, Carolina Livi, Casey Wegner, Brandon H. McNaughton, Steve Levers, Vibhu Vivek, Dan Snyder, Doug Summers, Ma Phiengsai. Novel workflow enables enhanced tissue dissociation and gentle clean-up for single cell applications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6089.

“Fe3+ modified zinc oxide nanomaterial as an efficient, multifaceted material for photocatalytic degradation of MB dye and ethanol gas sensor as part of environmental rectification”

• Fabrication of undoped ZnO and 5% Fe/ZnO by co-precipitation method. • Efficient removal of MB dyes under UV light irradiation. • Comparative study of prepared catalysts for water purification techniques. • Ethanol gas sensing application of modified ZnO material. • Humidity sensing study for the modified ZnO catalyst. In the present investigation, we report the preparation of 5% Fe 3+ doped zinc oxide (5% Fe/ZnO) nanocatalyst for organic transformations, gas sensing, and organic pollutant elimination applications via the CPT method. A broad range of analytical techniques was applied to attribute the successful modification of the nanocatalyst and to evaluate the structural and morphological properties, surface area, and chemical compositions by the x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) as organic pollutant and gas sensing performance to ethanol were studied thoroughly. Due to enhanced gas sensing performance comparatively at low temperature to ethanol, it is known for ideal sensor, which has high selectivity, rapid response-recovery time, and high stability. It also showed the enhanced photocatalytic performance in the degradation of MB dye in the aqueous heterogeneous suspension. The efficiency of the semiconductor photocatalyst is found higher at the small amount of catalyst dose (0.8 g/L) and at the contact time of 100 min and pH 8.0 as operating parameters. Further, the organic transformation mechanism, enhanced gas sensing and, photodegradation mechanism were explained as the synergic effect of the ZnO and Fe doping. The results revealed that 5% Fe/ZnO nanocatalyst is promising approach to aim the goal of achieving a superior heterogeneous catalyst for the elimination of organic pollutant (MB) at optimum conditions and gas sensing performance for the detection of ethanol.

Assembly of aluminum oxide particles with lignin-acrylic acid polymer in saline systems

The flocculation process is widely used for separating particles from suspension systems. To make this process more environmentally friendly, a biobased flocculant was proposed to be used in this work. This study involves the experimental evaluation of a flocculation system of aluminum oxide particles (with two different sizes) and a kraft lignin-acrylic acid (KL-AA) polymer, as a biobased-flocculant, with advanced tools, such as focused beam reflectance measurement, vertical scanning analyzer, and gravitational scanning analyzer. A statistical framework was adapted to model the experimental results based on the mixture distribution theory, which led to a more in-depth analysis of the shape and size of flocs in the heterogeneous suspension system. The results revealed that the flocculation process of aluminum oxide suspension was altered by the salinity of the medium as well as the size of aluminum oxide particles. It was found that the flocs formed with KL-AA at a higher NaCl concentration had smaller sizes and exhibited higher shear resistance than the flocs formed in the absence of salt. Furthermore, by increasing the concentration of NaCl, the particles tended to possess more spherical shapes. The results also showed that the fractal dimension for flocculated particles increased by concentrating NaCl in the suspensions. Under gravity and centrifugal forces, the impact of KL-AA in flocculating particles was insignificant in the presence of salt.

Direct simulation of blood flow with heterogeneous cell suspensions in a patient-specific capillary network

Three-dimensional (3D) simulations on blood flow in a complex patient-specific retina vascular network were performed considering deformable red blood cells, white blood cells (WBCs), and obstructed vessels. First, the impact of blockage on flow rate distribution (without cells) was investigated. It showed that the blockage might change the flow rate significantly on distant vessels that were not directly connected with the blocked vessel. The flow rate in some vessels could increase up to 1200% due to an obstruction. However, with cells, it showed a fluctuating flow pattern, and the cells showed complicated transport behavior at bifurcations. Cell accumulation might occur in some bifurcations such as a T-shaped junction that eventually led to a physical blockage. The addition of WBCs impacted the local flow rate when they were squeezed through a capillary vessel, and the flow rate could be decreased up to 32% due to the larger size of WBCs. The simulation of flow under stenosis with cells showed that cells could oscillate and become trapped in a vessel due to the fluctuating flow. Finally, a reduced order model (ROM) with multiple non-Newtonian viscosity models was used to simulate the blood flow in the network. Compared with the 3D model, all ROMs reproduced accurate predictions on hematocrit and flow rate distribution in the vascular network. Among them, the Fåhræus–Lindqvist model was found to be the most accurate one. The work can be used to build a multiscale model for blood flow through integration of ROMs and 3D multiphysics models.

A Redox‐Active Microporous Organosiloxane Containing a Stable Neutral Radical, Trioxotriangulene

A new silyl-substituted trioxotriangulene (TOT) neutral radical and corresponding porous organosiloxanes (POSs) were synthesized. The neutral radical exhibited a peculiarly high stability and formed a diamagnetic π-dimer characteristic to TOT neutral radicals stabilized by the strong multiple SOMO-SOMO interaction in both solution and solid states. POSs including TOT units within the organosiloxane-wall were prepared by polycondensation of the silyl groups and formed microporous structures with ∼1 nm-size diameters. Redox ability of TOT units in the POS was demonstrated by the treatment of oxidant/reductant in heterogeneous suspension condition, where the TOT units were reversibly converted between reduced and neutral radical species. Furthermore, the solid-state electrochemical measurements of the POS revealed the reversible multi-stage redox ability of TOT units involving polyanionic species within the organosiloxane-wall.

Exploration of photocatalytic performance of TiO2, 5% Ni/TiO2, and 5% Fe/TiO2 for degradation of eosine blue dye: Comparative study

In the present investigation, the TiO2, 5 % Fe/TiO2, and 5 % Ni/TiO2 were successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation (CPT) method. The synthesized undoped and doped TiO2 nanomaterials were employed for photocatalytic degradation of eosine blue dye in the aqueous heterogeneous suspension. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses were performed to investigate the crystallinity, surface morphology, elemental composition, crystal lattice, chemical state of the elements, and surface area of the fabricated photocatalysts, respectively. XRD indicated that TiO2 nanoparticles are formed in the anatase phase. HR-TEM pictures clearly showed that synthesized material as a tetragonal anatase crystal lattice. The BET analysis revealed that 5 % Fe/TiO2 material has an enhanced surface area of 80.98 m2/g. The oxidation states of Fe3+ and Ni2+ were confirmed based on XPS investigation. The experimental parameters like nanocatalyst dosage, pH of the solution, initial concentration of dye, light intensity, and contact time were studied. The photocatalysis results revealed that dye removal in acidic pH was greater than in neutral and alkaline pH. Photocatalyst efficiency of dye degradation was found to be increased with the increase in nanocatalyst dose, light intensity, and contact time. The photo induced degradation (96.45 %) of eosine blue dye is more efficient at a minimum dose of 5 % Fe/TiO2 nanocatalyst (0.8 g/L) at the optimum conditions of pH 7.0, and contact time 110 min.

CoCr2O4@GeO2@ZnO core-shell nanoparticle as a novel recoverable catalyst: Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic degradation of basic fuchsin dye

Highly photosensitive novel nanostructure CoCr2O4@GeO2@ZnO core-shell UV–Visible light driven photocatalyst have been fabricated by sol-gel method. The double coating of GeO2 and ZnO on CoCr2O4 nanoparticles could intensely stabilize the CoCr2O4 in aqueous solution and avoid their oxidation. The synthesized CoCr2O4, CoCr2O4@GeO2, and CoCr2O4@GeO2@ZnO nanostructures were characterized by several techniques including FT-IR, XRD, UV-DRS FE-SEM, EDS, HR-TEM and BET analysis. The potential application of CoCr2O4@GeO2@ZnO is examined for photocatalytic degradation of Basic Fuchsin dye in aqueous heterogeneous suspension. The detailed degradation pathway has been established by using LC-MS analysis and by a careful identification of intermediate products. The result suggest that CoCr2O4@GeO2@ZnO photocatalysis may be envisaged as a method for treatment of diluted waste water in textile industries. In the present study, the degradation yield for Basic Fuchsin dye 100% within 30 ​min using core-shell CoCr2O4@GeO2@ZnO nanostructure material.

P-123: Extramedullary expansion of Myeloma plasma cells into CNS

Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterised by a presence of clonal plasma cell (a-PC) which are usually localised in bone marrow (BM) as a heterogeneous suspension, not often as solitary lesion. A BM microenvironment dependency is lost in a subset of patients and a-PCs spread out of BM, probably because of changes in adhesive molecules expression. Circulating myeloma PCs (cPCs) were detected in peripheral blood of almost all MM. Moreover, primary and/or secondary extramedullary disease (soft tissue and/or bone-related) was revealed in many patients. On the other hand, presence of a-PCs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is relatively rare. Aim Detection of a-PCs in CSF and comparison of their phenotype with other compartments. Methods CSF of 15 relapsed MM patients was analysed by polychromatic flow cytometry (FC). Centrifuged samples were immediately incubated with MoAb (mostly CD38/CD138/CD45/CD19/CD56/CD14/CD5/CD27), lysed by NH4Cl and analysed. Results Whole group of analysed CSF has median of leukocytes 231 with range 19-6013. Myeloma a-PC infiltration was detected in 26.7 % (4/15). Only a-PCs were detected, these were always CD19- and in 50% CD56+. Phenotype profile in CSF, bone marrow, peripheral blood and tumour was similar according to CD19 and CD56. Flow cytometry is a highly efficient method for a-PCs detection. Conclusion Unfortunately, for these small samples more markers have to be analysed simultaneously to perform diagnostics and to analyse a-PCs as well, so only 8-colour FC is relatively insufficient in term of detail a-PC phenotype assess. All CSF+ patients were almost refractory to the treatment and they have cPCs in peripheral blood, extramedullary relapse was detected in 2 patients as well. It is evident, that prognosis of patients with CNS infiltration is generally poor. Supported by Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. 17-29343A. Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterised by a presence of clonal plasma cell (a-PC) which are usually localised in bone marrow (BM) as a heterogeneous suspension, not often as solitary lesion. A BM microenvironment dependency is lost in a subset of patients and a-PCs spread out of BM, probably because of changes in adhesive molecules expression. Circulating myeloma PCs (cPCs) were detected in peripheral blood of almost all MM. Moreover, primary and/or secondary extramedullary disease (soft tissue and/or bone-related) was revealed in many patients. On the other hand, presence of a-PCs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is relatively rare. Detection of a-PCs in CSF and comparison of their phenotype with other compartments. CSF of 15 relapsed MM patients was analysed by polychromatic flow cytometry (FC). Centrifuged samples were immediately incubated with MoAb (mostly CD38/CD138/CD45/CD19/CD56/CD14/CD5/CD27), lysed by NH4Cl and analysed. Whole group of analysed CSF has median of leukocytes 231 with range 19-6013. Myeloma a-PC infiltration was detected in 26.7 % (4/15). Only a-PCs were detected, these were always CD19- and in 50% CD56+. Phenotype profile in CSF, bone marrow, peripheral blood and tumour was similar according to CD19 and CD56. Flow cytometry is a highly efficient method for a-PCs detection. Unfortunately, for these small samples more markers have to be analysed simultaneously to perform diagnostics and to analyse a-PCs as well, so only 8-colour FC is relatively insufficient in term of detail a-PC phenotype assess. All CSF+ patients were almost refractory to the treatment and they have cPCs in peripheral blood, extramedullary relapse was detected in 2 patients as well. It is evident, that prognosis of patients with CNS infiltration is generally poor. Supported by Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. 17-29343A.