Heterogeneous Catalyst Research Articles

Production of Glycerol-Free Biodiesel Using Pollen-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst

Production of Glycerol-Free Biodiesel Using Pollen-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst

"Hard" Emulsion-Induced Interface Super-Assembly: A General Strategy for Two-Dimensional Hierarchically Porous Metal-Organic Framework Nanoarchitectures.

Two-dimensional (2D) hierarchically porous metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoarchitectures with tailorable meso-/macropores hold great promise for enhancing mass transfer kinetics, augmenting accessible active sites, and thereby boosting performance in heterogeneous catalysis. However, achieving the general synthesis of 2D free-standing MOF nanosheets with controllable hierarchical porosity and thickness remains a challenging task. Herein, we present an ingenious "hard" emulsion-induced interface super-assembly strategy for preparing 2D hierarchically porous UiO-66-NH2 nanosheets with highly accessible pore channels, tunable meso-/macropore sizes, and adjustable thicknesses. The methodology relies on transforming the geometric shape of oil droplet templates within appropriate oil-in-water emulsions from conventional zero-dimensional (0D) "soft" liquid spheres to 2D "hard" solid sheets below the oil's melting/freezing point. Subsequent surfactant exchange on the surface of 2D "hard" emulsions facilitates the heterogeneous nucleation and interfacial super-assembly of in situ formed mesostructured MOF nanocomposites, serving as structural units, in a loosely packed manner to produce 2D MOF nanosheets with multimodal micro/meso-/macroporous systems. Importantly, this strategy can be extended to prepare other 2D hierarchically porous MOF nanosheets by altering metal-oxo clusters and organic ligands. Benefiting from fast mass transfer and highly accessible Lewis acidic sites, the resultant 2D hierarchically porous UiO-66-NH2 nanosheets deliver a fabulous catalytic yield of approximately 96% on the CO2 cycloaddition of glycidyl-2-methylphenyl ether, far exceeding the yield of approximately 29% achieved using conventional UiO-66-NH2 microporous crystals. This "hard" emulsion-induced interface super-assembly strategy paves a new path toward the rational construction of elaborate 2D nanoarchitecture of hierarchical MOFs with tailored physicochemical properties for diverse potential applications.

Friedel Crafts Reactions Revisited: Some Applications in Heterogeneous Catalysis#

Abstract: Important organic reactions require the use of catalysts. The Friedel-Crafts reactions were discovered by Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts in 1887. They are an essential catalytic process since they are widely applied in different areas such as fuels, cleaning, and pharmacological products. The reaction is usually carried out in the presence of Lewis acids or Brønsted acids in a homogeneous medium, with the nucleophilic aromatic substrate in excess. Although there is still work in the literature on the Friedel- Crafts reaction in a homogeneous medium using metal halides, the tendency is to replace these catalysts, which generate effluents that are harmful to the environment. Heterogeneous catalysts using solid acids show advantages over homogeneous catalysts, especially concerning separating products from the reaction medium, recycling, and reusing. This paper presents a mini-review focusing on the use of solid acids in Friedel-Crafts reactions.

Recent Advances on CO2 Electrochemical Reduction over Cu‐Based Nanocrystals

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has recently attracted increasing attention of chemists for converting CO2 to value‐added chemicals with the assistance of electrical energy. Over the past decades, substantial efforts have been devoted to CO2RR, however, this process still suffers the challenges of low conversion and poor selectivity to target product due to the thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of CO2. Among those catalysts, Cu has been widely used for CO2RR to produce hydrocarbons with relatively high efficiency in spite of the poor selectivity to products. Therefore, it is highly desired to developed highly active and selective Cu based catalysts for CO2RR. This mini‐review will summary the recent advances on CO2RR over Cu‐based nanocrystals (NCs) with a special focus on the control of selectivity of product via surface modification. We hope this mini‐review will motivate chemists to develop efficient catalysts for CO2RR, and also promote the fundamental research on catalyst design in heterogeneous catalysis.

Interfacial engineering and vacancy design of quasi-2D NiCoAl-LDH/Kaolin hybrid for activating peroxymonosulfate to boost degradation of antibiotics

Oxygen vacancies are prevalent in metal compounds and play a significant role in the activation of peroxomonosulfate (PMS) to mitigate water pollution. However, how to easily construct these oxygen vacancies and elucidate the mechanism of PMS activation by oxygen vacancies are still pending research and solution. This study presents the synthesis of a NiCoAl-LDH/Kaolin (NiCoAl-LDH/Kao) hybrid catalyst with quasi-2D layer structures morphology and abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). We proposed an intriguing phase transformation from NiCo-carbonate hydroxide (CH) to NiCoAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH), and elucidated the morphological evolution mechanism from nanorod to nanosheet structures through alkaline etching. The NiCoAl-LDH/Kao-PMS system exhibited excellent rapid kinetics and removal efficiency of norfloxacin (NOR), degrading 92.0 % of NOR within 10 min and achieving a final degradation rate of 97.2 %, along with remarkable reusability performance of the NiCoAl-LDH/Kao catalyst. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species including sulfate radical (SO4−), hydroxyl radical (OH), superoxide anion (O2−) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were found to be involved in the degradation process of NOR, and the degree of activity of the active groups from strong to weak is 1O2, SO4−, O2− and OH. The activation mechanism and conceivable degradation pathways of NOR were experimentally studied and proposed, and the toxicity of degradation intermediates was evaluated. The facile preparation method for NiCoAl-LDH/Kao nanocomposite holds potential for large-scale manufacturing in organic pollutant remediation, while also providing new insights on the indispensable role of OVs in heterogeneous catalysis.

Sabatier phenomenon in chemoselective gas-sensing reactions induced by Ag cluster coordination

The Sabatier principle in heterogeneous catalysis provides guidance for designing optimal catalysts with the highest activity. We report a new Sabatier phenomenon induced by nanoclusters on different atomic scales in gas-sensitive reactions. We prepared a series of Ag nanocluster catalysts with coordination structures ranging from Ag0 to Ag13 through a surface coordination strategy. When used as catalysts for gas-sensitive reactions, a volcano-type relationship between the coordination number of Ag nanoclusters and gas-sensitive activity emerges, with a summit at a moderate coordination of Ag5. Mechanistic studies show that the efficient adsorption of activated *C2H6O on electron-rich Ag5 clusters is a key factor for the Sabatier phenomenon (adsorption energy from −0.322 eV to −0.663 eV), which leads to highly selective sensing. We found that the catalyst electron-rich surface layer induced by Ag5 clusters serves as a descriptor to explain the structure–activity relationship. Furthermore, due to the well-defined geometric and electronic structures in the Ag5 clusters, the optimized catalyst achieves both maximum activity and selectivity in chemoselective sensing reactions. This study reveals the Sabatier principle and provides insightful guidance for the rational design of more efficient and practical nanocluster catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis.

Imidazolium bromide substituted magnesium phthalocyanine polymers: new promising materials for CO2 conversion

The conversion of CO2 with epoxides into the corresponding cyclic carbonates represents a green approach to transform a waste into value-added products. To promote this conversion, a catalyst in needed. This study presents the synthesis of two cross-linked materials composed of magnesium phthalocyanine and imidazolium bromide moieties: MgPc-BIBI-Br and MgPc-SIBI-Br. Magnesium phthalocyanines are cost-effective and versatile catalysts, synthesized in high yield from low-cost precursors and can be easily modified for specific needs. Imidazolium bromide groups play a crucial role as well, acting as a nucleophile source essential to promote the ring-opening process of the epoxide. The materials have been extensively characterized through analytical and spectroscopic techniques and tested as catalysts in the conversion of epichlorohydrin into 4-chloromethyl-1,3-dioxalan-2-one. They both achieved excellent catalytic performance (maximal TON values of 3070 for MgPc-SIBI-Br and 1903 for MgPc-BIBI-Br) and recyclability (both recyclable at least for 4 cycles). The reported results represent an improvement if compared to similar materials already reported in the literature in which the addition of external nucleophilic species (e.g. TBAB, BMIM-Br, etc.) is needed. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first example in which imidazolium bromide and magnesium phthalocyanine moieties are combined in bifunctional polymeric materials that convert CO2 into cyclic carbonates via heterogeneous catalysis.

CO2 electroreduction on single atom catalysts: Role of the local coordination

Single Atom Catalysts (SACs) are a new frontier in catalysis, merging the positive aspects of both homogeneous and heterogenous catalysts. CO2 electrochemical reduction is a key reaction for the energy transition. In this work, we investigate the role of the local coordination on the activation of CO2 on SACs, by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We scrutinize 20 transitional metal atoms embedded in a graphene support. The results indicate that the local coordination has a critical role both to the binding energy of the metal to the support and the activation of CO2. The role of the environment around the active site is as important as the nature of the metal atom. At the same time, the stability of reaction intermediates strongly depends on the local coordination. In some cases, the relative stability of the intermediates changes as function of the environment, affecting the selectivity of the reaction. This study provides evidence of the importance of the local coordination in single-atom catalysis, a crucial aspect if one is interested in providing a rationale to the reactivity, or in predicting novel catalysts.

Study on the Reactivity of Mixed Carboxylic Palmitic Anhydrides via the Esterification Reaction Using Heterogeneous Catalyst

Abstract: of Organic Chemistry LR17ES08: Faculty of Sciences in Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 3,5 – BP 1171-3000, Sfax, Tunisia : The anhydrides were prepared in the presence of triethylamine in the organic solvent by a reaction between fatty acid and acid chloride. Mixed aromatic palmitic were more reactive and selective than the aliphatic anhydrides. The palmitic group was the most involved in acylation. Good yields of fatty esters were obtained with total conversion of mixed anhydrides.

Visible light-enhanced interface interaction for PMS activation towards the removal of emerging organic pollutants: performance, mechanism and toxicity

The peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation process is considered as an effective way to remove emerging organic pollutants in the wastewater. However, the heterogeneous catalysts used for PMS activation suffers from low catalytic stability and PMS utilization efficiency. Herein, sulfur-doped cobalt ferrite loaded graphitic carbon nitride (S-CoFe2O4/CN) was firstly synthesized for PMS activation toward the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal. The S-CoFe2O4/CN possessed excellent PMS catalytic activity and photocatalytic activity. The first-order kinetic constant (k) of SMX degradation in the presence of visible light reached 0.3564 min−1 with high PMS utilization efficiency (78.3 %). Mechanism analysis elucidated that compared to the original CoFe2O4, sulfur doping created more oxygen vacancies, while visible light further promoted the regeneration of Co(II), Fe(II) and oxygen vacancy, the formation of high-valent iron oxo as well as the reduction of S2- oxidation. In addition, the visible light/S-CoFe2O4/CN/PMS system showed high resistance to inorganic ions, and superior catalytic stability. Both acute and chronic toxicity of treated SMX solution decreased. This study provides an effective system to remove emerging organic pollutants in the wastewater.

Assessing Exchange-Correlation Functionals for Heterogeneous Catalysis of Nitrogen Species.

Increasing interest in the sustainable synthesis of ammonia, nitrates, and urea has led to an increase in studies of catalytic conversion between nitrogen-containing compounds using heterogeneous catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) is commonly employed to obtain molecular-scale insight into these reactions, but there have been relatively few assessments of the exchange-correlation functionals that are best suited for heterogeneous catalysis of nitrogen compounds. Here, we assess a range of functionals ranging from the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to the random phase approximation (RPA) for the formation energies of gas-phase nitrogen species, the lattice constants of representative solids from several common classes of catalysts (metals, oxides, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)), and the adsorption energies of a range of nitrogen-containing intermediates on these materials. The results reveal that the choice of exchange-correlation functional and van der Waals correction can have a surprisingly large effect and that increasing the level of theory does not always improve the accuracy for nitrogen-containing compounds. This suggests that the selection of functionals should be carefully evaluated on the basis of the specific reaction and material being studied.

Biodiesel production through transesterification of waste Pistacia- Terebinthus Oil by pharmaceutical waste as a heterogeneous catalyst: A sustainable solution for reducing external costs

A catalyst from the pharmaceutical waste of calcium and magnesium tablets was synthesized for biodiesel production from waste Pistacia-Terebinthus (PT) oil with the aim of creating added value and presenting a new approach for the management of such wastes. For this purpose, magnesium and calcium tablet wastes with a mass ratio of 70:30 (wt%) were calcined. The catalyst was investigated by several methods, such as thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and CHNS/O elemental analysis. The high specific surface area of the catalyst confirms that the utilized synthesis method resulted in the formation of a high number of active sites in its structure, which allows it to function as a suitable catalyst for this reaction. Furthermore, the impact of effective parameters on the treansestrification reaction was optimized and investigated by designing the experiments and applying the RSM method. The maximum mass yield of 96 % was obtained in optimal conditions (temperature of 70 °C, catalyst loading of 4.498 wt%, methanol:oil ratio of 1.968 (vol:vol), and reaction time of 120 min). The reusability of the catalyst was investigated in four successive cycles. The mass yield of the last test declined from 96 % to 71.4 %. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the produced biofuel revealed that it comprises 91.37 % methyl ester compounds (64.28 % 12-Octadecenoic Acid, Methyl Ester). To evaluate the external costs of biofuel (B100) and compare it with diesel, combustion simulation was done with Diesel-RK software, which showed that its external costs were 0.05388 (€/Lit fuel) less than those of diesel.

Activation of H2O2-HCO3- by Ca2Co2O5 for pollutant degradation.

The bicarbonate-activated hydrogen peroxide (BAP) system is widely studied for organic pollutant degradation in wastewater treatment. Ca2Co2O5, a heterogeneous catalyst containing multivalent cobalt including Co(II) and Co(III), was herein investigated as a BAP activator, and Acid Orange 7 (AO7) was used as a model pollutant. Ca2Co2O5 exhibited good activation performance. The degradation rate and the initial rate constant of the Ca2Co2O5-activated BAP system were 5.4 and 11.2 times as high as the BAP system, respectively. The removal rate of AO7 reached 90.9% in 30min under optimal conditions (AO7 20mg/L, Ca2Co2O5 0.2g/L, H2O2 1mM, NaHCO3 5mM, pH 8.5, 25℃). The Ca2Co2O5 catalyst exhibited good stability and recyclability, retaining 85% of AO7 removal rate in the fifth run. Compared to the BAP system, a lower dosage of H2O2 was required and a higher initial concentration of pollutants allowed for effective degradation in the Ca2Co2O5-BAP system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the catalytic mechanism. The analysis showed that the good catalytic performance of Ca2Co2O5 attributes to its high proportion of oxygen vacancies and Co(III) species, and the presence of Ca. The active species O2•-, •OH, and 1O2 are responsible for the degradation, as indicated by the quenching experiments. The degradation mechanism of AO7 was speculated based on UV-Vis spectral analysis and the identification of degradation intermediates. The azo form, naphthalene and benzoic rings in the AO7 structure are destroyed in the decomposition. This research provides a feasible approach to designing effective and reusable BAP activators for pollutant degradation in wastewater treatment.

Subnanometer palladium-manganese clusters in hydrophilic amino-functionalized zeolites for efficient formic acid dehydrogenation

Formic acid (FA) has emerged as a promising candidate for hydrogen storage, due to its excellent stability, low cost, and renewability. The rational design of catalysts for FA dehydrogenation is crucial for integrating FA into the hydrogen economy system. Herein, subnanometric bimetallic Pd-Mn clusters were encapsulated within hydrophilic amino-functionalized silicalite-1 (S-1) zeolite via an in-situ ligand-protection direct H2 reduction method. The graft of amino groups within zeolites not only endowed the zeolites with alkaline sites, but also significantly improved the hydrophilicity of zeolites, and enhanced the interaction between zeolite supports and encapsulated metal species, forming highly active electron-enriched Pd species. Thanks to the high dispersion of metal species and synergy between Pd and Mn species as well as the additive alkaline sites and hydrophilicity of zeolites, the optimized PdMn0.25@S-1-NH2 catalyst exhibited a superhigh H2 evolution rate from FA decomposition, with a turnover frequency value of 11,401 molH2·molPd−1·h−1 at 333 K without any additives, overcoming almost all of the state-of-the-art heterogeneous catalysts under the similar catalytic condition. This study highlights the effective synergistic effect between metal species and supports for improving catalytic efficiency in FA dehydrogenation reactions, and also opens a new paradigm for the design of functionalized zeolite-encapsulated metal catalysts for other important catalytic reactions.

Novel nickel-immobilized-SiO2-TiO2 fine particles in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a catalyst for ultrasound-assisted-Kumada cross-coupling reaction

Kumada cross-coupling reaction is useful for producing biphenyls, where nickel and copper have been widely investigated as catalysts but mainly homogeneous ones. In this study, we investigated ultrasound-assisted-Kumada cross-coupling reaction over the heterogeneous catalysts in which Ni2+, Cu2+, or both was immobilized on aminopropylsilane-functionalized-SiO2-TiO2 prepared in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The presence of CTAB effectively prevented the particle growth and therefore SiO2–TiO2 fine particles with high surface area (502 m2 g−1) were formed. The Ni2+-immobilized catalyst showed high catalytic activity for the ultrasound-assisted-Kumada cross-coupling reaction of a wide variety of substrates and was reusable three times. Performing the reaction under ultrasound irradiation was very effective in significantly accelerating the reaction rate compared with the conventional mechanical method. In contrast to Ni2+, Cu2+ was deposited on the support as crystalline Cu(OH)2 and the resulting catalysts with Cu2+ and Ni2+-Cu2+ were less active and less stable under the reaction conditions.

Development of a γ-Al2O3-Based Heterogeneous Fenton-like Catalyst and Its Application in the Advanced Treatment of Maotai-Flavored Baijiu Wastewater

Heterogeneous Fenton technology was employed for the advanced treatment of Maotai-flavored Baijiu wastewater. Novel catalysts were prepared by loading different active ingredients (Mn, Fe, and Cu) on γ-Al2O3 using an impregnation method. The effects of active ingredient, reaction time, initial pH, H2O2 dosage, catalyst dosage, and other factors on the reaction were examined. The properties of the new catalysts were analyzed using BET analysis, XPS, and SEM. Moreover, the mechanisms of Fenton-like oxidation and its reaction kinetics were explored through experiments and analyses including GC–MS and intermediate active species scavenging by tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) and/or para-benzoquinone. The results revealed that the most effective removal of organic matter was achieved with a Mn-Fe/Al (2:1 wt%) catalyst dosage of 30 g/100 g water, pH of 5.0, H2O2 dosage of 0.3 g/L, and reaction time of 60 min; the effluent COD value was 12 ± 1 mg/L, and the degradation rate was 65.7 ± 3%, approximately 14% higher than that of the conventional Fenton catalyst under similar conditions; moreover, the catalytic efficacy remained high after seven cycles. Kinetic analysis indicated that the heterogeneous Fenton oxidation reaction followed a third-order kinetics model, with R2 = 0.9923 and K = 0.0006 min−1.

Efficient and stable NiMo alloy nanoparticles on ZSM-5 for alkene hydrosilylation

The hydrosilylation of alkene substrates bearing additional functionalities is difficult to achieve by heterogeneous non-noble catalysts and has not been extensively realized with heterogeneous earth-abundant transition metals. Herein, we report NiMo alloy nanoparticles (NPs) supported on ZSM-5 zeolite, which exhibits high activity and selectivity for the hydrosilylation of functionalized terminal and internal alkenes. Compared with the corresponding monometallic counterparts, the Ni3Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst shows a distinct enhancement in the hydrosilylation of alkene. The key to the catalytic performance is the formation of the NiMo alloy, where the electrons are transferred from Mo to Ni. The NiMo alloy NPs have been verified by XRD, XPS and TEM analysis, and further characterized by ICP, BET, NH3-TPD, and H2-TPR. In addition, the Ni3Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibits good reusability for the hydrosilylation reaction with wide substrate scope.

Enhanced light harvesting ability in hollow Pt/TiO2 nanoreactor for boosting tetracycline photodegradation

Utilizing solar energy to decompose tetracycline (TC) is a green strategy to treat wastewater. Herein, a heterogeneous hollow structured TiO2 decorated Pt nanoparticles were successfully designed and synthesized via hard-template approach and photo-deposition process toward TC photodegradation. The Pt nanoparticles loaded on the surface of hollow structured TiO2 can increase the visible light absorption due to the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. Furthermore, owing to the tough electron oscillation of the LSPR excitation, the plasmonic hot holes on the surface of Pt nanoparticles can capture the electrons of TiO2, effectively facilitating the separation of photo-excited charge carriers because of the formation of Schottky junction constructed between Pt and TiO2. Combined the natural merits of shorten conveying path of charge carriers and physical structural stability for hollow structure, the optimal Pt/TiO2 hetero-junction hybrid showed superior photocatalytic activity and durability for TC photodegradation with the degradation efficiency of 93.8 ​% after 30 ​min and the rate constant of 0.09196 min−1 under 300 ​W Xe lamp irradiation. This work displays a heterogeneous hybrids catalyst based on eco-friendly metal and semiconductor materials which can be used in the fields including without limitation TC photodegradation.

Talc: A natural mineral base catalyst for the one pot synthesis of bis(pyrazolyl)methane derivatives under thermal and solvent-free conditions

In this work, we were decontaminated the ore to extract the talc, directly. Then, we used talc as a heterogeneous basic catalyst for one pot synthesis of bis(pyrazolyl)methane derivatives via the condensation of ethylacetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate and aromatic aldehyde derivatives under thermal and solvent-free conditions. This solid type of catalyst was identified by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), EDS mapping and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory. Heterogeneous and solvent-free conditions, catalyst recyclability, high yields of the products and short reaction times are some advantages of this method. The reusability of the catalyst was examined for five times and it was successfully used in each run without any significant decreasing in its activity.

Synthesis of iron loaded jackfruit peel biochar through microwave heating as a stable and active heterogenous Fenton catalyst for dye degradation

Iron-loaded biochar derived from jackfruit peels (Fe-JP) was synthesised by pyrolysis in a microwave furnace and iron was loaded onto the peels prior to pyrolysis, facilitated by sonication. The primary objective of the investigation was to examine the degradation process of methylene blue (MB) dye and Acid Red 1 (AR1) dye by the using Fe-JP biochar as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst. The investigation encompassed an examination of the impact of different operating parameters, such as pH, catalyst dosage, and H2O2 concentration. The synthesised Fenton catalyst underwent characterization using Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis. At a pH of 3, using an initial MB dye concentration of 20 mg/L and initial AR1 dye concentration of 50 mg/L, an 8 mM H2O2 concentration, and a catalyst dose of 2 g/L, the maximum dye removal efficiency reached 96.5 % and 98 % respectively, while the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency reached 68.5 % and 75 % respectively. The observed reaction time under the given experimental conditions was 120 min. The thermal stability of the biochar catalyst was found to be excellent based on the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) studies. The catalysts that were developed demonstrated remarkable durability and negligible leaching of iron, hence enabling their repeated usage in subsequent cycles. The findings of the investigation suggest that the primary mechanism responsible for the degradation of the dye was the surface-based heterogeneous Fenton activity. Additionally, the effect of adsorption on the elimination of colour under varying pH conditions was examined, which had a very low influence in dye degradation (<30 %). The conducted scavenging investigations in the research have indicated the major involvement of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the degradation process, followed by surface-bound hydroxyl radicals (OHsurface), superoxide radicals (O2−) and ultimately by singlet oxygen radicals (1O2). The study's economic analysis demonstrated that using microwave mode of heating for catalyst synthesis is both green and cost-effective. This observation suggests the possibility of practical implications in the domain of dye degradation.