Heterogeneous Catalyst For Biodiesel Production Research Articles

The Effect of Different Morphologies of ZnO and Cr Doped ZnO NPs as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil

The Effect of Different Morphologies of ZnO and Cr Doped ZnO NPs as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil

Optimization of biomass durian peel as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production using microwave irradiation

Abstract The present study investigated biodiesel production from the transesterification of palm oil with methanol using calcined biomass durian peel (BDP) as a heterogeneous catalyst assisted by microwave irradiation. Characterization of the calcined BDP showed that K2O is the main compound with a concentration of 86.15 wt%. The effect of three independent variables of catalyst weight (3–12 wt%), reaction time (1–10 min), and power of microwave (180–900 W) was used to determine the optimum condition on biodiesel production using the response surface method-based on the Box–Behnken design experiment. The optimum biodiesel conversion of 97.3% was achieved under experimental parameters of catalyst concentration of 12 wt%, reaction time of 9 min, and microwave power of 180 W. The catalyst concentration and reaction time have significant effects on biodiesel conversion.

Preparation of KI/KIO3/Methoxide Kaolin Catalyst and Performance Test of Catalysis in Biodiesel Production

Kaolin is a natural ingredient that is in abundance and has not been widely used. Kaolin is a source of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) so that it can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production. This research aims to examine the influence of using impregnated kaolin as a heterogeneous catalyst on production of biodiesel. Research methods include calcination of natural kaolin, impregnation of kaolin using KI, KIO3, and preparation of kaolin-methoxide in various concentrations, as well as biodiesel production using an impregnated kaolin catalyst. The catalyst was characterized using XRD and SEM. The catalyst was tested for basicity using the Hammet indicator method with acid-base titration. The biodiesel product obtained was analyzed using GCMS. The results of XRD analysis showed that 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst had the highest crystallinity among the others. The crystallinity obtained was 87.84% with a composition of 15.79% SiO2 and 78.86% Al2O3. SEM image results also show a more visible crystal shape. The highest basicity of the catalyst obtained was 0.240 mmol. The highest biodiesel yield using 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst is 99.48%.

Evaluating the Scale-Up Potential of Biogenic Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Evaluating the Scale-Up Potential of Biogenic Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Manufacturing Biodiesel from Cooking Oil Teaching Factory Products Using Bentonite Catalyst with Non-Alcohol Route Method

This research investigates an eco-friendly approach to biodiesel production through non-alcoholic pathways using heterogeneous catalysts. The study examines various ratios of methyl acetate to cooking oil and temperatures, revealing that the optimal conditions for biodiesel production are a 1:4 ratio, utilizing a bentonite catalyst (0.75 g), operating at 60°C for 120 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirms the presence of ester groups, the primary component of biodiesel. Most biodiesel characteristics align with quality standards, including density (0.8844 kg/m3), cetane number (61.9), and acid number. However, the biodiesel flash point falls below the minimum standard, suggesting a potential area for improvement. This research underscores the potential of using methyl acetate as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production, with most biodiesel characteristics meeting established quality standards, although further work may be needed to address the flash point issue.

Zno Loaded Singgora Roof Tiles as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

This study aimed to utilize the waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel using a novel waste Singgora roof tiles wet impregnated with zinc oxide (ZnO) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The motivation behind this choice stems from the non-recyclable nature of Singgora roof tiles and their potential applicability in biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray diffractometer (EDX). A two-step transesterification method was employed to reduce the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) in the WCO. The process started by treating the WCO with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to diminish the levels of free fatty acid (FFA), followed by the utilization of the Singgora roof tiles catalyst in the subsequent step. A maximum yield of 96.96% biodiesel was obtained under the optimal conditions, which included a methanol-to- oil ratio of 12:1, a catalyst concentration of 1 wt.%, a reaction temperature of 65 °C, and a 2-hour reaction time. The quality of the biodiesel produced was analyzed according to biodiesel standards specified in the ASTM D6751, EN 14214, and AOCS, and were within the ranges. The study demonstrates the potential of using Singgora roof tiles as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, offering a promising approach to repurposing non-recyclable materials and advancing sustainable biodiesel production methods.

The Regeneration of Dolomite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Dolomite as a heterogeneous catalyst can be used in biodiesel synthesis. Process material costs can be reduced by regenerating and reusing the catalyst. Two methods of regeneration of dolomite were studied: (1) washing for 30 min with methanol, filtration, and washing for 30 min with hexane and (2) calcination at high temperature. Catalytic efficiency and catalyst changes after 1–6 cycles were evaluated. X-ray, FTIR, and SEM studies were performed. Calcination has been found to be a more effective method of catalyst regeneration than washing with solvents. The catalytic effectiveness of dolomite only slightly decreased over six application cycles. The results of the instrumental analysis showed that the structure and composition of the dolomite do not change during calcination after three cycles, while obvious changes in the structure of dolomite during catalyst washing were observed.

Magnetic graphene oxide supported tin oxide (SnO) nanocomposite as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil

In this study, the MGO@SnO as a new nanocatalyst with diverse chemical/physical properties was generated by the combination of graphene oxide covered with magnetic iron oxide (MGO) and tin oxide (SnO(x)) nanoparticles used for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Before GC-FID analysis, the nanostructured MGO@SnO was successfully employed to transesterify soybean oil to FAMEs (biodiesel). The proposed material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Given the acidic-alkaline nature of the proposed catalyst, it has a strong probability of creating carbocation ions to attack with methanol and subsequently converting the triglycerides to methyl ester (FAMEs). In further experiments, it was found that the ideal reaction parameters were a ratio of MGO to SnO of 1:0.5, a molar ratio of soybean oil to methanol (MeOH) of 1:10, a reaction period of 180 min, and a reaction temperature of 120 °C. Furthermore, the MGO@SnO catalyst demonstrated adequate catalytic performance (>88 %) for transforming the triglycerides of soybean oil to FAMEs (biodiesel) as compared to pure SnO NPs (74 %) and plain MGO (69 %) at similar conditions.

Biodiesel production through the transesterification of rapeseed oil over CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalysts

AbstractDesigning a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is essential. To achieve this, new 0.3‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 and 0.8‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. The new 0.3‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalyst had higher purity, larger surface area, and pore volume than 0.8‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15, resulting in great catalytic activity for biodiesel production by transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol. A biodiesel yield of 97.8 wt % was attained under the optimal reaction conditions of 5 wt % catalyst concentration, 15:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 95°C reaction temperature, and reaction time of 4 h. Most of the parameters and properties of the obtained biodiesel correspond to the EN 14212 standard. The 0.3‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalyst could be considered a potential candidate for biodiesel production on industrial level application attributed to intriguing properties like cost‐effectiveness, ease of synthesis, and environmental greenness.

Process optimization and kinetic studies of Musa glauca catalyzed biodiesel production

In this study, a novel biomass catalyst was developed from Musa glauca stem ash as a clean catalyst for biodiesel production. For the first time, the potential of calcined Musa glauca stem ash was investigated as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production using soybean oil as a feedstock. The activity of both burnt and calcined Musa glauca catalysts in transesterification was studied. Calcination increased the catalytic activity more than open burning. The catalyst obtained by calcining Musa glauca stem at 500 °C was used as the optimum catalyst. This catalyst was exhaustively characterized using FT-IR, XRD, XPS, XRF, SEM, and BET surface area analyzer. The biodiesel production was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) studies. A maximum of 96.7% biodiesel was produced using optimum reaction conditions of methanol to soybean molar ratio of 24:1, catalyst loading of 8 wt % (with respect to soybean oil) for 3 h at room temperature. The produced biodiesel was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) studies. The catalyst was reused and showed satisfactory reusability producing 80% of biodiesel in the 5th reaction cycle. The activation energy for the reaction was determined to be 27.71 kJ mol-1 from the kinetic study.

Facile Preparation of Bimetallic MOF-derived Supported Tungstophosphoric Acid Composites for Biodiesel Production

In this work, the novel TPA@C-NiZr-MOF catalyst is synthesized by the impregnation of tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) on the NiZr-based metal-organic framework (NiZr-MOF) followed by calcination up to 300 °C. The as-prepared catalyst materials were structurally, morphologically, and texturally characterized by XRD, FTIR, temperature programmed desorption of NH3 ( TPD-NH3 ), N2 physisorption, SEM, TEM, and XPS. The prepared catalyst can be used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from oleic acid (OA) with methanol. The results indicated that, in comparison to TPA@NiZr-MOF, the TPA@C-NiZr-MOF catalyst calcined at 300 °C exhibits excellent catalytic performance probably owing to the synergistic effect between TPA and metal oxide skeletons, high acidity, as well as larger surface area and pore size. Additionally, the TPA@C-NiZr-MOF catalyst can be reused in up to six cycles with an acceptable conversion. This study showed that the bimetallic MOF-derived composite materials can be used as an alternative potential heterogeneous catalyst toward biorefinery applications.

Moroccan sardine scales as a novel and renewable source of heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production using palm fatty acid distillate

The continued growth in energy consumption, in concert with the depleting resources of fossil fuels and their detrimental effects on the environment, has required the exploration of substitute, renewable, and sustainable sources of energy. Biodiesel is one such alternative. In this current study, a heterogeneous sulfated catalyst based on Sardine scales was developed to improve biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) through esterification. The catalyst was synthesized via a clean flash pyrolysis method with a thermal shock (950 °C) followed by a sulfonation process. The prepared catalyst was characterized by utilizing diverse methods, including XRD, FTIR, TGA/DSC, SEM/EDX, DLS, BET, and the Hammett test. The sulfated hydroxyapatite (HAPSS-SO4) catalyst demonstrated a maximum conversion of PFAD to biodiesel of 96.75% under optimal reaction conditions such as 3 wt% catalyst loading and 15:1 MeOH/PFAD molar ratio for 3 h at 70 °C. Additionally, the catalyst proved excellent stability, with the ability to regenerate for three cycles. The properties of the produced biodiesel are within the limits stipulated by international standards. The results of the molecular simulation demonstrate that the Lewis acid sites (Ca) are very susceptible to attack through the free fatty acid (FFA). The study proved the effectiveness of a sardine scale-derived catalyst (HAPSS-SO4) as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol immersed in sodium hydroxide thin film as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production

Biodiesel is a potential renewable energy source that can be used to replace fossil fuels because of its low toxicity, biodegradability, and renewability. However, biodiesel production requires long reaction times. Hence, a catalyst is needed to speed up the reaction and optimize production conditions. CS/PVA thin film catalyst immersed in NaOH has intriguing catalytic properties that can improve biodiesel conversion efficiency. In this paper, a series of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol‑sodium hydroxide (CS/PVA-NaOH) thin films have been prepared as heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production. According to the FTIR spectra data, It shows that the vibrational frequency of the hydroxyl group (-OH) shifted from 3271 cm−1 to 3290 cm−1, indicating the hydrogen bond interaction between chitosan and PVA. Water uptake (45.42–218.64 %), swelling (120.63–142.99 %), porosity (62.67–243.43 %), and the durability of the thin film at pH conditions of 5–11 have been found to be the physicochemical characteristics of blended Chitosan/PVA (4/1; 3/2; 2.5/2.5; 2/3; 1/4 (v/v)). The optimal conditions for producing biodiesel were found to be around 65 °C for 90 min with an oil: methanol molar ratio of 1:7. By using a heterogeneous catalyst of CS/PVA-NaOH, the conversion efficiency from oil to biodiesel was achieved at around 95.39–99.52 %.

Synthesis and application of Quintinite-3T nano catalyst along with KOH for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil and used cooking oil

In this study, we reported the preparation of Quintinite-3T (Q-3T) and its use as a productive efficient/effective heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel. Quintinite-3T (Q-3T) has been successfully synthesized via the co-precipitation method. Physico-chemical properties of the synthesized catalyst were studied using powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), BET analysis, and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Q-3T exhibited promising utility as a heterogeneous catalyst to transesterify Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and used cooking oil (UCO) to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Q-3T catalyst was used with KOH, a co-catalyst to verify its effect on biodiesel production. The effective parameters of the transesterification yield involving reaction time, reaction temperature, and the oil-to-alcohol molar ratio was studied. The maximum yield of 82% for biodiesel was reached at ideal conditions, which include a moderate catalyst concentration (2% (w/w) in the ratio 1.2:0.8 (KOH: Q-3T), at a low temperature and relatively short reaction time of 60° C and 1 h, respectively. Additionally, it is found that the biodiesel’s properties are in good conformity with ASTM D6571 fuel specifications. It is pertinent that the use of Q-3T nanocatalyst as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil and used cooking oil could be beneficial.

Biodiesel production from sunflower and waste cooking oils using K2O/RGO catalyst

AbstractBiodiesel, touted as a viable alternative to fossil fuels, has attracted interest due to its environmentally friendly nature, renewability, and high combustion yield. This study utilized K2O/RGO heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production through the transesterification of sunflower and waste cooking oils. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was prepared from graphite via the modified Hummers' method and potassium was subsequently deposited on it. The K2O/RGO catalyst was characterized using a variety of techniques, including FTIR, SEM, XRD, ASAP, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM. The study further investigated the impacts of the temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst dose and time; and optimized the process with the response surface method. The characteristics of biodiesel fell within the ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standard ranges. The K2O/RGO catalyst demonstrated reusability for up to four cycles. Maximum biodiesel yields of 98.54% for sunflower oil and 96.89% for waste cooking oil were achieved under operating conditions of 70°C temperature, 19.5 methanol to oil molar ratio, 2 wt.% catalyst dose, and 8.5 h time duration.

Solvent-Free Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetallic UiO-66(Zr/Sn) Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

It has been verified that UiO-66(Zr) is an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel. The construction of multimetal sites in the structure of UiO-66(Zr) can be a promising way to enhance the catalytic performance of UiO-66(Zr). In this contribution, UiO-66(Zr) with tin sites is simply fabricated under solvent-free conditions. The results from XRD, EDX, and XPS analyses indicate that tin species have been introduced into the structure of UiO-66(Zr). The nitrogen sorption data show that UiO-66(Zr/Sn)-5-130-24 obtained under optimized synthesis conditions maintains a large BET specific surface area (1170 m2/g) and pore volume (0.84 cm3/g). The NH3-TPD results reveal that UiO-66(Zr/Sn)-5-130-24 possesses more acid sites than UiO-66(Zr) probably because the introduction of tin species brought about the missing of linkers in the structure of UiO-66(Zr). As a consequence, UiO-66(Zr/Sn)-5-130-24 exhibits higher catalytic efficiency with an oleic acid conversion of 98.8% than UiO-66(Zr) (oleic acid conversion of 86.2%) at 333 K in the esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol to obtain biodiesel. Furthermore, the reusability test demonstrates that such a catalyst can be readily recycled and reused.

Sulphonated cellulose-based carbon as a green heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Process optimization and kinetic studies

We report, the catalytic application of sulphonated cellulose based solid carbon catalyst for conversion of oleic acid to methyl oleate-biodiesel production under microwave irradiation. Oleic acid, being one of the most widely found fatty acids in plant oils and animal fats; it was utilized as a model substrate to produce biodiesel in this study. The effect and interaction of four independent factors such as methanol to oleic acid molar ratio (MOMR), time, catalyst loading, and temperature were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). After doing the thirty experiments given by the central composite design (CCD), the optimized reaction condition using RSM was found to be MOMR of 21:1, 60 min, 8 wt % catalyst loading, and temperature of 80 °C that predicted 96.77% biodiesel yield under microwave irradiation, whereas, 97.6 ± 0.2% yield was observed experimentally. The kinetic study of the esterification reaction showed that it followed a pseudo first order reaction. The activation energy of the esterification was found to be relatively low at 49.19 kJ mol−1. The catalyst showed good recyclability when explored up to the 5th reaction cycle. The SEM analysis of the recycled catalyst showed its stability for at least 5 reaction cycles. Therefore, it can be promoted for sustainable production of biodiesel due to its moderate preparation method, good catalytic efficiency, and excellent recyclability.

Enabling Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification

With the rapid development of industry and the increasing demand for transportation, traditional sources of energy have been excessively consumed. Biodiesel as an alternative energy source has become a research focus. The most common method for biodiesel production is transesterification, in which lipid and low carbon alcohol are commonly used as raw materials, in the presence of a catalyst. In the process of transesterification, the performance of the catalyst is the key factor of the biodiesel yield. This paper reviews the recent research progress on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production. The advantages and disadvantages of current homogeneous acid catalysts and homogeneous base catalysts are discussed, and heteropolyacid heterogeneous catalysts and biomass-derived base catalysts are described. The applications of the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst derivatives ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents and nanocatalysts/magnetic catalysts in biodiesel production are reviewed. The mechanism and economic cost of current homogeneous acid catalysts and homogeneous base catalysts are also analyzed. The unique advantages of each type of catalyst are compared to better understand the microscopic details behind biodiesel. Finally, some challenges of current biodiesel catalysts are summarized, and future research directions are presented. This review will provide general and in-depth knowledge on the achievements, directions, and research priorities in developing novel homogeneous/heterogeneous catalysts for the green and cost-effective production of biodiesel.

Karanja seed shell ash: A sustainable green heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production

In the present study, the ash from discarded Karanja seed shell (KSS), obtained after burning dried seed shells has been identified as one of the most cost-effective and efficient green heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Soybean oil methanolsis was used to study the catalytic activity of karanja seed shell ash as solid base heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production. To characterize the catalyst, XRD, WD-XRF, SEM, FT-IR, BET and TGA techniques were utilized. Soybean oil methyl ester was converted under the following experimental conditions, as determined by GC-MS, and FT-IR: a catalyst amount of 2 wt%, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1, a reaction temperature of 65 °C, a reaction time of 60 min. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst is an efficient alternative that may be utilized as an eco-friendly catalyst because it is benign, reusable, sustainable, and widely available.

Preparation of SrZrAl multiple oxide catalyst for produce biodiesel from acidified palm oil

The strontium oxide (SrO) is considered as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. However, the resistance of SrO to high free fatty acids (FFAs) in low-quality raw materials is a great challenge. In this study, the SrZrAl multiple oxide catalysts are prepared and applied in transesterification of the acidified palm oi. The preparation of the SrZrAl catalysts is optimized from the aspects of the preparation method and zirconium content, where the co-precipitation method with Sr, Zr and Al molar ratio of 6:6:1.5 is preferentially determined. The microstructure and surface chemical properties of SrZrAl catalyst are thoroughly characterized by XRD, CO2/NH3-TPD, XPS and SEM-EDS. The GA-PSO-BP algorithm is used to optimize the transesterification parameters, where the FAME yield of 94.4% could be achieved with the addition of oleic acid of 5 wt% under the condition of the methanol to oil molar ratio of 16:1 and catalyst amount of 3.8 wt% at 171 °C in 2.6 h. Excellent reusability of the SrZrAl catalyst is demonstrated by the fact that the FAME yield of 80.3% is still obtained at the fifth reuse cycle. In addition, the FAME yield reaches 83.4% even at a high oleic acid addition of 15 wt%.