Heterogeneous Ability Research Articles

Equity and Equality in Legislative Bargaining

I study a distributive model of legislative bargaining in which the surplus generated by coalitions depends on the membership and the proposer. The vector of expected payoffs is unique and continuous in the characteristics of players when the surplus does not depend on the proposer's identity. The heterogeneous ability of players to generate surplus leads to asymmetric bargaining prospects in otherwise symmetric environments. More productive players have higher expected payoffs despite being recruited more often by other players, and the players who participate in every coalition have equal expected payoffs despite having different productivity. The bargaining outcomes are equal and efficient when the productivity is sufficiently homogeneous, while the effect of increased heterogeneity depends on the distribution of productivity. When the players become arbitrarily patient, the bargaining outcomes are equitable and efficient but not necessarily equal. An increase in the required quota promotes equality but leads to less equitable outcomes.

Not all group members are created equal: heterogeneous abilities in inter-group contests

Competition between groups is ubiquitous in social and economic life, and typically occurs between groups that are not created equal. Here we experimentally investigate the implications of this general observation on the unfolding of symmetric and asymmetric competition between groups that are either homogeneous or heterogeneous in the ability of their members to contribute to the success of the group. Our main finding is that relative to the benchmark case in which two homogeneous compete against each other, heterogeneity within groups per se has no discernable effect on competition, while introducing heterogeneity between groups leads to a significant intensification of conflict as well as increased volatility, thereby reducing earnings of contest participants and increasing inequality. We further find that heterogeneous groups share the labor much more equally than predicted by theory, and that in asymmetric contests group members change the way in which they condition their efforts on those of their peers. Implications for contest designers are discussed.

Implementation of Problem Based Learning Model at Class VII9 of SMP Negeri 21 Pekanbaru

Abstrack: The proposes of this research are to improve the learning process and to increase mathematics achievement from the students with applied problem based learning model. Class action research is carried out in two cycles. First cycles has three meetings and one daily tests, second cycles has three meetings and one daily tests. The research subject is the students of class VII9 SMP Negeri 21 Pekanbaru in academic year 2019/2020, which total of participants are 39 students, consists of 22 female students and 17 male students with heterogeneous ability. The qualitative descriptive showed an improvement of learning process prior to the action on the first and second cycle. The data of the student’s evaluation test showed the number of students who reached KKM on the basic score, daily tests (cycle I), daily tests (cycle II) were 15 people (38,46%), 26 people (66,6%), and 30 people (76,9%). The percentage of KKM achievement shows an increase from before the action to after the action so that it can be said that the learning out comes of students also in crease.The results of this study indicate that the Problem Based Learning model can improve the learning process and improve the mathematics learning out comes of students of VII9 SMP Negeri 21 Pekanbaru in the even semester of the 2019/2020 academic year on material social arithmetic.

The exporter wage premium when firms and workers are heterogeneous

Abstract In this paper, we develop a new model of international trade, in which workers featuring higher innate abilities match with firms featuring higher innate productivities. This model allows us to quantify the effect of trade on labour income inequality when workers have heterogeneous abilities within the broad groups of skilled and unskilled workers. Self-selection of the most productive firms into exporting generates an exporter wage premium, and our framework with skilled and unskilled workers allows us to decompose this premium into its skill-specific components. We employ linked employer-employee data from Germany to structurally estimate the parameters of the model. These parameter estimates imply an average exporter wage premium of 6 percent, with exporting firms paying no wage premium at all to their unskilled workers, while the premium for skilled workers is 15 percent. Measured by the Theil index, moving the economy to autarky would reduce wage inequality within the group of skilled workers by 29 percent, and it would reduce overall labour income inequality by 8 percent.

Stability Analysis of Swarm Heterogeneous Robots with Limited Field of View

This paper presents a stability analysis of swarm robots, a group of multiple robots. In particular, we focus on robot swarms with heterogeneous abilities, in which each robot has a different sensing range and physical limitations, including maximum velocity and acceleration. In addition, each robot has a unique sensing region with a limited angle field of view. We previously proposed a decentralized navigation method for such heterogeneous swarm robots consisting of one leader and multiple followers. With the decentralized navigation method, a single leader can navigate for followers while maintaining connectivity and satisfying the physical limitations unique to each robot; i.e., each follower has a target robot and follows it without violating its physical limitations. In this paper, we focus on a stability analysis of such swarm robots. When the leader moves at a constant velocity, we mathematically prove that the shape and orientations of all robots eventually converge to the equilibrium state. For this, we must first prove that the equilibrium state exists. Then, we show the convergence of the state to its equilibrium. Finally, we carry out experiments and numerical simulations to confirm the stability analysis, i.e., the convergence of the swarm robots to the equilibrium states.

Developing of Multiple Intelligences in students with the Two Stay Two Strays Type

The research objective is as a universal effort to provide variety relevant contributions to society as well as to identify new challenges must be faced, or referred to as multiple intelligences so that students can actualize multiple intelligences or multiple intelligences including emotions and spirituality. The Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) Model of Cooperative Learning is a solution to student problems in cooperative learning which also adds to the elements of social interaction in learning. In cooperative learning, students learn together in small groups helping one another. Classes are arranged in groups of 4 or 5 students, with heterogeneous abilities. The results showed that there was an interaction between the learning process experienced by students and the teaching process by educators or teachers. Students can change their lives to be of better quality both physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually and later it can be said to be successful in the educational process, namely achieving changes in behavior in students. It is clear that we cannot rely on intellectual alone, that IQ only contributes about 20% of the factors that determine a success, the remaining 80% comes from other factors including Emotional Intelligence in the multiple intelligence categories”. As human learner students who can be said to be successful in education and to achieve educational goals, namely education as a whole human being, here students are required to actualize all three intelligences at once, namely intellectual, emotional and spiritual. For improvement in the learning process both for educators and for students in particular, it is hoped that this research will be able to make a useful contribution to the development of science, especially in learning and character building by having properties such as integrity, humility, tolerance, restraint. , loyalty, justice, patience, simplicity, and through the teaching and learning process.

Heterogeneity, Leveling the Playing Field, and Affirmative Action in Contests

The heterogeneous abilities of the players in various competitive contexts often lead to undesirable outcomes such as low effort provision, lack of diversity, and inequality. A range of policies are implemented to mitigate such issues by enforcing competitive balance, i.e., by leveling the playing field. Some of those policies, known as affirmative action (AA) policies, are practiced in an ethical response to historical discrimination against particular social groups, and are also aimed at increasing competition. This survey summarizes the rapidly growing literature of contest theory on AA and other policies that level the playing field. Using a general theoretical structure, we outline research on contest outcomes under a multitude of such policy mechanisms; and discuss the theoretical, experimental, and empirical findings in relation to some of the common debates surrounding AA.

Dynamic Taxation

This article reviews recent advances in the study of dynamic taxation, considering three main approaches: the dynamic Mirrlees, the parametric Ramsey, and the sufficient statistics approaches. In the first approach, agents’ heterogeneous abilities to earn income are private information and evolve stochastically over time. Dynamic taxes are not restricted ex ante and are set for redistribution and insurance considerations. Capital is taxed only in order to improve incentives to work. Human capital is optimally subsidized if it reduces posttax inequality and risk on balance. The Ramsey approach specifies ex ante restricted tax instruments and adopts quantitative methods, which allow it to consider more complex and realistic economies. Capital taxes are optimal when age-dependent labor income taxes are not possible. The newer and tractable sufficient statistics approach derives robust tax formulas that depend on estimable elasticities and features of the income distributions. It simplifies the transitional dynamics thanks to a newly defined criterion, the utility-based steady-state approach, which prevents the government from exploiting sluggish responses in the short run. Capital taxes are here based on the standard equity-efficiency trade-off.

Developmental life history is associated with variation in rates of climatic niche evolution in a salamander adaptive radiation.

Rates of climatic niche evolution vary widely across the tree of life and are strongly associated with rates of diversification among clades. However, why the climatic niche evolves more rapidly in some clades than others remains unclear. Variation in life history traits often plays a key role in determining the environmental conditions under which species can survive, and therefore, could impact the rate at which lineages can expand in available climatic niche space. Here, we explore the relationships among life-history variation, climatic niche breadth, and rates of climatic niche evolution. We reconstruct a phylogeny for the genus Desmognathus, an adaptive radiation of salamanders distributed across eastern North America, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Using this phylogeny, we estimate rates of climatic niche evolution for species with long, short, and no aquatic larval stage. Rates of climatic niche evolution are unrelated to the mean climatic niche breadth of species with different life histories. Instead, we find that the evolution of a short larval period promotes greater exploration of climatic space, leading to increased rates of climatic niche evolution across species having this trait. We propose that morphological and physiological differences associated with variation in larval stage length underlie the heterogeneous ability of lineages to explore climatic niche space. Rapid rates of climatic niche evolution among species with short larval periods were an important dimension of the clade's adaptive radiation and likely contributed to the rapid rate of lineage accumulation following the evolution of an aquatic life history in this clade. Our results show how variation in a key life-history trait can constrain or promote divergence of the climatic niche, leading to variation in rates of climatic niche evolution among species.

PENGARUH PENDEKATAN PROBLEM POSING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMP KELAS VIII

The teacher-centered learning process causes students to not be able to build their own knowledge, so students easily forget a learning result in low learning outcomes. The learning process that involves students playing an active role is needed at this time one of which uses the problem posing approach. This study aims to see the effect of the problem posing approach to improve learning outcomes of VIII grade junior high school students. This research uses quasi experiment. The sample selection is done randomly by paying attention to students' heterogeneous academic ability, based on the grades of mathematics subjects. The results showed a significant difference in the average value of student learning outcomes from conventional classes and problem posing classes. So the problem posing approach can be used to improve student learning outcomes.

Investment shocks and inequality dynamics

We explore the dynamics of income and income inequality under asymmetric information in credit markets. Within a stochastic overlapping-generations framework, we study the investment decision of entrepreneurs with heterogeneous abilities. Under information asymmetry, banks do not observe entrepreneurial ability and offer a single pooled loan contract to all entrepreneurs. We show that, following a negative investment shock, the average quality of the entrepreneur pool improves and banks optimally react by lowering the pooled borrowing rate. This reduction in the borrowing rate mitigates the drop in entrepreneurs' income. Consequently, after a negative investment shock, income inequality decreases less compared to the case of full information. Our findings therefore suggest that information asymmetry lessens the fluctuations in income inequality.

Strategic Behavior in Contests with Ability Heterogeneous Agents: Evidence from Field Data

Strategic behavior can not only affect effort in contests but also undermine their selection function. We investigate two forms of strategic behavior of contestants with heterogeneous ability in large contests: Sabotage and self- promotion. We test predictions from a simple theoretical model in a large dataset of more than 38 million peer-ratings by 75,000 individuals. We find that strategic behavior influences outcomes in 25% of close contests, that self- promotion is the dominant form of strategic behavior of low-ability contestants, and that high-ability contestants are both culprits and targets of sabotage. We leverage two natural experiments to rule out alternative explanations. Our findings are most consistent with the explanation that competitors sabotage because they care about winning and anticipate being sabotaged themselves.

Students’ mathematics representation ability from picture form to equation

Conceptual thought is the basic thought in mathematics learning. Process of learning mathematics involves a representation interpretation from a representation form to others. The aim of this research was to analysis the representation process from picture form to mathematics equation. Moreover, this research was descriptive qualitative research. The data were gotten by using test and interview towards 34 students with heterogeneous ability in Surakarta. There were 4 stages in this research, they were unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing the target and determining equivalency. This process involved some other representations such as symbol, schema, verbal, and numeric. Furthermore, the research result showed that the students still had not been able to do the representation process from picture form to equation well. Interpretation process started from picture to equation through other representation mediators like symbols, words and so on. Every student had various ways to do his or her representation. The problem about students’ low mathematics representation could be finished by using a learning medium-based RME. Besides, the suggestions for further research is to do deeper research related to students’ characteristics and to do the opposite research that is an analysis of the presentation process from the equation to picture form.

Mathematical connection ability in 7th grade students viewed from self-regulated learning

The purpose of this research is to determine which mathematical connection ability is better; students with high, medium or low self-regulated learning. This research was descriptive quantitative research. The instruments used in this research were questionnaire of self-regulated learning and written test of mathematical connection ability. The research samples consisted of 186 students who were studying at a state Junior High School in Sukoharjo Regency, Indonesia, with heterogeneous abilities. The data analysis technique used was one-way Anova with unbalanced cell and post hoc test using the Scheffe method. The results show that students with high self-regulated learning have better mathematical connection ability than students with medium and low self-regulated learning. Students with medium self-regulated learning have better mathematical connections ability than students with low self-regulated learning. In order to connect to each mathematical problem, students must first remember the problem, while to understand the problem, students must be able to make connections with topics related to the problem so that students’ efforts in finding solutions to mathematical problems are through self-regulated learning activities. When students have self-regulated learning, they will significantly improve their mathematical connection ability.

Analysis of Semester 4 Student Procedural Error Knowledge In Determining Minimum Path Using Dijkstra Algorithm


 
 
 
 The focus of this research is the determination of the shortest route by students by applying the Dijkstra algorithm which has many benefits in the informatics area. The sample of this research were 4 students who had heterogeneous abilities. The results showed that 75% of the failed samples due to calculation errors. Students with high abilities are easier to understand and skilled at using procedural knowledge compared to students with medium and low abilities.
 
 
 

SSPA: an effective semi-supervised peer assessment method for large scale MOOCs

ABSTRACT Peer assessment has become a primary solution to the challenge of evaluating a large number of students in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). In peer assessment, all students need to evaluate a subset of other students’ assignments, and then these peer grades are aggregated to predict a final score for each student. Unfortunately, due to the lack of grading experience or the heterogeneous grading abilities, students may introduce unintentional deviations in the evaluation. This paper proposes and implements a semi-supervised peer assessment method (SSPA) that incorporates a small number of teacher’s gradings as ground truth, and uses them to externally calibrate the procedure of aggregating peer grades. Specifically, each student’s grading ability is directly (if students have common peer assessments with teacher) or indirectly (if students have no common peer assessments with teacher) measured with the grading similarity between the student and teacher. Then, SSPA utilizes the weighted aggregation of peer grades to infer the final score of each student. Based on both real dataset and synthetic datasets, the experimental results illustrate that SSPA performs better than the existing methods.

Application of Classroom Response Systems (CRS): Study to Measure Student Learning Outcome

Classroom Response Systems is a scanner system in the form of technology that is used in the classroom, which allows students to answer a question with an input directly inputted into the data, so that the application of learning outcome measurement becomes effective and efficient. This study uses qualitative methods and is implemented in 120 students and is a formative research. This study describes the use of Classroom Response Systems (CRS) when measuring student learning outcomes. The research subjects were students of the Mathematics Education and Elementary School Teacher Education Department who had heterogeneous abilities. Research findings show that students consider CRS can improve class dynamics in theoretical lectures. On the other hand, almost all students have agreed with the assertion that CRS is easy to use, although some of them have warned that recipients do not always record their responses.

Capital accumulation through studying abroad and return migration

This paper examines the interplays among studying abroad, return migration and capital accumulation, in a dynamic general equilibrium model featuring heterogeneous ability. Households invest in education and make two migration decisions: whether to study abroad and subsequently whether to return home. The model predicts that the highest, middle and lowest-ability people choose respectively permanent migration, return migration and no migration. More interestingly, we find a novel migration cycle: returnees bring back learned-knowledge and over time, capital accumulates, attracting more return migration. Further, the usual “brain drain” in the literature can be turned into “brain gain”, by providing a subsidy to studying abroad and returning home.

Development of Vlog Learning Media (Video Tutorial) on Student Materials. Tax at SMK PGRI 1 Jombang

There needs to be learning media in teaching and learning activities and it is very needed to support
 learning outcomes and the enthusiasm of learning students and is very helpful for teachers in
 delivering messages well to students. The purpose of this learning media development research is to
 find out the feasibility of a Vlog -based learning media or video tutorial validated by some experts
 both media experts and evaluation experts, the second describes student responses to learning media
 through the development of Vlog -based learning media, and the third describes student learning
 outcomes after using Vlog learning media. This study adapted the research method from
 Thiagarajan which is often referred to as 3D, with the test criteria limited to 16 students with
 heterogeneous abilities. The results of the research development of vlog learning mediadeclared
 feasible as a learning media in the tax administration method by experts in terms of the material
 feasibility aspect e \ valuation which consists of objective and subjective questions, media feasibility
 aspects consisting of quality content and objectives, instructional quality and technical quality,
 student response and results learn. It can be concluded that the development of Vlog learning media
 on the material Tax administration at SMK PGRI 1 Jombang is very feasible to use

Worker Heterogeneity and the Popularity of the Minimum Wage Institution

This paper analyzes long run outcomes resulting from adopting a binding minimum wage. The model distinguishes between workers of heterogeneous ability, and capitalists who do all the saving, and it entails – relative to the perfectly competitive benchmark - large output and employment losses (among the lowest-ability workers) from the imposition of moderately binding minimum wages. These effects arise not only because firms respond to the wage increase – relative to the static perfectly competitive benchmark – by moving upwards along a given labour demand curve, but also due to inward shifts of the labour demand curve as savers respond to decreases in the (net of taxes) rate of return on their savings by saving less, thus reducing the economy’s steady-state capital stock. Nevertheless, and despite the large, long-run, declines in aggregate output, consumption, and the capital stock implied by this model, MW legislation can be beneficial for large segments of employed workers, as long as they do not have to provide generous welfare support to the low-ability workers that the MW prevents them from finding employment.