Heterodera Rostochiensis Research Articles

PM 7/40 (5) Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida

PM 7/40 (5) <i>Globodera rostochiensis</i> and <i>Globodera pallida</i>

15. ジャガイモシストセンチュウによるばれいしょの被害について(I. 年次講演会,昭和49年度 年次、月例講演会およびシンポジウム要旨)

15. ジャガイモシストセンチュウによるばれいしょの被害について(I. 年次講演会,昭和49年度 年次、月例講演会およびシンポジウム要旨)

Role of Genetic Modification in Developing Climate Smart Agriculture to Ensure Sustained Food Security

I was a contemporary of James Watson and Francis Crick at the University of Cambridge, UK, during 1950–52. I was aware of the fact that they were working on the molecular structure of DNA in association with Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin since I used to visit the Cavendish Laboratory to attend lectures by Prof Max Perutz. Their publication on the double helix structure of the DNA molecule appeared in Nature early in 1953 [2, 7, 8]. I was then at the Genetics Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. Since then, I have been following the explosive progress of the science of molecular genetics, opening up uncommon opportunities for transferring genes across sexual barriers. I was deeply interested in this development, since my work in the early 1950s related to the transfer of genes in tuber-bearing Solanum species for characters like frost tolerance and resistance to the golden nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis. The donor for frost tolerance was the species S. acaule from the Lake Titicaca region of Peru-Bolivia, while the donor for golden nematode resistance was S. polyadenium. Achieving crosses between these species and S. tuberosum was extremely difficult, since the foreign pollen were getting inhibited in the stigma and style. I had to remove the stigma and replace it with an artificial medium which promoted pollen germination [4]. This technique later came to be known as the ‘Swaminathan artificial stigma method’. All this would not have been necessary if the recombinant DNA technology had existed then. Thus, the Watson–Crick–Wilkins– Franklin discovery paved the way for fulfilling the dream of plant and animal breeders and microbiologists with respect to producing novel genetic combinations of applied interest. The award of the Nobel Prize to my colleague at the University of Wisconsin Dr. Joshua Lederberg, for his work on microbial transformation further stimulated my interest in this fast growing area of science. The US National Academy of Sciences invited me in 1982 to deliver a lecture on ‘Biotechnology Research and Third World Agriculture’, where I emphasised the need for Third World countries, to master all recent developments in Genetics [5]. In 1980, when I joined the Union Planning Commission at the invitation of the then Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi, I got a National Biotechnology Board set up to achieve synergy and coordination among the work in progress in molecular genetics and genetic engineering under the umbrella of different scientific organisations like ICAR, CSIR, ICMR, Department of Atomic Energy and UGC. I served as the first chair of the National Biotechnology Board. Later, it was converted into a Department of Biotechnology during the tenure of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, with Dr. S. Ramachandran serving as its first Secretary. During the last 30 years, the Government of India has invested a considerable amount of money in creating the infrastructure essential for advanced research in the broad

Symptom development and damage in potato caused by the potato cyst nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis, under field conditions.

Symptom development and damage in potato caused by the potato cyst nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis, under field conditions.

Viability of Encysted Larvae and Eggs of Potato Cyst Nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll., after Being Fed by Hen or Swine, and at Their Body Temperatures

Viability of Encysted Larvae and Eggs of Potato Cyst Nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll., after Being Fed by Hen or Swine, and at Their Body Temperatures

Vertical distribution of viable cysts of Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber in a field

Vertical distribution of viable cysts of Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber in a field

Dr. Gotthold Steiner (1886-1961): versatile nematologist.

Swiss-born Dr. Gotthold Steiner was a pioneer in formulating the discipline of nematology. He worked with the American nematologist NA Cobb and together they were responsible for acceptance of the concept of nematode phytoparasites. Steiner had special expertise in anatomy, morphology, phytonematology, marine nematodes, nutrition, mermithids, and selected invertebrate taxa. He authored 191 scientific papers, established the ubiquitous phytoparasitic genus Helicotylenchus, described the pinewood nematode, and did significant work with three important economic pests, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera rostochiensis, and H. schachtii. He was responsible for introducing training programs in nematology in USDA laboratories.

Metabolism of fensulfothion by a soil bacterium, Pseudomonas alcaligenes C1.

Fensulfothion (O,O-diethyl O-[4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]phosphorothioate), an organophosphorus pesticide used to control the golden nematode Heterodera rostochiensis, is used as a source of carbon by microorganisms isolated from soils treated with the pesticide. Two of the microbial isolates, Pseudomonas alcaligenes C1 and Alcaligenes sp. strain NC3, used more than 80% of the pesticide in 120 h in culture when supplemented as a source of carbon. P. alcaligenes C1, which showed maximal growth on fensulfothion, degraded the compound to p-methylsulfinyl phenol and diethyl phosphorothioic acid. The phenolic metabolite could be identified by conventional spectral analysis, whereas the spectral patterns of the phosphorus-containing metabolite suggested that the compound was complexed with some cellular molecules. However, utilization of the phosphoric acid ester and ethanol by P. alcaligenes C1 suggested that the microbe attacks fensulfothion by an initial hydrolysis of the compound and subsequent utilization of the phosphoric acid ester. The pathway of degradation of fensulfothion by P. alcaligenes is of great value in the detoxification of the pesticide residues and also in the environmentally stable phosphoric acid esters.

The effect of some systemic nematicides on the control of Heterodera rostochiensis in the field

A stochastic model to estimate the multiplication of Heterodera rostochiensis at low densities ('maximum' multiplication) in field experiments was developed. This was done to analyse the results of four trials performed to investigate the effect of some systemic nematicides on this multiplication. Varying effects were found using aldicarb in three years while methomyl and oxamyl did not do better. A comparison between phenamiphos and phensulfothion yielded no significant differences. vals, with or without chemical control of the nematodes. The multiplication of H. rostochiensis on a susceptible potato variety should be (more than) offset by the reduction of the nematodes during the growth of resistant potatoes, crops other than potatoes, and by chemical treatment. This system aims at a reduction of the nematode populations to low densities. In studies on the rate of multiplication, density dependency appeared to be an important phenomenon. Seinhorst (1970) summarized and described the first experiments on this subject in nematology by Jones in 1956 with H. schachtii, Sein- horst in 1966 with migratory nematodes and Den Ouden in 1967 with H. rostochiensis. Here intraspecific competition as the cause of a gradually decreased rate of multiplica- tion, a ceiling level of final densities and the concept 'maximum rate of increase' are mentioned. This maximum rate of increase~ the multiplication at low nematode densities, is a standard by which results of the control of H. rostochiensis are calculated and accurate estimation of this factor is desired. Intensive sampling is not feasible in practice because of the enormous amount of work involved and the chance of disturbing small experimental plots by initial sampling. So only rather inaccurate estimates on initial and final nematode densities can be obtained. In the analysis of the data of the experiments described here, an attempt has been made to develop a method for the evaluation of observations in these and similar field trials. Previous pot trials with aldicarb and methomyl gave varying but generally good effects depending on ways of application (Kaai and Den Ouden, 1967; Den Ouden; 1968a),

The Golden Nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) in Greece: History, Distribution, Economic Importance, Research and Phytosanitary Regulations1

Abstract Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. was reported for the first time in Greece in 1933, but was probably introduced from Europe before 1914. Its distribution in the country is restricted, mainly to isolated fields; many districts still remain uncontaminated. In 1972, about 7–12% of the area cultivated with potatoes was infested with H. rostochiensis, and the damage caused was estimated to be 1.6‐2.4% of the total annual yield.Only few experiments have been carried out on biology, Control and other aspects. Domestic and international phytosanitary regulations for combatting this nematode are in force.

The effect of formalin on potato cyst‐nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis

SUMMARYApplying 5 ml of a 38% aqueous solution of formaldehyde to 1500 ml of sandy loam prevented potato cyst‐nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis, from increasing on the roots of Arran Banner potatoes planted in the soil and increased the weight of tubers produced. A comparable dosage applied to plots of sandy loam and sandy clay in winter did not prevent the nematode from multiplying on Pentland Crown potatoes but increased tuber yields. Smaller amounts of formalin had less effect on tuber yields and drenching dilute formalin solutions onto the soil was no more effective than incorporating undiluted formalin into the soil by rotavation 15 cm deep.

The Distribution of Carbohydrates in Cysts of Heterodera Rostochiensis

Alkaline digests of Heterodera rostochiensis cysts contained glycogen (1.4%), oligosaccharides (2.3%) and trehalose (5.3%). Glycogen was confined to the larvae and cyst wall, whereas trehalose was largely present in the perivitelline fluid.

Control of potato cyst‐nematodes, Heterodera rostochiensis and H. pallida, in sandy, peaty and silt loam soils by oximecarbamate and organophosphate nematicides

SUMMARYSmall amounts (5.6 or n‐2 kg a.i./ha) of aldicarb or oxamyl, incorporated in the soil before potatoes were planted in spring, controlled potato cyst‐nematodes (Heterodera rostochiensis and H. pallida) on susceptible cultivars equally well in sandy, peaty and silt loam soils. In soils treated with either nematicide, nematode numbers increased little or decreased; in untreated soils nematode numbers increased greatly. In contrast organophosphate nematicides, similarly applied, fenamiphos (proposed BSI common name for O‐ethyl‐O‐(3‐methyl‐4‐methylthiophenyI)‐isopropylamido‐phosphate), ethoprophos (proposed BSI common name for (O‐ethyl S, 5‐dipropyl phos‐phorodithioate), CGA 12223 (O, O‐diethyl O‐[i‐isopropyl‐5‐chloro‐i,2,4‐triazoIyl‐(3)] phosphorothioate) and Dowco 275 (O, O‐diethyl O‐(6‐fluoro‐2 pyridyl) phosphorothioate), were ineffective at one or more of the experimental sites. Potato yields were greatly increased by oximecarbamate or organophosphate nematicides only in soils heavily infested with the nematodes.

Treatment of potato tubers to destroy cysts of potato cyst nematode: A note

Abstract Potato cyst nematode is “undoubtedly the most serious plant nematode pest of temperate regions” (Southey 1965). Both species, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. and H. pallida Stone, damage the potato crop and are extremely persistent in the soil. The resistant cyst wall makes encysted eggs and juveniles very difficult to kill. The cysts, each containing several hundred eggs, are readily transported in soil associated with seed or table potatoes and are thus easily spread.

Larval Emergence from Cysts of Twelve Isolates of Heterodera rostochiensis and H. pallida reared on Resistant and Susceptible Tomatoes

SUMMARYIn laboratory tests cysts of 12 isolates of potato cyst eelworms Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. and H. pallida Stone reared on Lycopersicon peruvianum B6001 (which is resistant to H. rostochiensis) and L. esculentum (tomato)‘Ailsa Craig’ were subjected to hatching stimulation in potato‐root diffusate. Larval emergence from isolates in which H. pallida predominated was more rapid than that from isolates in which H. rostochiensis predominated. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.

Taxonomy of Potato Cyst‐Nematodes1

AbstractPotato cyst‐nematode pathotypes fall into 2 groups distinguished by morphological and biological differences, corresponding to the species Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 (the golden nematode) and H. pallida Stone, 1973. The species may most readily be distinguished by differences in length and knob shape of second stage juveniles' stylets, by differences in the cuticular pattern of the female or cyst perineum (the region between vulva and anus) and by the colour of the maturing female. Both species occur in the United Kingdom, continental Europe, South America and elsewhere, and include pathotypes able to develop on potato cultivars bearing genes for resistance.

Incorporating granular nematicides in soil to control potato cyst‐nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis

SUMMARYIncorporating either Du Pont 1410 or Nemacur P at 11‐2 kg a.i./ha in peaty loam topsoil in Spring, controlled potato cyst‐nematodes (Heterodera rostochiensis) to 20 cm deep as well as did 5.6 kg incorporated in Winter before ploughing followed by another dose of 5.6 kg incorporated in the seedbed in Spring. In pots Du Pont 1410 remained effective after several months incubation in soil at 5 or 10 oC. Dazomet at 440 kg/ha incorporated in the topsoil in Winter (220 kg before ploughing and 220 kg after ploughing) did not control the nematodes as consistently as 5.6 or 11.2 kg a.i./ha of Du Pont 141 o or Nemacur P, even when the dazomet‐treated plots were covered with Polythene sheeting to prolong fumigation. In large containers, aldicarb at 45 mg a.i./13 l soil increased the yield of Arran Banner potatoes as much when incorporated to 13 cm deep in moderately infested peaty loam as when incorporated to 25 or 38 cm deep, but not as much as when all the soil (to 51 cm deep) was treated. Treating the soil to 13 cm deep did not control the nematodes 13–25 cm deep even though some of the nematicide was probably leached into this layer. In field plots, the nematodes were better controlled when Du Pont 1410 or Dowco 275 was rotavated into the top 10 cm than into the top 20 cm of a peaty loam soil. Rotavating soil twice instead of once after applying aldicarb, Du Pont 1410 or Dowco 275 to the soil surface did not increase nematode control. Although small amounts of aldicarb incorporated into the topsoil in Spring controlled the nematodes, the same amounts concentrated in the seed furrows, just before susceptible potatoes were planted in them, did not.

Effects of Potato Cyst-Nematodes On Potato Plants

Observations of potato plant growth were made in plots containing a wide range of potato cyst-nematode populations following the use of resistant or susceptible varieties combined with fumigation treatments. Potato plants infested with many potato cyst-nematodes grew more slowly, were dwarfed, had smaller leaves and senesced earlier than plants with few nematodes but growth of Maris Piper, a variety resistant to Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. (pathotype A), was less affected than that of a susceptible variety, Pentland Dell. Throughout their growth nematode-infested plants contained less potassium in their foliage than uninfested plants and they were probably less efficient at taking up potassium. Although feeding nematodes probably abstracted a significant amount of nitrogen from heavily-attacked plants, the percentage of nitrogen in the haulm dry matter was little affected and did not seem to be a major factor limiting growth. There was no indication that photosynthetic capacity per unit area was lessened in the leaves of plants with root systems infested by many nematodes. Final yields were decreased by nematodes because infested plants were smaller and because they senesced earlier than plants infested with few nematodes.

Distribution of Species of Potato Cyst-Nematodes in South America

Twenty six populations of potato cyst-nematodes from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia were examined and identified as Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. or H. pallida Stone. North of 15.6°S only H. pallida was found, but south of this latitude most populations examined were H. rostochiensis or a mixture of the two species. Possible reasons for the distribution of the two species being dependent on latitude are discussed, particularly the influence of daylength.

Field experiments in the control of Verticillium dahliae and Heterodera rostochiensis on potatoes

SUMMARYPotatoes were grown in soil infested with Verticillium dahliae and Heterodera rostochiensis and treated with methyl bromide, aldicarb or benomyl. Successive crops were grown in subsequent years on the same plots but without further treatment. Largest yields in the year of treatment were from plots fumigated with methyl bromide but in the second crop benomyl‐treated plots yielded most. Neither methyl bromide nor aldicarb affected yields from trie third crop.After lifting the first crop, soil from plots treated with methyl bromide or benomyl contained less V. dahliae than that from plots receiving aldicarb or nothing. Soil was also less infective after the second crop following methyl bromide fumigation, but not the third. Plots treated with methyl bromide or aldicarb contained many fewer H. rostochiensis than untreated plots after the first crop, slightly less after the second and equal numbers after the third crop. H. rostochiensis were also fewer in benomyl‐treated plots than in untreated after the first crop, but, surprisingly, were fewest after the second crop. The increased yield after applying benomyl to soil seems to depend more on its effect on H. rostochiensis than on V. dahliae.Fumigating with methyl bromide decreased common scab and black scurf on progeny tubers but increased infections by Oospora pustulans.