Heterocyclic Research Articles

Phase behavior and biological activity of lyotropic liquid crystal systems doped with 1,2,3-triazole derivative

Heterocyclic compounds are important for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, especially substituted triazoles, which have high biological activity. The development of approaches to the creation of delivery systems for bioactive heterocyclic compounds is of particular importance for improving the biopharmaceutical aspects of therapy. In this work, we report synthesis and characterization of a new 1,2,3-triazole: ethyl 2-((1-decyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-oxobutanoate (TR). The efficient incorporation into lyotropic mesophases as a drug delivery platform demonstrated. Polarized optical microscopy studies confirmed formation of a lyotropic mesophase in the binary P123/TR system as well as in tertiary systems with added water, ethanol, and DMSO. This allows to dope 5 % of triazole into lyomesophases. IR and UV spectroscopy studies detected intermolecular interactions occurring in the P123/TR system. Release of TR from binary and tertiary lyomesophases was studied. Impacts of composition and temperature on the release time were analyzed. Evaluation of cytotoxicity to M-Hela and HuTu-80 cancer lines and Chang Liver living cells revealed antitumor properties of the studied substituted 1,2,3-triazole. The lowest IC50 of TR is 57 μg·mL−1 toward HuTu-80. This is at the level of the reference drug Fluconazol. For the P123/DMSO/TR LLC system in concentration range of 31.3–124 µg·ml−1, the viability percentage of liver cells is comparable to those of cancer cells. These results demonstrate the potential opportunity for application LLC P123/DMSO used as a TR delivery for and enhance its antitumor effect.

A combined experimental and theoretical study into the effect of new heterocyclic compound containing β-lactam ring as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid

In this study, a new corrosion inhibitor termed 2-(3-chloro-2-(4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4(5H)-one (COMI) has been synthesized, diagnosed, and tested as a potential candidate for mild steel corrosion prevention in 1M HCl. The research combined experimental and theoretical approaches. Experimentally, weight loss, electrochemical tests, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, EDS, surface morphology analysis, hardness assessments, thermal stability studies, and contact angle measurements were conducted. Computationally, density functional theory (DFT) and an inhibitory mechanism were proposed to explain the inhibitor–metal surface interactions. The study demonstrated that COMI significantly reduced corrosion rates in 1M HCl, achieving an inhibition efficiency of 98.42% at a concentration of 80 ppm and a temperature of 60 °C. The inhibitor was found to form a protective layer on the mild steel surface, influencing both anodic and cathodic corrosion processes. This protective layer formed spontaneously, consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The Gibbs free energy (ΔGads) was calculated to be −28.81 kJ/mol, indicating that COMI adsorbed spontaneously onto the mild steel surface through both physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images confirmed the existence of this protective layer. The addition of 80 ppm COMI reduces the surface roughness from 2.12 to 0.28 μm. Computational studies further validated the experimental findings, confirming the formation of bonds between COMI and the mild steel surface.

Widely targeted volatilomics and transcriptome analyses reveal the differences in volatile organic components in differently shaped Amomum tsao-ko fruits

BackgroundAmomum tsao-ko is an important aromatic crop used in medicines and food. It can be categorized into three main types based on the fruit shape: long (L), oval (O), and round (R). However, limited information is available on the volatile substances present in differently shaped A. tsao-ko fruits. This study investigated the characteristics and biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fresh and dried A. tsao-ko fruits of different shapes using widely targeted volatilomics and transcriptome analyses.ResultsIn total, 978 VOCs, primarily terpenoids, esters, and heterocyclic compounds, were detected. The number of differentially accumulated volatile organic compounds (DAVOCs) in dried fruits of various shapes was significantly higher than that in fresh fruits, with terpenoids, esters, and heterocyclic compounds accounting for approximately 50% of the total DAVOCs. Notably, α-phellandrene, identified as a shared differential accumulated terpenoid across various fruit shapes, was detected in both fresh and dried fruits. Through transcriptome analysis, 40 candidate genes implicated in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway were screened. An integrated analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome revealed that the structural genes HMGR-2, TPS7, TPS5-10, TPS21-3, TPS21-5, TPS21-6, TPS21-7, and TPS21-9, along with 81 transcription factors (including 17 NACs, 16 MYBs, 16 AP2/ERFs, 13 WRKYs, 13 bHLHs, and 6 bZIPs), co-regulate the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids.ConclusionsThis study expands our understanding of the volatile metabolism profile of A. tsao-ko and provides a solid foundation for future investigations of the mechanisms governing fruit quality.

Alkaline treatment for targeted lignin breakdown in rice straw: Maximizing phenolic content and product characterization

Lignin is a significant renewable source for the production of phenolics and aromatic compounds for use as functional materials. Rice straw (RS), a lignocellulosic biomass was given alkaline treatment, to breakdown lignin into methoxyphenols and heterocyclic compounds, leaving behind carbohydrate rich residue. Process parameters such as NaOH (M), time (min) and liquid to solid (L:S) ratio (mL/g) were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to enhance the extraction of phenolics. The maximum phenolic content (13.98 mg/g RS) was obtained after treatment with 3 M NaOH for 30 min with L: S ratio of 20:1 mL/g at 121°C. GC-MS revealed the presence of 14 compounds, primarily methoxyphenols like acetosyringone (32.44 %), 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol (23.71 %), vanillin (1.25 %) and 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol (1.49 %). Additionally, a significant proportion of a heterocyclic compound, 2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran (31.72 %), was also present. The extract exhibited considerable levels of 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) = 0.45 mg/mL) radical scavenging activity, which was comparable to ascorbic and gallic acids. With substantial conversion (60.17 %) of rice straw lignin to phenols and simultaneous recovery of both cellulose (45.7 %) and hemicellulose (14.6 %), this process can be useful in biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass to phenolic chemicals for application in food and pharmaceutical industry.

Co-fermentation of hot-pressed rapeseed meal with multiple strains and cellulase: Evaluating changes in protein quality and metabolite profiles

Hot-pressed rapeseed meal (RSM) is rich in resources, but high fiber content and low protein utilization result from high temperature processing. This study aims to obtain a high-quality protein source through the fermentation of hot-pressed RSM. We used Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs to optimize parameters for solid state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis strain 5, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. Under the optimum conditions, the synergistic fermentation with multiple strains and cellulase significantly reduced anti-nutritional factors in hot-pressed RSM, while also increasing protein solubility, digestibility and extraction rate by 466.80%, 45.56% and 816.44%, respectively. 77 enzymes secreted by fermentation strains were identified in fermented hot-pressed RSM, which were mainly involved in the metabolism of proteins, peptides and amino acids (28.6%), energy (28.5%), carbohydrates (13.0%) and lipids (5.2%). Non-targeted metabonomics identified 1245 differential metabolites, with the top five being peptides and amino acids, lipids, heterocyclic compounds, alkaloids, and organic acids. These differential metabolites enhanced the nutritional, functional and flavor properties of fermented hot-pressed RSM. Among them, 702 differential metabolites were enriched into metabolic pathways, with the largest number of pathways associated with amino acid metabolism. These results hold important implications for understanding the quality of fermented hot pressed RSM.

Synthesis of new pyrazoles, thiadiazoles, and trizolotriazines compounds that act as an antibacterial agents using C-ethoxycarbonylhydrazonoyl chloride precursor: Molecular docking simulation and in silico ADMET prediction studies

Treatment of C-ethoxycarbonylhydrazonoyl chloride with active methylene-containing compounds such as dibenzoylmethane or malononitrile in sodium ethoxide solution yielded in each case pyrazole derivatives. The latter pyrazoles were used as a useful precursors in the synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds like pyrazoles and 1,3,4-thiadizaoles upon reaction with hydrazonoyl halides. Also, the reaction of C-ethoxycarbonylhydrazonoyl chloride with the approperiate triazinethiones in chloroform in the presence of catalytic amount of triethylamine at reflux yielded the corresponding triazolotriazines. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed based on elemental analyses and spectral data. The antibacterial activities were studied against two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria, the results represented that compound 26a showed antibacterial activity against Salmonella (22 mm) and E. coli (6 mm), as well as compound 26b against Salmonella (5 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (10 mm) while the rest compounds showed no antibacterial activities. The molecular docking simulation was investigated for the most active compounds 26a and 26b. The results confirm that compounds 26a and 26b are promising candidates for potential inhibitors of DNA gryA (P37411) of Salmonella and Transpeptidases of Staphylococcus aureus.

Phytotoxic and Cytogenetic Assessment of Glycerol Triazole Derivatives in Model Plants and Weeds.

Weed invasion represents a challenge for farmers, who typically manage it with herbicides. However, this approach raises concerns about environmental and human health, as well as increasing resistance in these plants with continued use. Therefore, exploring alternative methods, such as heterocyclic compounds, triazoles, is essential due to their biological and environmental relevance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of twelve 1,2,3-triazoles on the germination and early development of Lactuca sativa, Bidens pilosa, and Lolium multiflorum, as well as their impact on cell division in the cells of L. sativa. Triazole derivatives 4a, 4b, 4c, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4k, and 4l exhibited phytotoxicity, showing varying levels of inhibition in germination, germination speed index, and root growth. Chlorinated compounds were the most detrimental to lettuce development. B. pilosa was notably affected by compounds 4h, 4i, 4k, and 4l, while L. multiflorum responded most to triazoles 4c and 4l, with effectiveness comparable to that of the herbicide glyphosate. All derivatives, except 4l, exhibited aneugenic mechanisms of action, and 4a, 4b, 4c, 4e, 4f, and 4g showed clastogenic effects. This study demonstrated the potential of triazoles as effective agents against weed growth, with mechanisms that warrant further investigation for agricultural applications.

Synthesis, biological evaluation, docking and molecular dynamics studies of Biginelli-type tetrahydropyrimidine analogues: Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity

Tetrahydropyrimidines have a fascinating scaffold that has garnered substantial attention from pharmacists and medicinal chemists. They are heterocyclic compounds used in anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and antioxidants therapies. Herein, a group of tetrahydropyrimidines were provided by using urea, α-ketoacid/β-ketoester, and appropriate aromatic aldehydes. Then, the antioxidant properties of the derivatives were investigated by the DPPH assay. Besides, the cytotoxicity activity of derivatives was evaluated on two MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell lines. The anti-microbial activity of derivatives was also assessed on two positive gram strains, two negative gram strains, and a fungal strain. Derivatives 4a and 4e showed the strongest antioxidant properties, with IC50s of 0.83 and 0.07 mg/mL, respectively. Compounds 4a and 4d were the most potent compounds, with IC50s of 15.81 and 12.34 µM, respectively, on both cancer cell lines. Furthermore, compounds 4b, 4j, and 4i showed the highest anti-microbial activity on S. aureus (MIC = 7.31 µM), B. subtilis (MIC = 10.81 µM), and E. coli (MIC = 11.45 µM), P. aeruginosa (MIC = 8.12 µM), and C. albicans (MIC = 12.03 µM), respectively. Then, the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds were predicted. Moreover, the most possible sites of the molecules that are metabolized by the main cytochromes were estimated. Then, the in silico cardiotoxicity and Cyto-safe properties of the compounds were studied. Finally, to determine the stability of the analogues in the Eg5 active site, docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed.

Evaluating copper plating process for filling micro vias with thin surface Cu by the 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-5-mercapto-1H-tetrazole additive

The 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-5-mercapto-1 h-tetrazole (CMHT) as a novel leveler for the overfilling of micro-blind vias was investigated in acidic copper electroplating. The synergistic effect between CMHT and other additives were confirmed through chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed a convection-dependent interaction between the CMHT and suppressor (propyleneoxide (PO)-ethylene oxide (EO)-propylene oxide (PO), named PEP). Metallographic section testing demonstrated that the CMHT not only have excellent microvia filling performances, but also only have 19.1 μm thin surface Cu for micro blind vias with a diameter of 150 µm and a depth of 80 µm by the electrodepositing 60 min of 2 A/dm2. The quantum chemical calculations experiments revealed also that the CMHT parallel orientation of the benzene ring and tetrazole heterocycle can enhance the effective adsorption area. The obtained results from electrochemical test and quantum chemical calculations were in reasonably good agreement.

Facilitating exciton dissociation in conjugated microporous polymers for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline via a gradient N doping strategy

As a leading green wastewater treatment technology, organic semiconductor photocatalysis for tetracycline (TC) degradation is widely recognized but currently constrained by excessive exciton binding energies and rapid charge recombination. In this work, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with five-membered heterocyclic ring have been fabricated by gradient doping of nitrogen at the monomer level. It demonstrates satisfactory photocatalytic performance, with thiadiazole introduced into the unit, achieving a TC removal rate of 95.6% within 30 min under visible light. The underlying origin of the preferable property lies in the lower exciton binding energy (Eb) with the assistance of the donor–acceptor (D-A) structure constructed by thiadiazole monomer and triazine skeleton. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that this five-membered heterocyclic structure can appropriately regulate the local charge distribution and increase the dipole moment, thus accelerating the migration dynamics of charge carriers in the degradation process. This study provides a novel insight into the modulation of polymer exciton Eb and enlightens the designation of metal-free photocatalysts based on antibiotic degradation.

1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) in Organic Synthesis and Catalysis: A Quinquennial Report (2019-to Date)

: DABCO is one of the more effective basic organocatalysts/reagents that can be used for a range of organic transformations, including C-H functionalization, formation of hetero-hetero bonds, rearrangements, the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, cyclizations and annulations, other miscellaneous reactions. This quinquennial review aims to critically and perceptively address noteworthy contributions of non chiral catalyst DABCO for regular organic transformations from 2019 onward. The key areas of attention were the advantages and limits of the approach, in addition to the mechanistic pathway, which is required for a specific organic transformation to be performed effectively.

Nickel Molybdenum Selenide (NiMoSe2) Nanostructures: A Binary Transition Metal Dichalcogenide for Regioselective Synthesis of 2,3,5‐Tri Substituted Pyrrole Derivatives

AbstractBinary transition metal dichalcogenides (BTMDs) have attracted a lot of researchers to exploit their unique properties for different applications in various fields, mainly in energy and environment. Surprisingly, there are no attempts of utilizing BTMDs materials particularly nickel molybdenum selenide (NiMoSe2) as a catalyst support for organic transformations. Reusable catalysts are better alternatives to the transition metal‐free protocols for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Herein, we report a NiMoSe2 BTMD catalyst with Lewis acidic (transition metal) and strongly basic (selenide) sites for the regioselective synthesis of 2,3,5‐tri(het)aryl‐pyrroles from β‐thioxoketone precursors. The present method is capable of giving the expected products in good to excellent yields (up to 80%). Different substituents like ester, cyano, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, and halogens have shown tolerance under optimized reaction conditions. The recyclability and reusability of the catalyst was checked for five catalytic cycles without notable loss in reactivity.

Uses of Heterocyclic compounds for pharmaceutical and industrial applications

Uses of Heterocyclic compounds for pharmaceutical and industrial applications

Novel Cyanide-Containing Porphyrins: Unleashing In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy Potential

Porphyrins, a class of four-pyrrole nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, have been used in photodynamic cancer therapy. In this study, three distinct pyridine cationic porphyrin photosensitizers were synthesized, each possessing unique side chains containing cyanide groups (H2-P1∼H2-P3). These photosensitizers were prepared using innovative synthetic methods. Subsequently, their theoretical photophysical properties were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Notably, this research revealed that H2-P2 exhibits the smallest band gap (2.3548 eV) and the lowest energy gap (ΔEST =0.67 eV). Simultaneously, it was confirmed that these three photosensitizers could indeed produce singlet oxygen under illumination using DPBF as a singlet oxygen probe. Additionally, TPP was uesed as a reference to calculate the singlet oxygen yield for all three compounds, with H2-P2 demonstrating the highest yield (ΦΔ = 0.74). The experimental results aligned with the theoretical predictions. The phototoxicity and dark toxicity of the three photosensitizers were further evaluated using the MTT test. Remarkably, H2-P2 exhibited the highest phototoxicity toward HepG2 cancer cells (IC50<9.1 nM), while the lowest dark toxicity toward HUVEC cells (IC50>10 μM). These findings were supported by additional experiments involving cell staining and measurement of reactive oxygen species.

Expeditious and selective synthesis of 2,4,5-trialkyl-1H-imdazoles and benzimidazoles via multicomponent one-pot reaction catalyzed by Schiff base dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex

Imidazoles and benzimidazoles are privileged heterocyclic compounds that can be extensively found in medicinal and materials chemistry, however, the experimental procedures for their synthesis are limited to multicomponent condensation reactions and normally are strongly dependent upon the desired substitution pattern, consequently several procedures with different conditions and catalysts are available in literature. Accordingly, the development of synthetic methodologies to afford these compounds remains a very attractive research problem. In this regard, dioxomolybdenum based catalysts are emerging as versatile and non-expensive reagents for a myriad of chemically relevant transformations. Within this context, an expedient and efficient synthesis of 2,4,5-trialkyl-1H-imidazoles and benzimidazoles from a multicomponent one-pot condensation has been developed with a tridentate Schiff base dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex, resulting in an efficient, simple and readily available catalyst to promote the aforementioned reaction. This reaction offers advantages such as good to excellent yields, good selectivity of products, low catalyst loadings and simple reaction work-up.

New Acetophenone Scaffolds: Synthesis, Antifungal Activities, Biocompatibility, Molecular Docking, ADMET Analysis, and Dynamic Simulations

In this work, the chemical reactivity of 2-cyano-N'-(1-phenylethylidene)acetohydrazide (3) towards different aldehydes is utilized to synthesize binary and fused heterocyclic compounds, including arylidenes 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 18a-c, 19a,b, 20, chromone 23, and chromene derivatives 24, 26a-c, 29, and 30. The capability of newly synthesized compounds to inhibit fungal growth of Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, A. flavus ATCC 9643, Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 10106, and Rhizopus oryazae ATCC 96382 are assessed. It is observed that compound 29 had strong antifungal activity against all fungi with MFIC values varying from 250 to 1000 μg/ml, while compound 18a demonstrated potent antifungal effect against A. niger and A. flavus. In addition, it is found that compound 29 was cytotoxic to Vero cells at doses of 1000-500 μg/ml; however, no discernible variation was observed between the concentrations of 250-31.25 μg/ml. Moreover, the interactions between the promising compounds 18a, 19b, and 29 and antifungal target proteins are assessed using molecular docking. The results of the docking simulations demonstrated that these compounds demonstrated optimal binding energies and effectively engaged with the active sites of FDC1 protein in A. niger, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in A. fumigatus, Adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate kinase in P. chrysogenum, and protease in Rhizopus oryazae. These interactions involved various types of molecular interactions, indicating that these compounds have the ability to impede enzymes and exhibit strong antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, the in-silico ADMET profiles of compounds 18a, 19b, and 29 reveal that they adhere to the Lipinski rules, suggesting favorable physicochemical properties. Also, MD simulations revealed stable complexes of 29 with anti-fungal receptors including fdc1, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, APS kinase, and protease with RMSD (0.1-0.8, 0.19-0.25, 0.20-0.30, and 0.20-0.35 nm), RMSF (0.1-0.8 nm), SASA (140-155, 130-140, 135-145, and 120-130 nm2), and Rg (1.90-2.00, 1.80-1.90, 2.40-2.50, and 2.10-2.20 nm) respectively. Our results provide potential and promising compounds for fungal infection diseases.

Safety assessment of novel oxadiazole derivatives in acute and sub-acute toxicity studies.

1,3,4-Oxadiazole is a fascinating heterocyclic compound with a unique five-membered ring structure containing nitrogen and oxygen atoms. It has garnered significant attention for its interactions and activities within biological systems. This versatility has led to the production of several ligands using this compound as a pharmacophore. This study evaluates the acute toxicity of three oxadiazole derivatives (1,3,4-Bromo, Chloro, and Iodo) followed by a 28days sub-acute study involving four different doses of each derivative. The study followed the guideline, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) outlined, specifically OECD Guidelines 425 for the acute toxicity study and OECD Guidelines 407 for the sub-acute study. In the acute toxicity study, a high dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered to male and female rats to establish lethal dose 50 (LD50) values, and the rats were closely monitored for 14 days. The subsequent sub-acute study involved the administration of four different doses (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of each derivative to male and female rats for 28 days. Throughout both studies, careful monitoring for signs of toxicity and comprehensive hematological, biochemical, and histological analysis were carried out thoroughly. The results of the acute toxicity study indicated that all three derivatives had LD50 values exceeding 2000 mg/kg, and the rats did not display significant signs of toxicity. Similarly, no organ or systemic toxicity was observed in the repeated dose sub-acute study for any of the three derivatives. In conclusion, based on the findings of these studies, it was determined that the derivatives are safe for further investigation of their pharmacological activity.

Synthesis of Quinolines Catalyzed by Bidentate Terpyridine Mn(I) Complex

ABSTRACTA method for efficient synthesis of quinolines via acceptorless dehydrogenative condensation is presented. A series of quinolines are obtained by the coupling reaction of 2‐aminobenzyl alcohols with secondary alcohols in the presence of bidentate terpyridine Mn(I) complex in good to excellent yields. Pleasantly, various substituted secondary alcohols and substituted aminobenzyl alcohols all provide quinolines with good functional group tolerance. Importantly, this investigation also provides a green and environmentally friendly protocol for constructing heterocyclic compounds.

Synthesis, Docking Study, and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Heterocyclic Compounds Bearing Naphthalene Moiety

AbstractUpon reaction with α,β‐unsaturated nitriles (2 a–d) and/or salicylaldehyde, 3‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)‐3‐oxopropanenitrile (1) yields pyridine derivatives 3 a–d and/or the imino chromene derivative 4. Compound 1 reacted with phenyl isothiocyanate in a basic medium to give the intermediate potassium salt 6. Upon stirring at room temperature, the intermediate 6 with some α‐halogenated compounds yielded the acyclic compounds 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15. On the other hand, refluxing intermediate 6 with the same α‐halogenated compounds in DMF in the presence of TEA afforded the corresponding thiophene derivatives 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16. The reaction of thiol 17 with hydrazine hydrate derivatives 18 a–d yielded the corresponding pyrazole derivatives 21 a–d. Compound 20 reacted with o‐phenylenediamine or o‐aminothiophenol in the presence of DMF/TEA to give the corresponding benzothiazole or benzoimidazole derivatives 27 a and 27 b, respectively. Thirty new synthesized compounds were examined for their antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria including S. aureus and B. subtilis, Gram‐negative bacteria such as P. aeruginosa and E. coli, and yeast‐like fungi like C. albicans in vitro. Compounds 15, 16, 21 d, 27 a, 27 b, exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria. Molecular docking experiments were conducted to explore the binding affinities and interaction modalities of selected derivatives with the target PDB‐3cmt protein.

An Overview of Synthetic Derivatives of Thiazole and their Role in Therapeutics

Thiazole derivatives have attracted much attention in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse pharmacological activities. This study provides an overview of the latest synthetic derivatives of thiazole and their therapeutic applications. Innovative methodologies have been adopted to enhance the structural diversity and optimize the pharmacological properties of thiazole-based compounds. These synthetic derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities, and understanding the essential features responsible for the observed pharmacological effects has been pivotal in structure-activity relationship studies. Drug development efforts have focused on modulating thiazole derivatives for improved bioavailability, selectivity, and reduced toxicity. This abstract highlight the potential of thiazole derivatives in targeting specific biological activity, paving the way for developing innovative therapeutic agents. Thiazole moiety as a heterocyclic compound was studied for its different pharmacological actions. The derivatives obtained from thiazole possesses diverse therapeutic actions including antimicrobial activity, anti-tubercular activity, anti-diabetic activity, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory actions, anti-tumor activities. The mechanism of actions of all these activities also studied by the researcher for providing the scientific evidence and validations of their actions. Utilization of synthetic chemistry for exploration of various pharmacological potential of thiazole derivatives will lead the future pharmacologists for a newer dimension for new drug discovery and also these derivatives can be further optimized for the development of alternative option for the treatment of various diseases. The versatility of thiazole scaffolds presents promising opportunities for discovering new drugs with enhanced efficacy and improved pharmacokinetic profiles. As researchers continue to delve into the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of thiazole derivatives, their significance in modern drug design and therapy becomes increasingly evident.