Reuse Of Heritage Research Articles

Conservation and adaptive reuse of modern military industrial heritage: a case study on the former site of Jinling Arsenal in Nanjing, China

ABSTRACT To strengthen its power and resist aggression, the Qing-dynasty government of China began building military-industrial bases after the Opium Wars and to learn advanced Western science and technology. Through nearly 150 years’ development, the former site of Jinling Arsenal has become the largest and most representative architectural group of modern military industrial heritage buildings in China. This paper analyzes the history and heritage characteristics of the site. It is found that under the exchanges and conflicts between Chinese and Western civilizations, the military architectural heritages reflect remarkable characteristics of pioneering and integration of Chinese and Western architectural styles, spatial forms and construction technologies, as well as the intrinsic traits of mixing and transition of structure, based on guiding ideology of “Chinese essence and Western utility”. These heritages not only show the influence and restriction of political goal on construction technologies, but also become the identity representation of the country, city and proprietors, thus having unique meaning and value. In addition, the corresponding methods and strategies, repair techniques and existing problems are discussed through the critical analysis of the conservation and adaptive reuse of typical heritage buildings, so as to provide basis and beneficial reference for related research and practice.

OPTIMIZATION OF DAYLIGHT IN MUSUEMS AND ART GALLERIES

The aim of research is to identify the connection between daylight and museums. A museum may be a place where individuals will explore and learn the past, present and future of history, culture and science. Nowadays museum architecture emphasizes the museum for public interaction and best for education approach. The museum lighting is a challenge with daylight openings. This paper analyses the lighting environment of museum and art galleries with a satisfactory solution of daylight by using different passive design strategies without avoiding the harm to the artifacts and these parameters are good lighting solutions for existing as well as proposed building in terms of sustainability, energy consumption and perseveration. By using these parameters, we can also manage the artificial light and provide an advance solution in LED technologies and lighting solutions can be effectively used to retrofit a museum lighting environment and affecting the connection to the environment. Considering the benefits and challenges of introducing the daylight in museums and galleries. The typology of building and daylight parameters have directly impact on environment and create a visual shape in visitor’s mind. This study is based on majority of heritage buildings current deterioration state prevents those buildings from performing efficiently. A sustainable reuse approach for heritage buildings is considered essential. Old palaces that are usually reused with different functions mostly like museums for their considered interior beauty and unique rich designs. Function alteration along with a deteriorated state augments the energy consumption problem. The optimization of various skylight parameters is evaluated for their combined performance. The results disclose an improved performance which indicates the effectiveness of the energy and day lighting optimized strategies and techniques for heritage reuse. Daylight will help to create building more live, and a step to reducing the climate change and save our environment with global warming.

Analysis on the Protection and Reuse of Urban Industrial Architecture Heritage

Since the reform and opening up, China’s urbanization has developed rapidly. Due to the reorganization of the functional structure of the urban center due to the upgrading and adjustment of the urban industrial structure, many old industrial areas in the city have entered the stage of transformation, integration, and even dismantling. Where should the industrial heritage go is an important topic of current social concern. As a materialized industrial culture, old industrial buildings in cities should not be blindly abandoned or blindly overturned. They should be classified and protected or transformed and reused according to their value attributes, during the renovation process, AHP can be used to evaluate the green renovation of industrial buildings, to seek the rebirth of the industrial architectural heritage in the new era.

Identifying Challenges and Solutions in Cultural Heritage Adaptive Reuse through the Historic Urban Landscape Approach in Amsterdam

Cultural heritage drives and enables sustainable urban development. The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage creates values while prolonging the lifespan of heritage. Similarly, circular economy creates value while extending the useful life of materials and elements through their reuse. Existing studies on adaptive reuse challenges seldom focus on cultural heritage properties, and they are often identified through the engagement of a limited variety of stakeholders, as compared to the actors normally involved in adaptive reuse. Filling this gap, this paper provides a preliminary baseline of challenges faced by the city of Amsterdam from the perspective of various involved stakeholders, and suggests solutions to address them. The participants represented the public, private, knowledge, and third sectors. The methods used were the following: for data collection, a multidisciplinary workshop using the steps of the Historic Urban Landscape approach as an assessment framework applied to multiple scales on adaptive reuse, and for data analysis, manifest content analysis. The results expanded the range of challenges and solutions reported by previous literature on the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage in content and scale by identifying 61 themes—e.g., knowledge and civic engagement. Tools and stakeholders were also identified. These findings provide a reference for future practice, policymaking, and decision-making, facilitating the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage to capitalize on its potential for sustainable development and circular economy.

Design Study on the Conservation and Reuse of Modern Industrial Building Heritage

As an important part of the world cultural heritage, industrial architectural heritage is an important witness to the achievements of the development process of human industrialized civilization. With the national industrial structure adjustment and urbanization, many typical industrial factories in China are facing the problem of land replacement, among which, the modern industrial architectural heritage is facing the corresponding problem of conservation and reuse. People’s demand for material and cultural life is increasing, and they are more concerned about the protection of urban heritage and memory, which actively promotes the protection of industrial architectural heritage and also puts forward higher requirements for the utilization of industrial architectural heritage. The research in the field of industrial heritage in China started late compared to that in Europe and the United States, and usually, architects dominate the design of industrial heritage reuse more than heritage conservators. This paper addresses the problems in the process of conservation and reuse of industrial architectural heritage, and carries out research work from the perspective of heritage conservation and reuse design. It analyzes the current situation of industrial building heritage reuse design in China and conducts research on the problems existing in the process of industrial building reuse design. It also discusses the bottom line and criteria for the conservation and reuse of industrial building heritage, and discusses the design strategies for the conservation and reuse of modern industrial building heritage according to the industrial building research results in categories.

Investment Leverage for Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage

This article tracks the design of a panoptic toolkit of complementary financial (grant and endowment, tax, debt and equity) and non-financial (regulation, real estate, risk mitigation and performance, capacity building, impact metric and digital network) instruments, designed to leverage capital investment and engender collaborative partnerships, to encourage investment capital to flow to cultural heritage adaptive reuse activities. Cultural heritage activities encompass adaptive reuse and energy retrofit of built heritage structures, protecting natural eco-systems and enabling local community enterprise activities. These activities embody circular economy dimensions, that stimulate social, cultural, environmental and economic regeneration, within the global value chain. Many cultural heritage investments entail long-term time horizons, requiring patient investment strategies. Consideration of the financial landscape, with regard to capital investment leverage is as much about understanding the motivations of participants to engage in the capital markets, as about innovations in financial instruments to safeguard cultural heritage values. Individual financial instruments, within the toolkit, such as debt and equity tools, are not new and some have a long association within traditional capital markets. What is new, is a framework for the engagement of blended complementary instruments, pooled within diverse multidisciplinary collaborative social enterprise fund structures, to achieve intentional and measurable impact investment returns. Risk adjusted investment return metrics include the analysis of socio-cultural and environmental impact returns in unison with market based financial returns, including below market returns in some instances. A case study of a revolving social impact fund is provided to give a practical example of combined complementary hybrid financial instruments within a collaborative funding structure. The ultimate choice and design of blended and pooled hybrid tool combinations and hybrid fund structures will change from building to building, and community to community, but must always prioritize the need to protect people and ecosystems in parallel with saving vulnerable cultural heritage resources. The selection of tailored hybrid financial instruments, to enhance circular economy transitionary ambitions, must remain flexible within a long-term collaborative investment strategy. The key change in mindset, central to cultural heritage financial toolkit development, is the enablement of capital leverage investment strategies that prioritize people and the ecosystem over pure profit motivation.

A Participatory Approach for “Circular” Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage. Building a Heritage Community in Salerno, Italy

Cultural heritage is recognized as a key element for local sustainable development, contributing to the identity of territories and cultural diversity of local communities. The concept of “heritage community”, as expressed by the Faro Convention, can be enhanced in decision-making processes for the adaptive reuse and valorization of cultural heritage to build shared and sustainable development scenarios. Communities represent fundamental actors able to drive active reflection and implement the exercise of civic responsibility and (inter)cultural policies. This paper explores how local communities can have an active and effective role in the adaptive reuse and valorization of cultural heritage, through a field experimentation conducted within the Horizon 2020 project “CLIC—Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse” in the area of Rufoli, Salerno (Italy), in the perspective of the circular economy/circular city model. Starting from heritage mapping and key stakeholder’s engagement, a local working group was built, and processes of knowledge building, envisioning, and community engagement were activated. The results showed that building a heritage community can be an effective starting point for “circular” adaptive reuse of cultural heritage, stimulating not only its recovery but also community bonds, civic responsibility, and potential entrepreneurial activities for longer-term sustainable development.

Subjective circularity performance analysis of adaptive heritage reuse practices in the Netherlands

Adaptive reuse of built heritage is a driver for the circular economy. This paper examines Dutch adaptive reuse practices regarding their functional, operational and financial models, and assesses their circularity performance by evaluating cultural values preservation, circularity of reuse intervention, and outcomes from use. Primary data was collected through an online survey of stakeholders representing 53 cases. We employed Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to summarize the relationships among variables and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) analysis to assess the weights of the active variables and their causal relationships. We then conducted a factorial mapping and hierarchical cluster analysis to investigate further the correlations between certain characteristics, individual cases, and active circularity variables. The findings indicate that there has been a major trend towards more private sector involvement, stimulation for pro-active engagement of local actors, and better dialogue among stakeholders. In addition, stakeholders acknowledge that adaptive reuse strongly contributes to conserving cultural values. However, stakeholders only weakly recognize its correlation to the circularity framework in the limited context of the physical built environment. This study provides essential insights regarding emerging adaptive reuse trends and circularity performance, which can be further incorporated into circular economy strategies and roadmaps for the built environment. The framework established in this paper for analyzing circularity performance of adaptive reuse practices is transferable, and can be replicated in empirical studies worldwide.

Assessing Cultural Heritage Adaptive Reuse Practices: Multi-Scale Challenges and Solutions in Rijeka

Cultural heritage is recognized as a driver and enabler for sustainable development, and its role within the circular economy and circular cities is gaining attention. Its adaptive reuse plays a significant role in this while prolonging the heritage lifespan, preserving the values associated with heritage assets, and creating shared values. The adoption and implementation of the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage practices present challenges at multiple levels. This research aims to identify these challenges and propose solutions to overcome them, considering the post-industrial port city of Rijeka, Croatia, as a case study. The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage practices was assessed through a stakeholder engagement workshop performing a multi-scale analysis using the Historic Urban Landscape approach as an assessment framework. Forty-nine themes were identified by content analysis of the challenges and solutions identified by stakeholders involved in adaptive reuse practices and decision-making in the city. The five most mentioned themes refer to aspects relating to participation, capacity, regulatory systems, economics-finance, and knowledge. These findings provide evidence of challenges for policy- and decision-makers to be addressed in policy-making. Solutions are also suggested to facilitate the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage in the city of Rijeka and similar contexts, such as introducing policies to support participatory decision-making whose absence is a barrier.

The Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage in European Circular City Plans: A Systematic Review

A new movement in urban environmental policy, the circular economy (CE), aims to change how Europeans consume and produce materials and energy. Cities are taking up the CE challenge. This research inquires whether the infant CE programs in European cities include cultural heritage and adaptive reuse of cultural heritage (ARCH) buildings. ARCH buildings exemplify the central principal of the CE, which is a temporally long service life with multiple uses for several generations of users. In addition, culture and cultural heritage buildings are established drivers of socioeconomic development, urban landscape, and identity. Hypothetically, cultural heritage and adaptive reuse of cultural heritage (ARCH) buildings should be prominently included in European cities’ CE programs, particularly those cities that are highly ranked on the 2019 European Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (Monitor). To test this hypothesis, this study creates a novel dataset that profiles the existing circular city plans of 190 European cities included in the Monitor’s ranking. Contrary to the hypothesis, just seven percent of cities in the dataset include cultural heritage. European cities are missing an opportunity to achieve their CE goals and preserve their unique identities as embodied in the built environment.

An Empirical Analysis of Driving Factors and Policy Enablers of Heritage Adaptive Reuse within the Circular Economy Framework

The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage has been recognized as a driver of the circular economy. It stimulates economic growth, boosts its inherent values, and reduces material usage and energy consumption. It can be regarded unviable due to financial constraints, limitations in regulatory frameworks and lack of engagement in decision-making. To tackle these challenges, this study aims to examine the drivers and related policy instruments that support adaptive reuse practices, and to analyze the usefulness and feasibility of a set of multi-level policy enablers at varying local contexts. In this context, we first conducted a semi-systematic review of academic and gray literature and identified 19 driving factors and associated policy documents. These instruments were concentrated on administrative, regulatory and financial tools. This analysis led to the identification of policy enablers that can be adopted at three levels: European, national and local. An online survey was then conducted to investigate how a variety of local stakeholders in the selected case cities and region evaluate the adaptability of these enablers in their individual cases. The findings show that all the assessed enablers are deemed useful and feasible to a certain extent with higher score of usefulness, confirming the adaptability of these instruments into the circular economy framework. These evidence-based results can inform future policies at multiple-levels that will accelerate and scale up circular actions through heritage adaptive reuse.

Study on Industrial Heritage Protection and Reuse Design of Dahua Textile Mill in Guangyuan City

The industrial heritage has a huge potential value. At present, China strongly called people to pay attention on protection and development of the industrial heritage. The project is closely to the call of national development industrial culture, in Guangyuan city Dahua mills as the foothold to study the protection and reuse of industrial heritage, improve production and living environment, promote the development of regional economy, finally realization of industrial heritage protection and sustainable development goals. This project uses SketchUp, Photoshop and other design softwares to express the graphic representation of the reuse design of Dahua Yarn factory, and to explore and study the protection and reuse design of industrial heritage. In the author’s opinion, in the protection and reuse design of industrial heritage, the occurrence of “formalization” should be avoided, and the reuse design scheme should be formulated according to the characteristics of specific industrial heritage. In combination with the project itself, tourism mode or other modes may not be necessary. There are many problems, and we need new thinking in this area, as well as more practice.

HOW DO VISITORS PERCEIVE THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE? EYE-TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE FRUITION OF AN ARTISTIC-VALUED HYPOGEUM

Sustainable strategies for Architectural Heritage reuse rely on preserving built environment features and maximizing visitors’ engagement. Occupancy issues can cause the degradation of building materials and surfaces, especially in isolated built environments, like hypogeum. The visitors’ presence affects indoor hygrothermal loads. Acceptable fruition models could provide number and timing for visitors’ access, but behavioral patterns should be assessed to evaluate if conservation-based assumptions can provide adequate users’ engagement. This work adopts technologies for detecting users’ behaviors and perception, applying it to a hypogeum characterized by high-valued reliefs on sandstone surfaces. Visitors’ numbers and times are defined to guarantee that thermal conditions do not exceed hypogeum natural fluctuations. Given this fruition model, in-situ experiments are performed to assess visitor’s perception of high reliefs and fruition patterns. Perception is investigated through a wearable eye-tracking system to point out which artifacts attract more attention and how. Fruition patterns are assessed in terms of users’ paths and engagement time in the hypogeum areas. Results show that the users’ attention is focused on better conserved and lightened high reliefs, suggesting the importance of lighting-design strategies for hypogeum reuse. The proposed fruition model can ensure satisfactory users’ engagement while guaranteeing adequate hypogeum thermal conditions.

Alternative Governance Model for Historical Building Conservation in China: From Property Rights Perspective

With the rapid advancement of urbanisation, the adaptive reuse of heritage plays a key role in achieving sustainable development, which is widely recognised by UNESCO and International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). In the process of urban renewal, unclear property rights have seriously hindered the relocation of old houses, compensation and the adaptive reuse of historical buildings, even causing a series of social contradictions, such as violence. Moreover, forced evictions and controversy in dealing with the rights of residents, particularly the so-called ‘nail households’ have attracted public attention. However, few studies have analysed the problems and countermeasures from the perspective of unclear property rights. This study focuses on analysing the unclear property rights of historical buildings to propose an Alternative Governance Model for Historical Building Conservation in China. Founded on the Coase Theorem of externalities and property rights to examine the existing complex property ownership and rights patterns of 63 historical buildings in the famous Pingjiang Historic Block in Suzhou, China, the model provides reasonable and feasible reconstruction schemes for each situation. The operation model can also provide a symbiosis of new and old building solutions for urban renewal in developing countries, which may encounter a similar challenge of urbanisation.

Adaptive reuse, refurbishment and conservative rehabilitation of Cultural Heritage by means of Quality and Energy Sustainable Lighting.

Sustainable lighting designs, with a view to achieve an adaptive reuse, refurbishment and conservative rehabilitation of cultural heritage, focusing on lighting quality, mainly obtained from the optimal use of natural light combined with artificial one, is the main aim of our present research. A historical Florentine monastery, which was turned into a university library, i.e. Santa Marta University Library in Florence, was used as a pilot project. Energy saving, natural light control combined with artificial light regulation, sustainable and quality lighting by means of optic fiber textile integration, acted as fundamentals of the proposed sustainable adaptive, non-invasive, reversible and easily removable lighting design. The integrated use of natural light with LED systems and optic fibers by means of a command structure made with supervision and home automation systems based on Konnex, the first open building automation standard, allows lighting solutions for quality and environmental and energy sustainability in cultural heritage. Results showed that the proposed methodological approach allows lighting proposals with the aim of building adaptive reuse, based on architectural structure optimal use, historical–philological reading of the indoor environment, cultural heritage (CH) preventive protection and conservation, but also people and works of art “health and well-being”.

ADAPTIVE REUSE: SAFEGUARDING THE HERITAGE VALUES

In the last decades, Qatar, a small peninsula in the Gulf Region, has unexpectedly experienced a fast, urban growth due to oil discovery and exportation. Doha, the capital of Qatar, is currently affected by a dispute concerning its direction of growth: form one side, the edification of a new contemporary global city, and the other side, the need to preserve the local heritage by establishing new links with the local traditions and history. The paper presents some recently completed adaptive re-use interventions in Qatar and demonstrates how the need to enhance the recognition for the Qatari architecture can intensify the perception and evaluation of the local significance. The conservation projects have been analyzed and compared, concerning socio-cultural, socio-economic, and environmental aspects linked with the adaptive re-use adopted approach. The results show that there exist many connections between the local heritage re-use, preservation of ancient natural materials, enhancement of socio-cultural values, and symbiosis with the environmental condition that could also be applied to any future restoration approach. The concept of sustainable re-use is thus described through the principles of unity and harmony in an extended meaning that includes materials preservation, ecosystem recognition, and social aspects applied to the two scales of intervention, both urban and architectural. The aim is to define a consistent approach in preserving the Qatari heritage while enhancing sustainable principles.

Designing the Sustainable Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage to Enhance the Local Context

Since the European Year of Cultural Heritage, adaptive reuse is considered a strategy for intervention on historical buildings and territories to preserve and enhance artifacts, cities, and communities. Adaptive reuse can also generate social and economic benefits. This work looks at adaptive reuse in the context of industrial heritage, which represents an excellent test benchmark because of its intrinsic architectural characteristics and its localization in the city suburbs. The paper puts forward a methodological approach, verified through the application to a case study, which analyzes both the local context and the building. This study concludes using the data obtained to define an adaptive reuse project with positive repercussions for the community, the environment, and the local economy.

Adaptive Reuse of Religious Heritage and Its Impact on House Prices

Due to social demographic change and secularization, religious heritage sites in Europe are on the verge of losing their original functions. While the adaptive reuse seems to be a proactive strategy to preserve the historical and cultural value embedded in religious heritage sites, little is known concerning its external impact. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the external effect of reusing religious heritage on surrounding house prices. Employing both the parametric and non-parametric difference-in-differences hedonic model on a sample of 42 projects of reusing religious heritage and a rich dataset of housing transactions in the Netherlands, we find significant positive externality of reusing religious heritage on local house prices. The external effects are heterogeneous across differentiated project size and monumental status. Larger religious heritage reuse projects and those listed as national monuments exert greater influence on surrounding house prices.

Adaptive Reuse of Architectural Heritage and Its Role in the Post-Disaster Reconstruction of Urban Identity: Post-Communist Łódź

The article examines the role of the adaptive reuse of architectural heritage in urban identity reconstruction and strengthening undertaken after the disaster caused by a strong economic and social crisis. The main research material includes activities and projects implemented in post-communist Łódź, one of the largest Polish cities. The city developed extremely dynamically at the beginning of the 19th century as a centre of textile industry. Characteristic factories located in the city centre operated continuously until the end of the 1980s, when the transformation brought about radical political changes, as a result of which Łódź experienced a rapid process of deindustrialisation. The nineteenth-century architectural heritage played an important role in the search for ways to regenerate the city and redefine its identity. Starting from the local, i.e., historical, social or identity contexts, the reader is led to universal conclusions, concerning important problems, issues and challenges related to the confrontation of architectural heritage with contemporary needs and expectations.

Control Shift: European Industrial Heritage Reuse in review

The legacy of industrialisation counts only a few decades of being accepted as cultural heritage. The change of perceptions over its connotation and significance, from a menace to historic landscapes to an outstanding historical resource, took place in an era of massive sociocultural and economic upheavals. Those far-reaching developments reshaped both the theory and the practice of heritage conservation. Since the 1970s, new conservation approaches started emerging and being employed, next to the long established strategies of preservation and restoration. Adaptive reuse was included in the repertoire of conservation and quickly gained ground, as a strategy which allowed both the preservation of heritage values and sustainable development. The incorporation of adaptive reuse as an alternative conservation approach marked a noteworthy shift in heritage care. Contemporary conservation seized aiming at the prevention of change. Instead, it embraced it, following the new axiom: ‘Managing change’. This dissertation, positioned in the crossroads of the heritage conservation, architectural and spatial planning fields, focuses on Industrial Heritage Reuse practice in Europe. Despite widely employed in the last half century, Industrial Heritage Reuse still remains particularly challenging and highly confusing, hiding internal and external risks. Those resonate from the conditions of present times, the ambiguities of the contemporary framework of conservation, the embedded dilemmas of the Reuse practice as well as from the particularities of this special heritage group. This vastly complex yet fascinating topic has not yet been studied holistically under the circumstances dictated by the contemporary era. A deeper and broader understanding of the practice has assumed greater urgency in the 21st century, as it is the stepping stone for the enhancement of the practice -a demand that is increasingly stressed by academic and professional circles. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the potential of enhancement of the Industrial Heritage Reuse through the identification and analysis of its influencing Aspects, under the light of the contemporary theoretical conservation concepts, the current demands of the field of practice and the rising challenges of the 21st century context. This research addresses a topical issue, drawing from the concepts of the contemporary theory of conservation, challenging outdated theoretical notions and conventional practical and methodological applications. Furthermore, it sheds light to a hazy and confusing subject, addressing the tensions and the unresolved issues, highlighted by the existing literature on multiple disciplines. It revisits and reinterprets the standing axiom ‘Managing Change’, providing the scientific community with missing answers on the way, the Actors and the criteria based on which this can be achieved. Drawing upon both theory and practice on an international level, this inquiry gives a holistic and multileveled view on the subject under investigation, stimulating further thought and debate. Apart from extending the academic body of knowledge, the intention of this doctoral research is also to become a useful springboard for the practitioners that engage with Industrial Heritage Reuse. In order to achieve that, this dissertation presents an international and retrospective review of Industrial Heritage care, allowing experience drawn from one country to inform approaches on safeguarding via Reuse on other countries. Furthermore, it offers inspiration and raises awareness through the ‘ReIH’ online knowledge platform (http://reindustrialheritage.eu/projects) and the analysis of twenty cases studies of best practice. Lastly, taking into account the pressing issues of sustainability, equality and multilateralism, it offers guidance, providing a much needed alternative framework for the conservation of Industrial Heritage. This framework is capable of practical implementation and can contribute to an enhanced, more responsive, more sustainable, more inclusive, more value-driven and more holistic practice.