Heritage Of Nations Research Articles

Migrating heritage? Recreating ancestral and new homeland heritage in the practices of immigrant minorities

ABSTRACTThis paper problematises the engagement with heritage of immigrants and their new-homeland-born children, bringing together heritage and migration studies. It discusses the use of ancestral heritage in group identity maintenance strategies, and sheds light on minorities’ participation in the heritage of the dominant population. The paper investigates how the ancestral heritage of immigrant minorities has adjusted to the circumstances of the new homeland, and how the elements of heritage of the dominant population were fitted within the festivity routines of minority families. Therefore, it attempts to grasp the transformations of heritage occurring as a consequence of adjusting heritage practices to the new settings. To do so, it employs a notion of ‘heritage in becoming’ that refers to the situational and processual character of recreating inherited practices within the circumstances of the present. The paper proves that the boundary between minority and majority culture in the heritage practices of individuals is blurred, discussing the transformations the traditional heritages of nations undergo under the influence of migration. The author attempts to answer the question of whether these new qualities can be accepted as part of a so-called multicultural heritage of nations.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ КОНГРЕС ЕТНІЧНИХ РЕЛІГІЙ ЯК МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ФОРУМ РІДНОВІРІВ

From the beginning of the 20th century the crisis of world religions caused to the search for autochthonous spiritual alternatives. There is a steady trend towards the revival of ethnic religions in Europe for the whole century. In the article was considered the history and main conceptual foundations of The European Congress of Ethnic Religions (ECER) as an international forum for communication of European ethnoreligious communities, which revive authentic spiritual traditions and practices in their countries. In particular, a detailed ХVІ ECER (2018) report from the direct participant and Declaration XIV ECER (2014) were presented for illustration, as well as observations on the development of traditionalism in the Italian organization "Movimento Tradizionale Romano", which will have a scientific and applied value for religious studies. A conclusion was drawn about the historical patterns of ethnoreligious Renaissance. The Roman ethnic religion, whose development was interrupted by the expansion of Christianity in the 4th century, did not disappear suddenly after the decrees of the Emperor Theodosius I, but continued to exist in deeply veiled forms. Many literary sources of faith have been preserved, which gives the opportunity for Italian traditionalists to reliably revive their worldview, theological and ritual traditions. Now, the authentic Italian confession of the native faith is "Movimento Tradicionale Romano". The existence of common Indo-European sources of faith, such as the Vedas in India, the poems of Homer, the works of Hesiod, the orphan hymns in Greece, the works of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, the German and Scandinavian epics, Slavic folklore, etc., provide an opportunity for scientific comparative methods to restore the ancient spiritual heritage of European nations with the aim of returning it in the living national environment.

TEACHING LATVIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE MULTILINGUAL CLASSROOM: EXPERIENCE OF HUNGARY

Multilingualism has been highly valued in the society from ancient times. Nowadays, along with the increase of people mobility and technology development, foreign languages competence and its acquisition learning becomes increasingly important. At the same time, minority language studies, taking into account a relatively small number of their users, provide the necessary contribution to the preservation and further development of the cultural heritage of the world nations. For example, the goal of the Department for Uralic Studies, Savaria Campus of the University of West Hungary, was to create a special unit and invite specialists in order to study and promote the Central European region, its culture, as well as the ancient Amber Route that stretched from the East coast of the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic coast and the Apennine Peninsula. From 1992 to 2013, this unit offered students an opportunity to learn Latvian as a foreign language, as well as the history of Latvia and its culture, Latvian literature, folklore and ethnogenesis. This article, based on the author's personal experience, is devoted to the specifics of learning and teaching of the Latvian language to Hungarian students, as well as translating the works of the Latvian authors into Hungarian.

What Kind of Values are the Bases of the European Integration?

The subject of the paper is answering the question: what kind of values are the bases of the European integration? This question is only part of more complex problem, namely: what is the future of Europe? These issues are current in the face of events, which we are witnesses. Living in a pluralistic society cannot ignore the problems of European integration and its two main trends: the cultural heritage of the European nations and ideological presumptions of political parties.

Fish as a marvelous creature in myths and manuscripts: An overview

Myths, legends and marvelous creatures constitute an integral part of cultural, his-torical and literary heritage of all nations. Myths and legends are the subjects of studies in various fields such as literature, psychology, linguistics, folklore, etc. yet they have not been discussed in detail in the field of ichthyology. This paper is an attempt to review available information on what is considered as fish in myths and manuscripts including a historical text, Qazwini’s book (published in 1263 A.D.), those which are available in the museums around the world and those obtained during the fieldwork carried out in 2015 in some regions of Hor-muzgan Province, Iran. It seems that aquatic creatures, especially fishes, have been at the cen-ter of human thought for thousands of years, considering them as a blessed or hated creatures having a variety of forms with different faces resembling a human, snake, owl, cat or other animals, which are oriented with human beliefs, cultures and traditions.

Kulturowe i duchowe dziedzictwo narodów bałkańskich w kontekście dokumentów UNESCO ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem serbskiej slavy

The article titled „Cultural and spiritual heritage of the peoples of the Balkans in the context of UNESCO documents on the example of Serbia” consists of three main parts. The first one contains a description of the cultural heritage of humanity in the light of the international instruments and presents selected theoretical concepts concerning the discussed topics. The second part refers to the cultural heritage of selected Balkan nations, the next part of the Serbian Slava presented as an example of intangible heritage of humanity nations of southern Slavs. The text contains an introduction and conclusions.

Związki kulturowe monasteru supraskiego z kulturą serbską w XVI wieku

In the 16-th century the monastery of Suprasl was the second monastic center of the Orthodox Church in the Great Duchy of Lithuania after the Kiev-Caves Monastery. In the history of the Byelorussian culture the monastery in Suprasl occupies unique place. The best achievements of many branches of culture have been concentrated in it. They mirror close contacts with the religious and cultural heritage of other Slavonic nations. The monastery became a place of the reciprocal permeating of various religious trends. Also, here, many national cultures influenced each other. An example of this reciprocal permeating of cultures was the architecture and interior decorations of the Annunciation monastery church. The uniqueness of the architecture of this building consists in the mixing of the Gothic and Byzantine styles. The direct connections of Suprasl with Byzantine and Serbian culture may be proved by the monumental frescos in the Annunciation Church. They were painted by a group of painters under the supervision of Nektorius the Serb (Serb Nekhtarioosh). These frescos were a testimony to dogmatic Orthodoxy. The monastery of Suprasl was visited by many outstanding writers, religious leaders and political notables. This monastery was also visited by the Patriarch of Constantinople – Jeremiash II, the Serbian and Bulgarian patriarch - Gabriel, and many other Church dignitaries from Balkans. In the 16-th century, the monastery of Suprasl became a major ecclesiastical center of all the Slavic nations. The monastery while being the major center of Orthodox theological thought, still remained open for new trends in philosophical thought. During the 16-th century the monastery of Suprasl was in close relationship with Bulgaria, Serbia, The Great Duchy of Moscow and Holy Athos Mount. This found its reflection in sacral art, publishing and literature.

A comparison of Croatian and Slovenian exonyms

Croatian and Slovenian are very closely related South Slavic languages, but during their historical development they came under the influence of various other languages and various language policies determined by the broader framework of Hungary and Austria. This fact makes the comparative study of exonymization in both languages very interesting. Croatian and Slovenian exonyms are not only part of the cultural heritage of both nations, but also part of global cultural heritage. The article presents a comparative analysis of exonyms in both languages carried out as part of a bilateral project lasting a year and a half. The analysis is based on an improved typology, which was adjusted to the manner of exonymization for borrowed foreign geographical names in both of these related languages.

Agriculture and Family Farming: The Eternal Bond

Some 10,000 years back, the clans of human civilization got off to a new process of production and management which enabled them to move from hunting economy to production economy. The Neolithic mankind upgraded themselves into a new humanity capable of multiplication of seed, selection of edible types, training of wild breeds and adding values to the green produce, the most ancient process of value addition. In this primitive agriculture, the clan and the family had to perform the role of cultivator, researcher, mentor and innovator too. From the primitive era of agriculture down to the modern and mechanized agriculture, the role of family farming is still remains with its flamboyant entity. In Asian and African countries, family farms are the main conveyer as well as purveyor of agricultural production, value addition and marketing processes. The due recognition by the UN of 2014 as the Year of Family Farming draws upon the attention of the global population to segregate the problems of family farming from that of state-aided or cooperative farming and also to discriminate between corporate farming and family farming. The proficiency of family labour, the dovetailing of family functions to the sources of information, the health and nutrition of children and farm women of a family, the entitlement and egalitarian access at gender scales are equally important and integral to family farming. It is precisely a productive unit where the family members are involved directly in the production processes. It is the basis of food security and food sovereignty, of environmental management and of the preservation of the socio-cultural heritage of rural communities and nations. 1, 5 billion of women and men farmers, often small-holders, work on 404 million small scale farms of less than 2 hectares. Between 100 and 200 million are pastoralists, 100million are small-scale fishers and 370 million belonging to indigenous communities. The women and men engaged in family farming produce 70% of the world’s food. Family farming needs both operational and conceptual approaches to uniquely identify the concept from that of cooperative or corporate farming. The main challenges faced by family farming throughout the world are declining productivity, week and fragile infrastructure, increasing price of inputs, vagaries of nature and climate change, non-remunerative enterprises and off course the high seasonality nature of income and livelihood generation, lack of policy support and unabated rate of migration to and from specific countries. These have compelled the policy makers to think over the several approaches in supporting family farming to a desirable scale and accepted momentum like strengthening family farmers’ organizations, access to local and regional markets, access to sustainable use and conservation of natural resources, access to financial resources and protection against risks,appropriate, applied and accessible technology and research, including local knowledge, gender equity in agrarian policies, agrarian policies for young farmers, etc. The term “farmer” has a dynamic meaning ranging from landless agricultural labourers, sharecroppers, tenants, small, marginal and sub-marginal as well as cultivators with larger holdings, fisher men and women, dairy, sheep, poultry and other farmers involved in animal husbandry, as well as those rural and tribal families engaged in a wide variety of farming related occupations such as sericulture, vermiculture, production of bio fertilizers and bio pesticides, and agro-processing. There should be a holistic approach to address this entire humanity related to this sector and their profession. A sustainable solution may thereby be offered not only for their survival in this beautiful globe but also to live happily. The very concept of agriculture was started with family in the pre-civilized stage when societal ideas were growing. Afterwards this juvenile stage starts turning into youth by continuous growth and intensification of this bond between family and farming. And the bond is inseparable, exquisite and eternal……… The present issue of Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Aspects will focus on different agricultural issues in general and the issues like production, protection, improvement, value addition, processing, automation, economics, biodiversity, ecology, rural, urban and social involvements on agriculture, horticulture, dairy, animal science, aquaculture, food science and forest crops inclusive of the possible roles of family farming in particular.

The script of the extracurricular activity in French for the 7th form pupils “Sous le ciel de la France”

Abstract. The content of the script of the extracurricular activity is the enrichment of the active vocabulary, the revival of the interest to the study of French, the enhancing of pupils’ knowledge about the historical and cultural symbols of the country, the impulse to creative, search and analytical activities, the promoting of the teamwork, the education of a sense of respect for the cultural heritage of other nations. Leading problem of the project is to study the historical and cultural heritage of the largest cities of France by means of searching informational material and interesting encyclopedic data.

Attitudes of basic Stage Students towards the Use of Facebook in Arabic Language Writing

The writing is playing a main role in the conservation of heritage and civilization of nations, and passed down from generation to generation, where the man used since ancient writing, he wrote on the foliage, and the inscription on the stone, and use different types of pens, and printer machines.Also, developed writing instruments and accompanied the evolution of electronic machinery such as a computer, the Internet and e-mail (alhersh et al., 2012).

Automatic line and word segmentation applied to densely line-skewed historical handwritten document images

There exists a high interest in the digitization of handwriting historical documents, in the quest to preserve the cultural heritage of nations. In general, these manuscript images present new segmentation difficulties with respect to non-historical

Low energy cooling of the White Tower, functioning as a contemporary museum

Historical buildings are of significance not only because they preserve the cultural heritage of nations but also because of their representative character. However, as buildings they not necessarily provide satisfactory comfort and health conditions, despite the fact that they can be high-energy consumers. The Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki has decided to convert the White Tower, a six-floor fortress dating back to the 15th century, into a contemporary city museum with means of audiovisual, virtual and information technologies. A study has been carried out in 2005–2006 to determine the possibilities, given the restrictions applying, to implement measures in order to establish and maintain satisfactory thermal comfort and indoor air quality conditions in the White Tower, whilst ensuring its unobstructed function as a contemporary city museum. The measurements and simulations carried out, together with the resulting suggested interventions are discussed in this paper.

Different Jerusalems for Different Tourists

National capital cities are rich in heritage sites that mean different things to different people. Some of these sites are directly related to the heritage of the nation's citizens or, alternatively, to the heritage of other nations and cultures. In this study tourist motivations to visit the specific sites as well as the nature of the interpretation provided while touring the city were investigated in relation to tourist perceptions of Jerusalem as part of their personal heritage. The study involved a sample of 213 tourists interviewed in different locations in Jerusalem. The findings indicate that multi-heritage site cities, such as capital cities, are visited by different tourists with different preferences regarding the tourist experience sought. Implications arising from this study for marketers and heritage site operators are highlighted.

Multietnicitás és az Európa-eszme

A tanulmány az Európa-eszme jelentését és relevanciáját értékeli egy multikulturális, a nem európai gyökerűek jelenlétéből és szokásaiból egyre többet merítő kontinens kontextusában. A kirekesztőnek és múltba nézőnek ítélt klasszikus Európa-eszme kritikáját adva egy alternatív Európa-eszme megalkotására is kísérletet tesz. Ennek alapja a migrációs térként érzékelt Európához tartozás különleges étosza, nem pedig az európainak nevezett embercsoport tovább élő kulturális értékei. Az egységet egalitáriánus politikai elvekkel biztosítja, mint a kulturális pluralizmust és különbözőséget egyszerre támogató és összekötő EU-szintű jogok. Olyan demokratikus vitalitást nyújt, melyben nincs sem eredet-, sem célmítosz, csak a polemizáló köznép iránti elkötelezettség.

Rethinking comparative studies: an agent–centred perspective

Broadly speaking, three rival approaches to comparative research can be identified. One suggests that the study of different countries and their regions is unproblematic, and is best exemplified by scholarship in mainstream (particularly neoclassical) economics. Stress is placed on an integrated theoretical perspective emphasizing apparent similarities while explaining differences by reference to the heritage of nations and places. By way of contrast a second approach, which owes much to anthropology, relies on case studies and presumes the existence of profound differences between countries and regions. Stress is placed upon the local cultural, social and political factors that sustain persistent difference. A third approach is rooted in new institutional economics and argues for the significance of national institutional frameworks, supposing that those frameworks shape and structure the actions of agents. Whatever their differences and origins, idealism drives each method of comparative study. In this article, we consider these rival theories of comparative study, and suggest an alternative model based upon a set of fundamental assumptions about the nature of human cognition. These assumptions are the building blocks for our analysis, which has global applicability. We focus in particular upon consciousness and reflexivity, the interplay between agency and structure, and the connection between intention and rationality. Implications are then drawn for the practice of comparative studies. In the penultimate section of the article we comment on the limits of comparative studies emphasizing the problems that lie behind the translation of complex concepts within and between languages.

From Rubble to Virtual Reality: Photogrammetry and the Virtual World of Ancient Ayutthaya, Thailand

For in excess of 100 years, photogrammetry has played a significant role in documenting the cultural heritage of nations and peoples. Many recent advances in the technique have enhanced the use of photogrammetry as a recording tool, enabling more complex representations of objects and moving access to the procedure from the expert to the interested user. Some of these recent developments include low cost digital photogrammetric systems, image sequence analysis, bundle adjustment and camera calibration procedures, and three dimensional laser scanning. An overview of some of these developments is given in this paper.The University of Melbourne, in conjunction with Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, has been working on a project to create a computer visualization of the ancient Thai city of Ayutthaya. This project has blended three dimensional CAD models of the architectural features of Ayutthaya with historical research and artistic rendering to build a realistic representation of this city as it may have existed in the past.The model of the city has been built up from historical “maps”, aerial photographs, field survey and the use of photogrammetry to derive models of individual wat, chedi, prang (see GLOSSARY) and statuary. The historical research conducted in Thailand has provided the basis for the determination of the most likely location and appearance of the missing structures. The CAD models created from the photogrammetry have been visualized by the addition of surface textures and materials and rendered in as realistic a manner as possible. The virtual city has also been augmented by the incorporation of live actors in the computer reconstruction.When completed, the end product will be capable of producing an experience of daily life in Ayutthaya, with the potential for giving the user a level of interaction. The reconstruction will also be used as the basis of a variety of educational products to be produced in Thailand on a number of different media, including a bilingual CD‐ROM already developed to “proof‐of‐concept” stage.

Restitution of Jewish Cultural Property Looted in World War II: To Whom?

The Hague Convention on Cultural property of 1954 prohibits the transfer by the occupier of cultural property from territory occupied by him. Under the Protocol annexed to the said Convention, the parties to it undertake to return cultural property transferred in contravention of the Convention to their countries of origin. These provisions arc clearly inadequate when dealing with Jewish cultural property looted by Nazi-Germany and its collaborators in the course of World War II. Jewish cultural heritage was usually considered as endangering the cultural heritage of the host nations and, consequently, subject to harassment and destruction. It would therefore seem inequitable to return looted Jewish cultural property (representing the cultural heritage of the Jewish people) to (those countries from which it was looted; the proper recipient of this heritage (also by virtue of the principle of self-determination) is the Jewish people represented by the State of Israel and the major contemporary Jewish communities around the world.

Guidelines for Researchers in the Pacific

In the late 1960s and early 1970s many Pacific nations became independent or self-governing. In seeking an expression for their new nationalism, Pacific peoples began to re-examine their cultural and historical heritage. Since that time, we have seen what is now referred to as a 'cultural revival' in the Pacific and this has emerged gradually alongside developments in national politics and government. Following this, the resurgence of research interest in Pacific cultures has led, in turn, to the formulation of policies by Pacific governments in order to regulate research undertaken in Pacific countries by outsiders. In many instances, the implementation of such policies was the direct result of reaction against former colonial administrations which had appeared to do virtually nothing to prevent the collection by outsiders of scientific and cultural property, both tangible and intangible, and its removal to overseas institutions. On this historical basis present day regulations have been formulated to protect the cultural heritage of individual Pacific nations.