Heritage Management System Research Articles

Craftsman, informal heritage management and social capital in conserving chini-tikri work of Kosaituli mosque, Old Dhaka, Bangladesh

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a community-led “informal heritage management” of the chini-tikri work of Kosaituli mosque, Old Dhaka, Bangladesh. It critically explores the interrelationship between the craft, existing social capital and informal heritage management. Design/methodology/approach This paper assesses the existing local policies, strategies and the top-down conservation efforts led by government and identifies the shortcomings. The study uses Kosaituli mosque as a case study as it displays some of the finest surviving examples of the chini-tikri work. Using observation, open-ended interview and focus group discussion as research tools, the study explores the challenges that the craft and craftsman faces, how existing social capital supports the informal heritage management process and the interrelationship between these critical elements. Findings The results shows two clear issues. First, the informal heritage management system has been continuing to protect and manage the local heritage while fighting several challenges. Second, though they require external support, they want to keep the “community ownership.” The study recommends how the craftsman can be revived through incentives and capacity building to facilitate the survival of the craft with a three-step process: identifying the rare craftsmen, providing them due recognition and transferring the traditional knowledge to the next generation. Originality/value No similar prior studies were carried out in Old Dhaka that focus on this subject. This paper can contribute in new policy formation not only for Bangladesh but also will potentially guide other cities that face similar challenges of disappearing craft and craftsman.

Державна політика у сфері охорони культурної спадщини: міжнародний досвід

Розглянуто сучасний стан реалізації державної політики у сфері культурної спадщини у зарубіжних країнах. Вивчено зарубіжний досвід розподілу повноважень між органами державної влади та недержавними організаціями, стимулювання участі приватного капіталу та залучення нових джерел фінансування охорони культурної спадщини.

Establishing World Cultural Heritage Sites Resource Allocation System and Management System based on Neural Network Algorithm—A Case on Hailongtun Tusi Site

Establishing World Cultural Heritage Sites Resource Allocation System and Management System based on Neural Network Algorithm—A Case on Hailongtun Tusi Site

Reform of Management System of China’s Natural and Cultural Heritage Resources

There are two modes of management of natural and cultural heritage resources in China. One is market - dominated and the other is government - dominated. The economic theoretical source for each mode is Coase theory and Pigou theory respectively. However, the phenomenon of over - development and destruction of heritage have being occurred under both modes in practice. As a special kind of resource, the protection and sustainable development of heritage could not be separated from the market mechanism and government's participation. Only the organic combination of the two modes is the correct direction for the reform of China's natural and cultural heritage management system.

A Sustainable Model for Heritage Property: an Integrative Conceptual Framework

Malaysia is one of the developing countries but the management and investment by the local authority and investors in the heritage property remain limited which are apparent in the literature. Studying an integrative literature review is the most appropriate way to address the problem of heritage property. It is indicated that the local planning authorities do not have the financial capacity for providing incentives because the conservation and preservation works are costly. If the heritage property is neglected, deteriorated, and dilapidated, the value of archaic services may be affected. The objective of this paper is to review the heritage management system in Malacca and Penang, considering the institutional, legal, and resources frameworks and concerning on the heritage conservation, investment, and valuation. In this study, some variables have been obtained by database that can be used to evaluate the existing frameworks. Finally, all variables are summarized in a new sustainable model by identifying the gaps in the local literature. It is hoped that the present review would be considered as a kind of strategy for the future research and has made substantive contributions to the knowledge as well as inventing new thinking in the field of heritage property.

The Development of a Digital Management System for Historic Buildings in Taiwan

Because of the numerous types of world heritage that currently exist, UNESCO divides them into four categories: cultural heritage, natural heritage, cultural and heritage dual heritage, and cultural landscape heritage. Taiwan’s Cultural Heritage Preservation Act stipulates that tangible cultural heritage include monuments, historic buildings, commemorative buildings, groups of buildings, archaeological sites, historic sites, cultural landscapes, antiquities, and natural landscapes and natural monuments, whereas its intangible cultural heritage include traditional performing arts, traditional craftsmanship, oral traditions and expressions, folklore, and traditional knowledge and practices. Because of continually increasing tasks associated with cultural heritage management, this study adopted research approaches such as compilation of relevant laws and regulations and interviews with managers to identify their needs in managing cultural heritage. This study posited that digital-based information management is highly conductive to managing cultural heritage. Thus, a dynamic cultural heritage management system was developed to help managers perform various heritage preservation and management-related work. The proposed system enables digitalizing related documents to facilitate their preservation, provides diversified functions that allow managers to conduct remote interactive management, and enables establishing various economical monitoring functions. This study used actual cases of cultural heritage preservation and input data collected from various management tasks into the proposed management system. Accordingly, the management functions of the system were verified successfully. The proposed system can help relevant departments manage cultural heritage, diminish the occurrence of problems concerning heritage management, reduce unnecessary waste of resources, and elevate the management quality of monuments and historical buildings.

Tourism development and local borders in ancient villages in China

Abstract Establishing gated scenic areas and charging entrance fees are the main forms of tourism development for Chinese ancient villages, and this can bring various consequences for local communities. This paper attempts to address this problem with the concept of border from political geography. Taking Hongcun, a typical ancient village and scenic area which borders the village of Jicun as an example, interviews and observation were conducted to explore how lower-level borders are produced and developed and what their impacts are. The results show that borders between Hongcun and Jicun can be understood from five perspectives. External capital and the implementation of UNESCO management system are the key forces behind the process of border formation, and local communities also participate in reinforcing these borders. The research contributes to both tourism studies with its findings on the impacts of scenic area on relationships of local communities, and to borders studies with its insight into the local bordering process. The study also recommends reflecting on the World Heritage management system in China.

Towards good governance of heritage management systems: Possible role of accounting

This study contributes to the debate on what constitutes “good governance in the heritage sector” by identifying and testing measurable determinants for good governance (GG) of heritage management (HM), with special attention to financial management and accountability. The deductive approach is used to discern the determinants, while Lawshe (1975) method is used to quantify the results of the content validity. The checklist applicability is investigated, by comparing the appropriated determinants to the practices of the pioneer countries mainly, England and Australia. The compliance of Egypt with GG of HM is assessed to identify the variation in GG of HM between developed and less-developed countries. The results of which reveal much deficiencies and flaws in Egypt’s heritage governance and management and the urgent need for reform.

Irina Arpentii, Cultural heritage management, the Polish experience

This article aims to understand the concept of cultural heritage and to analyze its appropriation by contemporary society through an efficient management, based on the Polish experience. This article presents the definition of cultural heritage. It also discusses the laws, concerning heritage and the cultural heritage management system in Poland. This is a contribution to the general aspect of cultural heritage management. I have highlighted the role of documentation for the identification, protection, interpretation, and preservation of cultural heritage. Referring to digitalization, the information about digitization projects is also examined, such as Kultura+ Program and Arches. To better assess and evaluate the cultural heritage management in Poland, I have presented some of the best practices, such as the Wieliczka protection, Wawel conservation and Warsaw’s Historic Centre reconstruction and demonstrated the role of cultural institutions and organizations for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage.

Community, Heritage and Social Capital: Informal Heritage Management in Old Dhaka

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh has a recorded history of over 400 years, dating back to the Mughal and pre-Mughal era. A large part of the city's rich cultural heritage; both tangible and intangible, lie in the historic core known as Old Dhaka. There are several traditional neighborhoods with close-knit communities that date back two to three centuries. The communities are rich in social capital gained over successive generations of close social network. Based on this strength, a heritage management system has been developed by informal community bodies in Old Dhaka. Old Dhaka's rich cultural heritage deserves to be conserved for the historical continuity of the city. Unfortunately, the top-down conservation efforts undertaken by the Government are highly bureaucratic and have not been effective in conserving the cultural heritage in most cases. This paper explores the importance of local participatory approach of heritage management in the context of Old Dhaka with a focus on the relationship between social capital and informal heritage management in traditional communities. It also explores the key features that generally make the informal heritage management system more effective than the formal approach. Finally, it recommends an appropriate conservation approach to save the cultural heritage of Old Dhaka where there is a balance between intervention by authorities and continuity of local community involvement.

Fragmented Bureaucracies in Built Heritage Conservation: The Case of Shamian Island, Guangzhou

Located in Guangzhou, Shamian Island was leased as a foreign concession to the British and French forces in the mid-nineteenth century. The island has been granted the highest heritage protection status. Through the lens of the Fragmented Authoritarianism framework, this paper examines the bureaucratic structure of the Chinese state, bargaining activities, and policy outcomes related to conserving Shamian Island. The following conclusions are drawn: first, coordinated conservation efforts have been hamstrung by the fragmented heritage management system that is tier-differentiated and jurisdiction-based; and second, the two most concerned agencies – the Planning Bureau and the Cultural Bureau – have not been able to agree on the appropriate approach to conserving heritage and historic buildings on the site. Deadlock has resulted, as no agency can really push for better, and more compatible, policies. Nor have sustained conservation practices for the site been viewed as politically significant enough to prompt higher-level government officials to step in and end the bureaucratic squabbling.

문화재 재난안전관리시스템 개발을 위한 기초연구 - 관리대상의 유형화 및 피해패턴 분석을 중심으로 -

With a view to constructing an efficient and systematic disaster safety management system for cultural heritage, this study has established the concepts of cultural heritage management system in terms of disaster management and analyzed the damage patterns through classifying the targets of the management. Specifically, based on various literature and regulations concerning the matters, we provided definitions of various terms and laid a theoretical basis for system development by reestablishing the concepts regarding cultural heritage disaster safety management and disaster safety management system.

Managing frozen heritage: Some challenges and responses

Archaeological and historical remains of great value are emerging from melting snow and ice across the globe as rising temperatures and changing weather patterns lead to the degradation and decline of snow patches, ice sheets and glaciers. Rescuing the heritage remains that exist within some of these sites is a serious challenge for cultural heritage management (CHM) systems and regimes in a number of ways. This paper is a review of some of these challenges. It begins with an overview of the geographical and chronological distribution of glacial archaeological sites and finds from around the world. The institutional CHM context within which this sub-discipline has emerged is described, as are some of the difficulties associated with managing frozen heritage sites and finds. An overview is also given of some of the field and methodological responses that have been applied in different regions until now. Finally, a number of management related issues in need of special attention in the future are highlighted.

Innovative and applied research on big data platforms of smart heritage

Abstract. Big data has huge commercial value and potential. Under the background of big data, a heritage site is faced with a number of questions and challenges such as, how to accelerate industrial innovation, benign competition and the creation of new business value. Based on the analysis of service data from the national archaeological site and park, Yuan Ming Yuan, this paper investigates the common problems of site management operations such as, inappropriate cultural interpretation, insufficient consumer demand and so on. In order to solve these operational problems, a new service system called the "one platform - three systems" was put forward. This system includes the smart heritage platform and three management systems: the smart heritage management system, the 3-O (Online-Offline-Onsite) service system and the digital explanation system. Combined with the 3-O marketing operation, the platform can realize bidirectional interaction between heritage site management units and tourists, which can also benefit visitors to the heritage site by explaining the culture and history of the heritage site, bring about more demand for cultural information and expand the social and economic benefits.

Insurmountable Tension? On the Relation of World Heritage and Rapid Urban Transformation in Istanbul

This article gives an overview of the heritage management system in Turkey with a special focus on Istanbul. Referring to relevant works on this subject from the past few years, I want to illustrate the powerful role of the Turkish state and other important actors in the transformation of cultural heritage areas. Through a discussion of examples drawn from my own research in Istanbul, I review the label of UNESCO World Heritage and its potential to protect cultural heritage from inappropriate interventions and developments. The World Heritage Committee and people working in the field of heritage preservation often highlight structural deficits in the Turkish management system. Instead, I argue that seemingly inadequate conservation practices can also be interpreted as an integral part of the management system which allows for a combination of heritage preservation and urban transformation. A multi-faceted management structure pleases international organizations and investors, while ambiguous responsibilities hinder the formation of an effective opposition against urban transformation projects in historic neighbourhoods.

From Babylon to Baghdad: Cultural Heritage and Constitutional Law in the Republic of Iraq

Abstract:The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq entered force in 2005, placing such “national treasures” as “antiquities, archeological sites, cultural buildings, manuscripts, and coins” under federal jurisdiction to be “managed in cooperation with the regions and governorates.” This provision may not immediately appear significant or controversial, but it is both. Federalism remains a heated and even deadly issue in Iraq, which is still balancing authority between its capital and other parts of the country. The Constitution’s handling of heritage—like its comparable treatment of oil and gas—therefore raises many questions. The answers to these have massive implications, as they not only determine who governs culture in Iraq but also could void much existing domestic law and unravel the country’s entire heritage management system. This study thus aims to clarify the Constitution’s treatment of antiquities and archaeology, resolving who controls one of Iraq’s most important historic, cultural, and economic resources.

Rethinking authenticity in the implementation of China's heritage conservation: the case of Hongcun Village

Authenticity is a constructive concept and the core principle for protection of cultural heritage, but it is also a controversial issue, along with its practice in different geographical and cultural contexts. Both the heritage management system and its authenticity principles are not indigenous, but were developed in western society and exported from western countries. As a result, conflicts arise with its implementation and therefore often lead to counterintuitive behaviors. This paper examines the heritage conservation process in the case of Hongcun by applying the social constructionism theory. The paper attempts to point out that both the heritage and the authenticity principles are socially constructed concepts and that the construction process is very much influenced by the power relationships involved. Authenticity in Hongcun is an implementation of the principle of material, static, and superficial style understandings, while less attention is paid to the non-material cultural heritage protection, which is especially reflected in the neglect and the development restrictions on local craft and folk art. The study shows that there is a need to be aware of the nature of the constructiveness and power relationships in the heritage management and to integrate local voices in the heritage conservation process to avoid conflicts and to achieve conservation goals.

Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity by Hyung Il Pai

Reviewed by: Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity by Hyung Il Pai Roald Maliangkay Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity by Hyung Il Pai. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014. 298 pp. 41 photographs. 3 maps. 6 tables. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. $30.00 (paper). $75.00 (hardcover) Governments have long dedicated vast resources to the collection and display of both tangible and intangible markers of identity. Apart from generating feelings of nostalgia or pride over the display of unique feats and objects, collections allow the establishment and denial of hierarchies, whether along racial, cultural, or national lines. The notion that a museum has a scientific pedigree lends credibility to the representation, even though it may be no more than an imaginary, idealized arrangement that reveals more about the object of an exhibit than its subject. Heritage displays, in particular, have a wide range of possible applications, including the purely commercial, but they come at a cost. The negative impact caused by heritage tourism, for example, can be an unavoidable compromise, but restitution efforts can rarely keep up with the loss and damage it may cause. That is not to say that the interests of the preservationists are always altruistic. As Howard has argued in his work on the preservation of Korea’s intangible cultural heritage, Korean music traditions have been and continue to be adjusted to suit the interests of officials, academics, and artists.1 In Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity, Hyung Il Pai demonstrates that in Japan and Korea the management of the tangible cultural heritage has also been the culmination of compound interests. Focusing on the work of academics, collectors, businessmen, and policymakers, Pai shows how they all had a hand in shaping the way in which heritage is preserved in both countries today. Following a chapter that recounts the history of South Korean efforts to manage cultural heritage and discusses its main challenges, Pai takes the reader back to Japan’s reaction to the pivotal world fairs in the mid-nineteenth century. It was in the 1860s that, on the advice of Japanese and foreign diplomats and academics, the Japanese Education Ministry began to carefully prepare missions to international exhibitions to promote Japanese artifacts to the world. The great success of the Japanese Pavilion at the Vienna 1873 International Exhibition represented an important first step toward establishing broad recognition of the value of Japan’s national heritage. By focusing on both natural and man-made [End Page 462] curios, the exhibit managed to capitalize on a fast growing interest in Oriental items (p. 37) in the West and start “the first wave of ‘Japonisme’” (p. 40). Pai then moves to the issue of classifying ancient objects, to which the Vienna Exhibition had provided a major impetus, a discussion that leads her to introduce the earlier work on Japanese ethnology and archeology by collectors such as Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866) and Arai Hakusei (1657–1725), respectively. Pai also describes the role played by foreign collectors and connoisseurs of Japanese art, including James Lord Bowes (1834–99), Sturgis Bigelow (1850–1926), Ernest Fenollosa (1853–1903), and Isabella Stewart Gardner (1840–1924) who helped raise awareness of the value of historical artifacts in Japan and the need to establish a national heritage management system. Fenollosa would serve the Meiji government for twelve years, during which he became known as one of the foremost connoisseurs of Japanese art and as a mentor for collectors of Japanese curios both at home and abroad. A subscriber to the notion of diffusionism, Fenollosa argued that the roots of Japanese art were to be traced on the continent, via central Asia to the ancient empires of southern Europe. Despite his bias and his open criticism of the absence of “high art” in Japan (p. 82), he pledged to help develop the export of Japanese crafts and remained committed to raising Japanese awareness of the value of Japanese art while warning of the immediate urgency of measures to prevent its loss (p. 78). As Pai relates the involvement of Fenollosa and his contemporaries in the...

Archaeological Heritage as Palimpsest. The Multiple Layers of Contents of a Byzantine Tower and the Challenges of Sustainable Management Planning

This paper attempts to explore the multiple layers of contents of a Byzantine tower reconstructed as a contemporary museum-monument and to produce a discussion on the challenges of proposed sustainable planning strategies. The management of a Byzantine monument and its reconstruction and transformation into a museum could raise a number of challenges and con- tradictions which constitute thought-provoking stimuli for the development of a critical discussion on the sustainability of the built environment and the practices of successful management planning. The case study focuses on the potential of a variety of different approaches and especially on a more public-centred and locally-seen direction which could make the museum an institution and a place for making histories and meanings within modern societies.How might the interpretive approaches of past material have a strong impact on the formation of a multi-based and multi-sided strategic manage- ment policy? To what extent could a sustainable management plan include more ‘voices’ and not only those of the experts? How could the terms ‘locality’ and ‘community’ and their relationships introduce new methods and approaches in a well-established, officially and traditionally regulated heritage management system? These are some of the points that will be addressed in the paper to stimulate the development of a critical theorizing of the sustainability of archaeological heritage through multiple approaches to planning.

Protection Versus Public Access: Two Concepts Compared within the Italian Underwater Cultural Heritage Management System

The concepts of protection and public access relating to underwater cultural heritage are often taken as two contrasting notions in the Italian underwater cultural heritage management panorama. This contribution aims to review these concepts with the objective of emphasizing the possibility of sound and scientifically compelling public access to the underwater cultural heritage, keeping protection principles intact. With the support of in-the-field examples successfully produced worldwide, this paper will attempt to underline how scientifically sound public access activities in the field of underwater cultural heritage management can benefit the protection of such heritage.