Herfindahl Research Articles

Inequality in the distribution of resources in the health sector before and after the Health Transformation Plan in Qazvin, Iran

BackgroundThe equitable distribution of healthcare resources represents a paramount objective in the realm of global health systems. Thus, the present study sought to assess the fairness in the allocation of health resources at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (QUMS), both prior to and subsequent to the implementation of the Health Transformation Plan (HTP) using the Gini coefficient and the Hirschman–Herfindahl index (HHI).MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the distribution of healthcare resources among general practitioners (GPs), specialists, and subspecialists employed at QUMS between 2011 and 2017. Demographic data pertaining to the cities were obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the Statistical Center of Iran, while information regarding the healthcare workforce was extracted from QUMS records. The analysis utilized two key measures, namely the Gini coefficient and the HHI, to assess the fairness of resource distribution. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and the Stata statistical software.ResultsThe highest number of GPs, specialists, and subspecialists was observed in 2014, 2017, and 2017, respectively, while the lowest number was recorded in 2016, 2011, and 2015, respectively. From 2011 to 2017, the Gini coefficient for GPs ranged between 0.61 and 0.63. Among specialists, the lowest Gini coefficient value was observed in 2015 (0.57), while the highest was recorded in 2017 (0.60). The Gini coefficient for subspecialists remained constant at 0.52 from 2011 to 2017. The HHI revealed a high concentration of GPs in the cities of Qazvin province. Although the disparity gradually decreased in the specialties of eye, ear, nose, and throat, and pediatrics, the concentration still persists in Qazvin. In general surgery, the index value is low, indicating some level of inequality. In anesthesia and neurology, the index value decreased after the HTP and reached 5700; however, achieving equality (below 1000) still requires further efforts. No significant change in the index was observed after the HTP in specialties such as neurosurgery, rehabilitation, and nuclear medicine. Subspecialists also exhibited a concentration in the city of Qazvin.ConclusionBased on the analysis of the Gini and HHI, it is evident that the distribution of GPs has not undergone significant changes following the implementation of the HTP. The Gini coefficient, which ranges from 0.4 to 0.6, indicates a high to complete level of inequality in the distribution of specialists and subspecialists. Moreover, the HHI exceeds 1000, reflecting a concentration of resources in specific areas. As a result, the HTP has not yet achieved its goal of ensuring a fair distribution of human resources. To address this issue, it is recommended to redesign distribution policies, including the allocation of physical health resources, such as specialized hospitals, beds, and medical equipment. Additionally, increasing student admissions in specialized and subspecialized fields and implementing tariff incentives can contribute to a more equitable distribution of resources. By aligning distribution policies with the principle of fairness, the healthcare system can better address the issue of resource distribution.

Диверсификация экономики как фактор устойчивого развития региона в современных условиях

In the context of a high degree of uncertainty in the modern global economic space, the search for ways that can ensure long-term stable development of the economy of the country’s regions becomes relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify the strength of relationship between the level of development of an economic entity and the degree of diversification of its economy, which will allow the regions of the Russian Federation to justify the choice of diversification or specialization policy. The level of diversification was determined by such methods as analysis of the structure of the regional economy, highlighting the sectors of the national economy that make the greatest contribution to the gross regional product; study of the distribution of employees by types of economic activity; calculation of indicators characterizing the concentration of production in territories – the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, dispersion indicator, entropy coefficient. The study identified that more than 12 % of regions have a low diversification level, mainly associated with mining operations. The author calculated the correlation coefficient between the Herfindahl–Hirschman index and the indicators of the gross regional product of the Russian Federation constituents, which allowed concluding on the absence of connection between these indicators. The author believes that diversification of the region’s economy does not guarantee an increase in its efficiency. Constituents with a low diversification level often have high indicators of socio-economic development; therefore, the focus on diversification is not always an economically sound strategy for the development of the region. Thus, increasing the diversification level does not have a direct connection confirmed by calculations with the level of development of the region; however, additional research on the structure of manufacturing industries and determining their impact on the economic system are necessary.

Competition in the international cherry market: A competitiveness analysis of the developing country

This research assesses the competitiveness of Chilean cherry exports, with a specific focus on the Chinese market, identifying sectoral challenges and opportunities. Implementing quantitative, descriptive and non-experimental methodologies based on previous studies (Montes Ninaquispe et al., 2023), it utilizes the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for market diversification, the Trade Competitiveness Index (TC), and the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) based on previous studies (Arbulú Ballesteros et al., 2024). The analysis reveals a significant concentration of exports to China, representing over 88 percent of Chile’s total cherry exports from 2018 to 2022, despite market volatility and a general trend of growth in both volume and value. The HHI indicates a high concentration risk due to dependency on the Chinese market, while the TC and RCA highlight a strong competitive and comparative advantage in this sector. The study concludes the need for market diversification to reduce dependency risks, suggesting the exploration of new markets like Thailand, South Korea, and Ecuador, alongside improvements in marketing strategies. Additionally, it recommends enhancing corporate innovation and operational efficiency via advanced production technologies and optimizing logistics and supply chain management to sustain the competitive advantage of Chilean cherry exports.

The evolution of inequalities in the distribution of dentists in Brazil

The scope of this article is to analyze the evolution of the distribution of dentists and undergraduate courses in Dentistry in Brazil between 1960 and 2022, based on institutional data and its correlation with economic and demographic data. The proportions between number of dentists and population were calculated for the federative units in different periods, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used. to determine the concentration of dentists, population and undergraduate courses in Dentistry. The Pearson test was used, with a significance level of 95%, to test the correlation between variables. In the period from 1960 to 2022, the ratio of dentists per 10,000 inhabitants increased from 3.3 to 16.9. Moreover in 2022, the federative units with the highest average household income per capita were closely correlated with the highest concentration of dentists (R2= 0.90; p < 0.00). However, from 1975 to 2022, the concentration of dentists measured by the HHI dropped from 45.1 to 33.4. The decrease in the geographic concentration of Dentistry courses was even more pronounced, with the HHI rising from 39.3 in 1991, to 25.6 in 2022.

CONCENTRATION OF THE UKRAINIAN BANKING SYSTEM: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The article examines the relevance of the issue of concentration of the banking system of Ukraine and identifies the main prospects for reducing the share of the state in the banking services market. The period from 2009-2022 inclusive was chosen for analysis and evaluation, which made it possible to identify the main trends and factors that influenced the growth and decline of such concentration indices as Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and CR in terms of the following indicators: assets, corporate loans, retail deposits, authorised capital, commission income, and interest income. The obtained calculations helped to determine the level of concentration of the domestic banking system. The purpose of the article is to allocate scientific approaches and carry out practical calculations to determine the degree of concentration of the banking system and to determine the need for its deconcentration. The results of the analysis demonstrate the growing scientific interest of both domestic and foreign economic schools in the problem of concentration in the banking system. However, it is worth noting that the peak of publication activity was observed in 2018-2020, with the top three countries being the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. The results of the calculations showed that the number of banks in Ukraine does not have a significant impact on the level of concentration. With a fairly large number of banks in 2013, namely 180 institutions, there was a sharp increase in concentration, but a larger share of the market was controlled by private capital, but since 2017, a larger share of the banking sector has been owned by the state. The author notes that the concentration of market power by state-owned banks has led to the emergence of a monopoly, but transformational measures to reduce the concentration of the banking system should be carried out taking into account the existing financial and economic feasibility. Of course, there is a risk of ineffective management decisions by bank management, but it is the largest state-owned banks that demonstrate the sustainability and profitability of their activities.

РЫНОК ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНОГО СТРАХОВАНИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ ВЛАДЕЛЬЦЕВ ОПАСНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ: РИСКИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The article is dedicated to analyzing the risks of monopolization in the compulsory insurance market for civil liability of hazardous object owners. The paper examines the current situation in the insurance market, analyzing the causes of oligopoly formation and decreasing competition, including high requirements for insurers, low insurance premiums, and the low attractiveness of this type of insurance for agents and brokers. Special attention is given to the financial and administrative barriers for new market participants, as well as the structure of insurance premiums, which are distributed among insurance pools. Based on data on insurance premiums and market concentration indicators, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index was calculated, demonstrating a high level of concentration in the OSOPO market. Trends toward mergers and acquisitions of insurance companies were identified, further contributing to the monopolization of the market. The proposed measures aim to reduce the level of monopolization, increase the accessibility of OSOPO for insurers, and improve conditions for the development of this segment of the insurance market.

BASEL III ADOPTION IN EMERGING ECONOMIES: AZERBAIJAN’S PERSPECTIVE

The main purpose of the research is to assess the current state of the transition to Basel III standards in Azerbaijan, to assess the level of readiness of the banking sector for the transition process, and to assess the potential costs and benefits. Conducting a multifaceted methodology, the research incorporates both qualitative and quantitative methods such as comparative analysis of legislation, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) method, calculation of compliance costs, expert interviews, a decade-spanning analysis of the sector's development, and a thorough deployment of descriptive statistics. The unique challenges and approaches are also addressed in developing countries like Azerbaijan where the leading global trends differ significantly. The emphasis here is on the knowledge of how Basel III criteria influence the banking industry in Azerbaijan with regard to both technical demands and regulatory realities. The research indicated that though the requirements implemented under Basel III suggested enhancement of bank capital quality and risk management, there were also challenges associated with this approach including higher costs for regulatory compliance and capability restrictions on performing operations. As the main result of the research, it should be noted that important reforms were carried out in Azerbaijan in the direction of the transition to Basel III standards, the capital adequacy indicators of the Azerbaijani banking sector are lower than Basel III standards in terms of quality of assets and capital, however, quantitatively is higher than the requirements of Basel III. However, research show that there are serious differences in the banking sector terms of capital, while some banks have a high level of capitalization, some have very low capital adequacy indicators. Based on our calculations based on Cook ratio, banks need additional capital in the amount of 44 million manat (25,8 million USD, 1% of the total capital of the banking sector, 0.03% of GDP) to meet the Basel III standards on total capital adequacy ratio alone.

Standard Occupational Classification Codes: Gaps in Federal Data on the Public Health Workforce.

Objectives. To determine whether US Department of Labor standard occupational classification (SOC) codes can be used for public health workforce research. Methods. We reviewed past attempts at SOC matching for public health occupations and then used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Industry and Occupation Computerized Coding System (NIOCCS) to match the actual job titles for 26 516 respondents to the 2021 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) with SOC codes, grouped by respondents' choice of job category in PH WINS. We assessed the accuracy of the NIOCCS matches and excluded matches under a cutpoint using the Youden Index. We assessed the percentage of SOC matches with insufficient information and diversity of SOC matches per PH WINS category using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Results. Several key public health occupations do not have a SOC code, including disease intervention specialist, public health nurse, policy analyst, program manager, grants or contracts specialist, and peer counselor. Conclusions. Without valid SOC matches and detailed data on local and state government health departments, the US Department of Labor's data cannot be used for public health workforce enumeration. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(1):48-56. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307463).

Income Diversification and Financial Sustainability of Indian Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): An Empirical Study

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) emerged intending to provide financial services to underserved populations, fostering economic inclusion and poverty alleviation. However, achieving this aim is wholly based on the MFIs’ financial sustainability and profitability. MFIs’ fundamental structural restrictions might make raising income through increased interest rates difficult. As a result, it is now widely acknowledged that MFIs with various revenue streams outperform those primarily focused on lending in terms of financial sustainability. This study investigates this link by assessing the impact of income diversification on the financial performance and financial self-sufficiency of the top ten listed Indian MFIs. The study uses eight years of panel data from 2016 to 2023, and analysis was made by applying descriptive statistics, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), and panel data regression models. Our findings provide empirical support for the banking studies’ preference for focused strategies over diversification strategies, showing that expanding income sources has no impact on the financial performance (return on equity/return on asset) and financial self-sufficiency (FSS) of Indian MFIs.

Agricultural products export strategy: Expanding reach through diversification

The study comprehensively examines the diversification of asparagus exports from Peru, concentrating its analysis on the strategic diversification of markets and companies as pivotal for fostering sustainable growth in the agricultural sector. Utilizing a descriptive and non-experimental quantitative methodology, the research analyzed export data spanning from 2018 to 2023. This analysis was performed using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) (Arbulú Ballesteros et al., 2024), a tool designed to measure market concentration levels (Montes Ninaquispe, Pantaleón Santa María, Arbulú Ballesteros, et al., 2023). The findings reveal a significant ongoing dependence on the American market, highlighting it as the primary export destination. However, there is a noticeable trend towards greater diversification among export destinations and the companies involved in these processes. The study notes a progressive decline in market concentration, which suggests a shift towards a more competitive and diversified export environment. Conclusions drawn from the research underscore the critical need to develop strategies that not only diversify markets but also enhance overall competitiveness within the sector. Recommendations from the study stress the importance of tapping into emerging markets, creating value-added products, adopting advanced technologies, and supporting the inception of new businesses. Additionally, it advocates for the promotion of business development across various regions to mitigate risks and encourage more balanced and sustainable economic growth.

Understanding Factors Influencing Geographic Variation in Healthcare Expenditures: A Small Areas Analysis Study.

Dramatic geographic variations in healthcare expenditures were documented by developed countries, but little is known about such variations under China's context, and what causes such variations. This study aims to examine variations of healthcare expenditures among small areas and to determine the associations between demand-, supply-factors, and per capita inpatient expenditures. This cross-sectional study utilized hospital discharge data aggregated within delineated hospital service areas (HSAs) using the small-area analysis approach. Linear multivariate regression modeling with robust standard errors was used to estimate the sources of variation of per capita inpatient expenditures across HSAs covering the years 2017 to 2019; the Shapley value decomposition method was used to measure the respective contributions of demand-, supply-side to such variations. Among 149 HSAs, demand factors explained most of the (87.4%) overall geographic variation among HSAs. With each 1% increase in GDP per capita and urbanization rate was associated with 0.099% and 0.9% increase in inpatient expenditure per capita, respectively, while each 1% increase in the share of females and the unemployment rate was associated with a 0.7% and 0.4% reduction in the per capita inpatient expenditures, respectively. In supply-side, for every 1 increase in hospital beds per 1000 population, the per capita inpatient expenditures rose by 2.9%, while with every 1% increase in the share of private hospitals, the per capita inpatient expenditures would decrease by 0.4%. With Herfindahl-Hirschman Index decrease 10%, the per capita inpatient expenditures would increase 1.06%. This study suggests demand-side factors are associated with large geographic variation in per capita inpatient expenditures among HSAs, while supply-side factors played an important role. The evaluation of geographic variations in per capita inpatient expenditures as well as its associated factors have great potential to provide an indirect approach to identify possibly existing underutilized or overutilized healthcare procedures.

Market characteristics and entry strategy decision making: The market perspective of Croatian elderly care homes

Background: Socio-demographic changes increase the need for long-term elderly care. Consequently, providing formal institutional service in elderly care homes is an interesting opportunity for entrepreneurs. However, the entry strategy decision is influenced by numerous external variables. Purpose: The main goal is to answer what determines market concentration as one of the most important market entry determinants. Study design/methodology/approach: A linear regression model has been formed and tested on the Croatian elderly care home market, observed on a county level, using data for 2021. Further, a cluster analysis, as a decision-support tool, has been made to assess market characteristics that are more likely to attract new entrants to the elderly care home market. Findings/conclusions: Results indicate that demand for long-term care services plays a significant role, and the market with more elderly will attract more competitors. When the level of GDP per capita and the unemployment rate are observed together, markets with stronger economies tend to attract entrepreneurs. In other words, it is more likely that someone will open an elderly care home in a densely populated county with individuals that can afford formal institutional long-term care for themselves or family members. Limitations/future research: The shortcomings are mainly related to the lack of data on prices and quality measures. Further, information on the number of beds in each elderly care home would enable an alternative calculation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, while data on service prices and structure of employees as a proxy for quality (medical and non-medical staff) would enable a more reliable comparative analysis of obtained results. Future studies on this subject include variables related to the portion of unemployed females in the market since female family members more often provide informal care, and at the same time, they are more likely to be employed in formal long-term care institutions.

Assessing External Wheat Supply Risk: Perspectives from a Low Middle-Income Country on Wheat Imports

Sri Lanka, currently facing an economic crisis and food shortages, ranks 79th out of 113 countries in terms of food security. Despite the critical importance of food security, there is a significant lack of comprehensive research on the risks associated with reliance on imported food in the existing literature. This includes factors such as import dependence, the reliability of supplier countries, and transit risks. To address this gap, the study utilized the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and the Shannon-Wiener Index to evaluate the external wheat supply risk for Sri Lanka. The analysis indicated a generally low overall risk in wheat supply but highlighted an increased risk due to dependence on Russia and other high-risk countries.

Research on the Integration and Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Tourism Management Industry in the Context of Digitization

Abstract This study employs the entropy power method to disaggregate the development potential of intangible cultural tourism resources in Area Z, further analyzing these resources via the RMP model. This model comprehensively evaluates the quantity and categorical structure of Area Z’s intangible tourism resources. Additionally, this research explores the dynamics of intangible tourism product design, focusing on the interplay between intangible tourism resources and products, herein referred to as the R-P relationship. The Herfindahl index serves as the primary analytical tool in this paper to assess and quantify the degree of integration between the tourism and cultural industries in Area Z. The findings reveal that the most significant developmental potential lies in the appeal of non-heritage resources and products, which score 50.8 in terms of development value. Intangible tourism resources in Area Z are abundant and diverse, with skill-based resources constituting 50% of the total. From 2014 to 2023, tourism revenue in Area Z surged from 28.046 billion yuan to 69.915 billion yuan, indicating substantial market potential. The design of non-heritage tourism products should, therefore, prioritize items with significant collectible and cultural heritage value. The integration index between the cultural industry and the tourism management industry in Area Z is measured at HI=0.6058, while the core product index for non-heritage and tourism stands at HI=0.2604. This paper underscores the critical role of strategic resource allocation and product design in maximizing the economic impact and cultural preservation of intangible tourism resources.

기업분할 유형 선택에 관한 연구

This study analyzed the factors for selecting the type of corporate divestiture for companies listed on the KOSDAQ market in Korea. The factors that led to the selection of the types of corporate spin-offs, physical divisions, were based on the hypotheses of financial motivation and corporate focusing motivation. After selecting variables related to these two, univariate difference test and binomial logistic regression analysis were performed on the 145 companies that promoted corporate divestitures between 2011 and 2020. First, according to the univariate difference test, the debt ratio(DebtR), operating cash to asset ratio (OCFA), and operating cash flow to sales (OCFS), which are variables for verifying financial motivation, all show significant results, indicating a physical division. It was confirmed that it could be a motivation to promote. However, there was no difference between the two divestiture types in the Herfindahl index (Herfin) and the operating index (OPERD), which are variables for verifying the focusing motivation. Looking at the financial motivation variables in the logistic regression analysis, the debt ratio (DebtR), the operating cash to assets ratio (OCFA) and the operating cash flow to sales ratio (OCFS) showed significant results. eanwhile, among the focusing motivation variables, the Herfindahl index (Herfin) did not show significant results, and only the number of business division (OPERD) showed significant results. Looking at the univariate difference test and logistic regression analysis together, companies that promoted physical spin-off had smaller asset size but higher debt ratio (DebtR) than companies that promoted spin-offs. In addition, the operating cash to assets ratio (OCFA) and operating cash flow to sales (OCFS) ratio were also lower than those of companies that pursued spin-offs. Therefore, companies that have pursued physical division are likely to division for financial motivation reasons rather than corporate focusing motivation.

Crop Diversification and its Determinants among Vegetable Farmers in Kotagala, Nuwara Eliya District in Sri Lanka

A sound understanding of the demographic and farming characteristics of smallholder farmers and how they stimulate their crop diversification decisions would help policymakers make appropriate measures for encouraging crop diversification. The objectives of the study are to assess the degree of crop diversification and examine in what ways the demographic and farming characteristics of smallholder vegetable farmers impact their crop diversification at Kotagala area in the Nuwara – Eliya district of Sri Lanka. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 86 randomly selected farmers who were cultivating nine vegetable crops in the Kotagala division using the structured questionnaires during the period from October to November 2019. The degree of crop diversification among vegetable farmers was measured using the Herfindahl index, which has a mean value of 0.36. It shows that there is a low degree of crop diversification and the practices in multiple crop cultivation among the farmers is very low. Results of the frequency analysis revealed that 60.5 percent of the farmers are diversifiers, while 39.5 percent of them are non - diversifiers. Further, the tobit regression model was used to examine how demographic and farming characteristics of smallholder farmers influence crop diversification and its results indicated that age squared and education negatively influenced on crop diversification at a 10 percent significance level. On the contrary, crop diversification is positively influenced by the age and size of cultivated land at a 5 percent significance level. The findings of the study will assist the decision makers in developing the best possible policies to support crop diversity, which will motivate farmers to make better choices, boost production, and improve food security in the study area.

Ekspor Teh Hitam Indonesia ke Jepang: Struktur Pasar dan Daya Saing

Indonesian tea export to international market is dominated by black tea. Japan becomes the black tea export destination with big untapped export potential, but has volatile export value, thus hinders the optimization of black tea export potential to Japan. This study aims to analyze the market structure and competitiveness as well as determine the Indonesian black tea market expansion to Japan. This study employs Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), and X-Model Potential Export Products. The results show that the packaged and bulk black tea market structure in Japan is oligopoly. Indonesian bulk black tea gains comparative advantage, whereas Indonesian packaged black tea lacks comparative advantage in Japan market. Besides that, Indonesian bulk black tea has stronger competitive advantage over Indonesian packaged black tea. Furthermore, Indonesian bulk black tea is able to become the focus of export expansion to Japan at the moment.

The effect of ownership concentration on firm risk and value: evidence from Germany

Aim: This paper aims to understand the effects of between ownership concentration on firm risk and value.&#x0D; Design / Research methods: The author focuses on the largest publicly listed 91 German corporations in the time period 2010 to 2021. The resulting sample contains between 928 and 1051 observations and is analysed through a pooled OLS regression analysis. Ownership concentration is measured in terms of the number of blockholders, the size of the largest shareholder, and the Herfindahl Index of the ten largest shareholders. Firm value is captured with Tobin’s Q and firm risk is computed as the annualised daily stock price volatility.&#x0D; Conclusions / Findings: It is found that ownership concentration affects firm risk significantly negatively. Moreover, results suggest an inverse U-shape relationship between ownership concentration and firm value. This relationship can be explained by combining the negative effects of rising ownership concentration on firm risk with its implications for the creation of firm value.&#x0D; Originality / Value of the article: The German market has used to have a network-like structure with a concentrated ownership structure. However, over the past two decades, it transformed towards a more Anglo-Saxon-like and market-based structure with a rather dispersed ownership structure. Furthermore, factors which govern the relationship between ownership concentration are used to explain parts of the relationship between firm value and ownership concentration in a new way, thereby adding value to understanding the latter, highly debated, relationship.

Research of the Competition Level for Manufacturers and Distributors of the Pharmaceutical Market in Ukraine

The article analyzes the development of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, proves the prospects of this industry in terms of the impact on the national economy and indicators of dynamics in the period from 2018 to 2021. During this period, the influence of global processes on the dynamics of the production indicators and sale of goods in the pharmaceutical market, the impact of the COVID pandemic is assessed and its consequences, as well as the beginning of a full-scale war of the RF against Ukraine.&#x0D; A retrospective study about the development of the main players of the pharmaceutical market in Ukraine at all levels of the medical products-representatives movement: from production to distribution of products by distributors, taking into account the national and foreign affiliation of a specific counterparty. The level of market monopolization was evaluated according to the Lind and Herfindahl-Hirschman indices, which are the most common methods among scientists for identifying the level of market concentration. It is illustrated that newly created and small enterprises of the pharmaceutical market, which constitute a competitive environment in the industry, deserve special attention. According to the results of the analysis, enterprises with an extremely high level of market concentration for manufacturers and distributors were also identified: “Farmak” and “Darnytsia” and “Optima-Pharm LTD” and “BaDM”, respectively.&#x0D; Among the manufacturers, a comparative analysis of structures in dynamics using the coefficient of structural shifts was additionally applied - to generalize the intensity of changes for 2021 and 2022. In the structure of distributors, particular attention is also paid to the enterprise «Venta LTD», which closes the top three enterprises in the farm industry, but has a risk of nationalization due to the share of Russian capital in the total assets of the enterprise, which gives time to other suppliers to occupy places on the trade niches, forming an oligopoly on market. As a result, specific decisions regarding state regularization as a way to solve the problem of pharmaceutical market monopolization by some of its representatives, related to the main principles of ensuring a competitive environment: transparency, control, support and protection of enterprises, are given to the conducted analysis. The specified information constitutes a promising direction of research – cooperative relations between manufacturers and distributors for the establishment of a logistics chain in today’s conditions.

Monopsony power in the United States: Evidence from the great depression

This paper presents evidence that firms had labor market power during the early 1930s. Using plant-level data from the Census of Manufactures between 1929 and 1935, I construct a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of local labor market concentration at the State-Economic-Area-by-industry-by-occupation level. I find that local labor market concentration has a negative relationship with wages which is consistent with labor market monopsony power. The results are robust to excluding local labor markets with one firm, excluding industries with local product markets, as well as the inclusion of industry characteristic, SEA, and occupational time trends. I find evidence that New Deal minimum wage policies weakened monopsony power. I also find suggestive evidence that high unemployment rates during 1930 reduced workers’ bargaining power.