Sudden Hearing Loss Research Articles

Association of recurrent A1090E variant of OTOFERLIN (OTOF) gene with non-syndromic hereditary sensorineural hearing loss in Pakistani population

Association of recurrent A1090E variant of OTOFERLIN (OTOF) gene with non-syndromic hereditary sensorineural hearing loss in Pakistani population

Treatments for Idiopathic Sudden Hearing Loss: Literature Review

Idiopathic sudden hearing loss is characterized by an acute onset of hypoacusis, usually unilateral, occurring in less than 72 hours and with a loss equal to or greater than 30 decibels (dB) in at least three consecutive audiometric frequencies. In 71% of cases, the etiology is idiopathic. The symptoms are unpleasant and limiting, so a proper therapeutic plan is needed to minimize the impact on patients' lives. The purpose of this study is to describe treatment modalities, characterize the action mechanism, describe the efficacy and identify the risks of the therapeutic modalities. This is a study of narrative literature review; the articles were taken from Pubmed, Scielo, National Library of Medicine and Google Scholar databases. 35 articles from 1995 to 2023 were analyzed. In the studies, it was reported that treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss is controversial due to the different etiological and pathophysiological theories, being based on: systemic corticosteroid therapy, intratympanic corticosteroid therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, antivirals and vasoactive or vasodilating substances. It is concluded that, although there is little high-quality evidence to prove the superiority of any treatment, those with the best risk-benefit ratio should be used. Systemic corticosteroid therapy may be used, associated or not with intratympanic corticosteroid therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy according to availability. Antivirals and vasodilators may be disregarded.

Congenital Deafness and Deaf-Mutism: A Historical Perspective.

Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit and one of the most common congenital abnormalities. The estimated prevalence of moderate and severe hearing loss in a normal newborn is 0.1-0.3%, while the prevalence is 2-4% in newborns admitted to the newborn intensive care unit. Therefore, early detection and prompt treatment are of utmost importance in preventing the unwanted sequel of hearing loss on normal language development. The problem of congenital deafness is today addressed on the one hand with hearing screening at birth, on the other with the early (at around 3 months of age) application of hearing aids or, in case of lack of benefit, by the cochlear implant. Molecular genetics, antibody tests for some viruses, and diagnostic imaging have largely contributed to an effective etiological classification. A correct diagnosis and timely fitting of hearing aids or cochlear implants is useful for deaf children. The association between congenital deafness and "mutism", with all the consequences on/the consideration that deaf mutes have had since ancient times, not only from a social point of view but also from a legislative point of view, continued until the end of the nineteenth century, with the development on one side of new methods for the rehabilitation of language and on the other of sign language. But we need to get to the last decades of the last century to have, on the one hand, the diffusion of "universal newborn hearing screening", the discovery of the genetic causes of over half of congenital deafness, and on the other hand the cochlear implants that have allowed thousands of children born deaf the development of normal speech. Below, we will analyze the evolution of the problem between deafness and deaf-mutism over the centuries, with particular attention to the nineteenth century.

Atypical eclampsia at primary health care in a remote area: A case report

BACKGROUND Eclampsia is a generalized tonic-clonic seizure induced by pregnancy. It contributes to a high rate of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Eclampsia is characterised by classic signs such as elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and seizures. However, it may occur in the absence of hypertension and/or proteinuria. The uncommon appearance of eclampsia makes it difficult to immediately assess and treat it. In addition, the occurrence of this case in a remote area makes it more challenging to handle. The objective of this case report is to increase awareness of uncommon manifestations of eclampsia, particularly in limited-resource settings. CASE SUMMARY A young primigravida experienced a generalised seizure without hypertension and/or proteinuria. Sudden hearing loss, blurred vision, and vomiting were complained about before the seizure attack. The patient was diagnosed with eclampsia. A loading dose of magnesium sulphate was administered immediately. The patient was referred from community healthcare to a hospital and discharged without any complications. CONCLUSION Atypical eclampsia may be a diagnostic challenge. However, other symptoms may be beneficial, such as awareness of eclampsia signs.

Exploring the Heterogeneity of Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss: A Comprehensive Review of Implicated Genes and the Role of Whole Exome Sequencing

Background: Hereditary hearing loss (HHL) accounts for approximately 50-60% of all hearing loss (HL) cases, highlighting the significant role genetics play in this condition. HHL can be mostly classified into two main forms: syndromic and non-syndromic. Of these, non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is the most prevalent, contributing to over 70% of HHL cases. The hearing process involves a complex interplay of various components inside the ear, working together to convert sound waves into comprehensible signals for the brain. Non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is known for its extraordinary diversity and complexity, influenced by a vast array of genes, with more than 120 identified thus far. These genes can be categorized into distinct functional groups, encompassing cochlear ion homeostasis, hair bundle development and cell adhesion, synaptic transmission, transcriptional regulation, and mitochondrial function. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has been instrumental in unraveling the genetic underpinnings of NSHL. Among NGS techniques, whole exome sequencing (WES) appeared as a revolutionary advancement, outperforming other approaches like targeted panel sequencing and whole-genome sequencing in terms of cost-effectiveness and efficiency. WES not only aids in deciphering the genetic basis of hearing loss but also offers the potential to revolutionize patient care and diagnosis. It paves the way for a new era for precision medicine in the realm of hearing loss, promising more accurate and tailored treatments for affected individuals. This transformative approach is poised to bring about substantial advancements in our understanding of hereditary hearing loss and its clinical management.

High-Dose Glucocorticoids for the Treatment of Sudden Hearing Loss

BackgroundSystemic glucocorticoids are commonly used for primary therapy of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). However, the comparative effectiveness and risk profiles of high-dose over lower-dose regimens remain unknown.MethodsWe randomly assigned patients with sudden hearing loss of greater than or equal to 50 dB within 7 days from onset to receive either 5 days of high-dose intravenous prednisolone at 250 mg/d (HD-Pred), 5 days of high-dose oral dexamethasone at 40 mg/d (HD-Dex), or, as a control, 5 days of oral prednisolone (Pred-Control) at 60 mg/d followed by 5 days of tapering doses. The primary outcome was the change in hearing threshold (pure tone average) in the three most affected contiguous frequencies from baseline to day 30. Secondary outcomes included speech understanding, tinnitus, communication competence, quality of life, hypertension, and insulin resistance.ResultsA total of 325 patients were randomly assigned. Mean change in 3PTAmost affected hearing threshold from baseline to 30 days was 34.2 dB (95% CI, 28.4 to 40.0) in the HD-Pred group, 41.4 dB (95% CI, 35.6 to 47.2) in the HD-Dex group, and 41.0 dB (95% CI, 35.2 to 46.8) in the Pred-Control group (P=0.09 for analysis of variance). There were more adverse events related to trial medication in the HD-Pred (n=73) and HD-Dex (n=76) groups than in the Pred-Control group (n=46).ConclusionsSystemic high-dose glucocorticoid therapy was not superior to a lower-dose regimen in patients with ISSNHL, and it was associated with a higher risk of side effects. (Funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research [BMBF]; EudraCT number, 2015‐002602‐36.)

A Case of Labyrinthitis Occuring in Undiagnosed Congenital Nystagmus

If direction-changing gaze-evoked nystagmus accompanies sudden hearing loss, central lesions should be considered as the cause. A 33-year-old female presented at our hospital with sudden hearing loss and dizziness. A series of vestibular function tests confirmed a visual fixation disorder with central causes; however, no specific findings were found on brain MRI. Subsequent smooth pursuit and optokinetic nystagmus tests confirmed bidirectional saccadic pursuit and reversed optokinetic nystagmus, suggesting congenital nystagmus. A history of abnormal eye tremors was rechecked, and labyrinthitis occurring in undiagnosed congenital nystagmus was diagnosed. The diagnosis can be challenging when vestibulocochlear disease occurs in patients with undiagnosed congenital nystagmus. In the absence of specific findings on MRI, vestibular function tests, including the optokinetic nystagmus and smooth pursuit tests, should be conducted. In particular, it is crucial to investigate the history of abnormal eye tremors.

Electrophysiological study of visual processing in children with cochlear implants

Electrophysiological studies of congenitally deaf children and adults have reported atypical visual evoked potentials (VEPs) which have been associated with both behavioral enhancements of visual attention as well as poorer performance and outcomes in tests of spoken language speech processing. This pattern has often been interpreted as a maladaptive consequence of early auditory deprivation, whereby a remapping of auditory cortex by the visual system ultimately reduces resources necessary for optimal rehabilitative outcomes of spoken language acquisition and use. Making use of a novel electrophysiological paradigm, we compare VEPs in children with severe to profound congenital deafness who received a cochlear implant(s) prior to 31 months (n = 28) and typically developing age matched controls (n = 28). We observe amplitude enhancements and in some cases latency differences in occipitally expressed P1 and N1 VEP components in CI-using children as well as an early frontal negativity, N1a. We relate these findings to developmental factors such as chronological age and spoken language understanding. We further evaluate whether VEPs are additionally modulated by auditory stimulation. Collectively, these data provide a means to examine the extent to which atypical VEPs are consistent with prior accounts of maladaptive cross-modal plasticity. Our results support a view that VEP changes reflect alterations to visual-sensory attention and saliency mechanisms rather than a re-mapping of auditory cortex. The present data suggests that early auditory deprivation may have temporally prolonged effects on visual system processing even after activation and use of cochlear implant.

Comparison of Children’s Communication Checklist Between Deaf and Hard of Hearing, and Hearing Adolescents

Background and Objectives: The present research compared pragmatic abilities between deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH), and hearing adolescents using the children’s communication checklist (CCC). Methods: In this study, 16 hearing adolescents aged 11–16 and 16 deaf and DHH adolescents with similar chronological ages participated. The CCC was completed with parents of DHH and hearing adolescents. Results: The study’s results revealed that DHH and hearing adolescents had a significant difference in pragmatic composite scores (PCS) and the score of all CCC subscales. The results showed that in all subscales of the CCC, DHH adolescents received lower scores from their parents than hearing adolescents. The inappropriate initiation and stereotyped language subscales of the CCC had the highest correlation rates. Also, the pragmatic composite score showed the highest correlation with the stereotyped language subscale. Conclusion: DHH adolescents showed weaker performance in pragmatic skills than hearing adolescents.

Unbound Bilirubin and Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy in Infants Born Late Preterm and Term with Significant Hyperbilirubinemia

To compare the association of unbound bilirubin (UB), total serum bilirubin (TSB), and bilirubin:albumin molar ratio (BAMR) with acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE), as assessed by bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) score, in infants with significant hyperbilirubinemia (TSB ≥20mg/dL or underwent exchange transfusion). In this prospective cohort study, infants ≥34weeks of gestational age with significant hyperbilirubinemia during the first 2 postnatal weeks were eligible, unless they had craniofacial malformations, chromosomal disorders, TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex) infections, surgery, or a family history of congenital deafness. TSB, serum albumin, and UB were measured at hospital admission using the colorimetric, bromocresol green, and modified peroxidase method, respectively. Infants were evaluated on admission for ABE using a standardized neurologic examination and assigned a BIND score by trained physicians. Infants with a total BIND score of 0 were deemed to not have ABE, whereas those with a score ≥1 were deemed to have ABE. A total of 151 infants were studied, among whom 37 (24.5%) had ABE. Of these, 19 had mild ABE (BIND score 1-3) and 18 had moderate-to-severe ABE (BIND score 4-9). On logistic regression, UB, but not TSB or BAMR, was associated with ABE (aOR 1.64; 95% CI 1.17-2.3). On ordered logistic regression, UB, but not TSB or BAMR, was associated with severity of ABE (aOR 1.76; 95% CI 1.28-2.4). Our findings of the association between UB and ABE indicate that BIND scoring may be useful for evaluation of ABE in infants ≥34weeksof gestational age.

Plasma Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Levels Were Not Correlated with the Severity of Age-Related Hearing Impairment in Humans.

The relationship between plasma glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) has not been reported in humans. By cross-sectional design, 268 subjects older than 33, with normal cognitive function and normal or symmetric sensorineural hearing loss, were selected randomly. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to test the impact of the plasma GDNF or IGF-1 level on the pure tone threshold of low frequencies (PTA-low) and high frequencies (PTA-high), respectively. Results showed that plasma GDNF and IGF-1 levels decreased with age without statistical significance. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that GDNF or IGF-1 levels were not significantly correlated with PTA-low or PTA-high after adjusting age, gender, body mass index, systemic diseases, habits, and noise exposure. In conclusion, plasma GDNF or IGF-1 levels were not associated with the severity of ARHI in humans. However, these findings did not support the roles of GDNF or IGF-1 genotypes on hearing.

Vertigo s náhlou ztrátou sluchu a očním postižením – Coganův syndrom

Summary Cogan’s syndrome is a rare systemic autoimmune vasculitis affecting mostly young adults. This case report describes a young female patient with typical symptoms of interstitial keratitis and vertigo with sudden sensorineural hearing loss resembling Ménièr’s disease. The role of otoneurological and audiometry examinations is discussed in relationship with the course of systemic treatment in cooperation with a rheumatologist. The aim of this article is to raise awareness of Cogan’s syndrome in order to include it to the differential diagnosis of paroxysmal vertigo with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Key words Cogan‘s syndrome – autoimmune disease – sudden hearing loss – vestibular impairment – keratitis

Impact of noise to the environment in Republic of Srpska

Harmful effect of noise to the human health are various, begining from psihological to the irreversible damage of hearing. In order to prevent negative impact to the living and working environment, especially at the urban and industrial places where noise influence is the largest, at the specific location noise estimation must be performed before sources are build. Action of protection as well as reduction of the noise based on law and technical regulations, followed by detailed investigation are mostly applied in Banja Luka, the largest city of Republic of Srpska with huge dense of population and intensive traffic jam. Beside traffic noise, which has strongest effect to the human health, theoretical predictions are also performed for directional speakers, mostly temporary active in urban location during cultural manifestation. Theoretically obtained results from simulations are projected to the map of noise, where are further defined borders between places with enlarged noise in comparatione with referent levels, given by international standards but in agreement with national legislative. Review of data and their analysis in order to determine degree of the environment contamination in the Republic of Srpska with noise is the primary goal of this study. The measurement methods and theoretical assessment tools used for detection and prediction of these physical pollutants, which tend to grow permanently due to lifestyle, are also presented.

Considerations for Best Practice when Conducting Qualitative Research with Deaf and Hard of Hearing (D/HH) Participants

A review of existing research with deaf or hard of hearing students reveals a focus on academic and social outcomes utilizing predominantly quantitative methods of research. Quantitative research typically generates numerical data and the measurement of discrete variables, whereas qualitative research allows researchers to delve deeper into what cannot easily be put into numbers: lived experiences, meaning, and context. To gain a nuanced understanding of the experiences and perspectives of students who are deaf, more qualitative research is needed. Qualitative research on deaf students’ perspectives has the potential to contribute to the development of beneficial practices that will support students. This article describes considerations and best practices when conducting qualitative research with deaf participants, followed by an example of how such practices were applied in a research study on deaf students’ lived experiences of inclusion. Keywords: Qualitative research; Deaf participants; hard of hearing participants; best practices; participants’ perspectives Un examen des recherches existantes sur les élèves sourds ou malentendants révèle que l'accent est mis sur les résultats scolaires et sociaux en utilisant principalement des méthodes de recherche quantitatives. La recherche quantitative génère généralement des données numériques et la mesure de variables discrètes, alors que la recherche qualitative permet aux chercheurs d'approfondir ce qui n'est pas facilement quantifiable : les expériences vécues, la signification et le contexte. Pour parvenir à une compréhension nuancée des expériences et des perspectives des élèves sourds, il est nécessaire de mener davantage de recherches qualitatives. La recherche qualitative sur les perspectives des élèves sourds a le potentiel de contribuer au développement de pratiques bénéfiques qui soutiendront les élèves. Cet article décrit les considérations et les meilleures pratiques pour mener une recherche qualitative avec des participants sourds, suivi d'un exemple de la façon dont ces pratiques ont été appliquées dans une étude de recherche sur les expériences vécues par les élèves sourds en matière d'inclusion. Mots clés : recherche qualitative ; participants sourds ; participants malentendants ; meilleures pratiques ; perspectives des participants

A cost-effectiveness analysis of pre-pregnancy genetic screening for deafness: an empirical study in China.

This research aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pre-pregnancy deafness screening policies. Married couples from Shanghai, Beijing, and Suzhou in China were enrolled. We conducted high-throughput, pre-pregnancy genetic screenings for deafness in women and their partners. We compared the cost-effectiveness of deafness genetic screening with the status quo. The two-step screening (wife then partner) and following treatments and interventions were included in the decision tree model. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the decrease in deaf newborns, healthy newborn births, and cost-utility analysis of pre-pregnancy deafness genetic screening separately. Cost, utility, and probability data used in the three models were collected from a survey combined with literature and expert consultants. A 5% discount rate and a series of one-way sensitivity analyses along with a Monte Carlo simulation were used to test the reliability of this research. Between Jan 1, 2019, and Dec 31, 2021, we recruited 6,200 females and 540 male spouses from community health service centers in Shanghai, Beijing, and Suzhou. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for reducing deaf newborn births was USD 32,656 per case and USD 1,203,926 per case for increasing one healthy newborn birth. This gap exists because of the overall decrease of newborn births. From the perspective of the whole society, deafness genetic screening is not cost-effective for reducing the overall quality-adjusted life years (QALY) in the population. Pre-pregnancy genetic testing is effective in decreasing the occurrence of congenital deafness. It is a cost-saving measure when compared with the costs of future medical expenditure and income loss for the affected families. However, such screening and preventive avoidance of pregnancy will decrease the population size and QALY. Only post-screening ART with PGT was shown to increase the birth of healthy newborns. Focusing on key groups such as premature births or consanguineous couples may improve the societal effects of screening.

Next‐generation sequencing for genetic testing of hearing loss populations

Background and aimsHearing loss is a common sensorineural disease with genetic heterogeneity. More than 140 genes are known to cause hereditary hearing loss. We aim to uncover the etiologies of hearing loss and provide patients with reasonable reproductive choices. Materials and methodsTotal 825 participants were recruited, including 74 individuals, 47 couples, and 219 families, to identify the molecular etiologies of hearing loss using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Novel mutations were verified with a minigene splicing assay and the construction of three-dimensional protein models. ResultsA positive molecular diagnosis was obtained for 244 patients, a rate of 63.05 %. Total 470 mutations were identified in 18 causative genes in positive patients. The most common genes mutated were GJB2 and SLC26A4. 47 novel mutations were identified. Further analysis predicted that two splicing mutations would cause abnormal mRNA splicing and three missense mutations would affect the protein structure. The results of prenatal diagnosis showed that the genotypes of 15 fetuses were the same as the probands. ConclusionOur findings expand the mutation spectrum of hearing loss and highlight the importance of genetic diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis to allow accurate and personalized guidance for those at high risk of deafness.

Knowledge and perception on expanded newborn screening in Sri Lanka among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Teaching Hospital Mahamodara

Introduction: Unlike in developed countries, there is no established expanded newborn screening (eNBS) in resource-limited settings. In Sri Lanka, the Ministry of Health has adopted screening only for congenital hypothyroidism, critical congenital heart diseases and congenital deafness as a policy in all newborns. Hence, there is a requirement to assess the need for eNBS in Sri Lanka. This requires epidemiological studies of the inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) before investment to ensure costeffectiveness of the programme and reflections on acceptance by beneficiaries.Objectives: To evaluate the pregnant women's knowledge, attitudes and willingness towards eNBS.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Mahamodara Maternity Hospital antenatal clinics, Galle, Southern Province, Sri Lanka. A convenient sample was obtained from the antenatal clinics. A pre-tested intervieweradministered questionnaire was used to assess basic socio-demographic details, knowledge and perception of eNBSResults: A total of 602 pregnant women took part in the study. The mean age was 29±5.7 years; 67% were in the 25-40-year age group; 37.2% were primigravida and 60% were in the third trimester. More than 50% of the study participants knew about the heel prick test done at birth. However, only 34.8% and 28% were aware of the screening for congenital hypothyroidism and congenital heart disease, respectively; 93.6% of mothers had not heard of the term IMD, and only seven were aware of the term eNBS. Nevertheless, more than 80% of participants were willing to screen their babies at birth for underlying IMDs, even if it is available on payment, as the current programme was free of charge to the family. Similarly, 96.2% were willing to screen their babies for incurable diseases.Conclusions: Though most women were aware of the heel prick test done at birth, only a suboptimal proportion of them was aware of the disease/s checked using the test. In addition, there was poor knowledge about the IMDs and eNBS. However, there were positive attitudes towards eNBS.

Gene Therapy for Inherited Hearing Loss: Updates and Remaining Challenges.

Hearing loss stands as the most prevalent sensory deficit among humans, posing a significant global health challenge. Projections indicate that by 2050, approximately 10% of the world's population will grapple with disabling hearing impairment. While approximately half of congenital hearing loss cases have a genetic etiology, traditional interventions such as hearing aids and cochlear implants do not completely restore normal hearing. The absence of biological treatment has prompted significant efforts in recent years, with a strong focus on gene therapy to address hereditary hearing loss. Although several studies have exhibited promising recovery from common forms of genetic deafness in mouse models, existing challenges must be overcome to make gene therapy applicable in the near future. Herein, we summarize the primary gene therapy strategies employed over past years, provide an overview of the recent achievements in preclinical studies for genetic hearing loss, and outline the current key obstacles to cochlear gene therapy.

Cerebellopontine angle tumor presenting as acute audiovestibular syndrome

Background Acute audiovestibular deficits may be a harbinger of vestibular schwannoma (VS). Objective To investigate clinical and laboratory features of 25 consecutive patients with VS presenting with acute audiovestibular deficits. Methods A symptomatic combination of acute audiovestibular deficits was investigated. Audiometric and vestibular function tests, and internal auditory canal magnetic resonance imaging (IAC MRI) results were evaluated. Results Varying combinations of symptoms may develop in VS patients with acute audiovestibular deficits, of whom sudden hearing loss (HL) without acute vertigo or acute facial nerve palsy (FNP) was most common. The most common audiometric configuration was high-tone hearing loss, and no patient showed low-tone hearing loss. IAC MRI demonstrated that the tumor had an intracanalicular portion and attachment to the bony IAC wall in all patients and widened the IAC wall in some patients. Conclusion Different symptomatic combinations of acute audiovestibular deficits may develop in patients with VS. Awareness about the possibility of VS as a cause of sudden HL, acute vertigo, and acute FNP, as well as subsequent IAC MRI scanning is vital to earlier diagnosis of VS in these patients.

Pregnant Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Treatments and Efficacy.

The aim of this study was to study the safety and effectiveness of oral and tympanic hormone injection in the treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss during pregnancy. Data were collected via prospective method. A total of 102 pregnant women with sensorineural hearing loss as experimental group and another 102 patients of sensorineural hearing loss without pregnancy as control group were simultaneously included in the study. Pure tone audiometry test was examined at pre- and posttreatment in 1 week, 2 weeks, and 12 weeks. The experimental group received oral and tympanic hormones, while the control group was treated with the Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (2019) of USA. Recovery rate and hearing gain were assessed by the Clinical Practice Guidelines. After treatment, the effects of the experimental group and the control group were compared at the 1st, 2nd, and 12th week after treatment. It was found that at the 12th week after treatment, the curative effect of the experimental group was significantly different from that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. The pregnant women with sensorineural hearing loss were more serious than nonpregnant women, and the treatment efficacies were worse than control group. For pregnancy patients with sudden deafness, oral steroids and tympanic cavity injection is an effective, safe first-line treatment options.