Herd Effect Research Articles

Improving Convenience or Saving Face? An Empirical Analysis of the Use of Facial Recognition Payment Technology in Retail

Facial recognition payment technology (FR) has the potential to disrupt the offline retailing industry by automating the payment process. However, some firms that adopted FR payment technology have experienced only moderate success, and many customers have expressed frustration using FR payment technology. By utilizing data sets from three retail chains, we find that customers are less likely to use FR payment technology during self-checkouts when more customers are in line behind them, waiting and watching (the social presence effect), and when more preceding customers use the other payment technology (the herding effect). These findings imply that (1) the design of FR technology can be improved to alleviate the social presence effect (such as adding a privacy screen filter or beautify the appearance of the consumer’s image), and (2) monetary incentives may be used to attract more users by leveraging the herding effect.

Heritability and environmental influence on pre-weaning traits in Kilis goats

Birth and weaning weights, average daily weight gain, and Kleiber ratio are important indicator traits in selection decision. The phenotypic expression of these traits is determined by the genetic background, environmental effects, and their interactions. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters regarding birth (BW) and weaning weights (WW) and average daily weight gain (ADWG), Kleiber ratio (KR), and obtain the effects of sex, birth type, herd, and year. The data consisted of 2274 Kilis goats with pedigree information obtained from 53 bucks and 774 does in 4 generations. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure was conducted with an animal linear mixed model. Sex, birth type, herd, and year were found to be statistically significant (p value < 0.001) for all traits. Moderate direct heritabilities (ha2) for BW, WW, ADW, and KR were found to be as 0.18 ± 0.03, 0.50 ± 0.04, 0.47 ± 0.04, and 0.37 ± 0.05, respectively. The proportion of maternal permanent environmental effect (c2) to the total phenotypic variance (σ2p) was estimated as 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.12 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.02, and 0.18 ± 0.03 for BW, WW, ADWG, and KR, respectively. The genetic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations between the pre-weaning growth traits were found to be ranging from - 0.02 to 0.99. Thus, our study suggests moderate heritabilities and positive and relatively high genetic correlations among the observed pre-weaning growth traits. These results have implications in terms of providing rapid genetic progress for these traits in breeding programs of Kilis goats.

How Does Trust Influence Farmers’ Low-Carbon Agricultural Technology Adoption? Evidence from Rural Southwest, China

Carbon emission reduction in agriculture is an important link to achieving green agricultural development and a rural ecological environment, and Low-Carbon Agricultural Technology (LCAT) of farmers is an important means to achieve carbon emission reduction in agriculture. Based on data obtained from a survey of 540 farmers in Sichuan province in 2021, the Tobit model was used to empirically analyze the effect of trust on farmers’ LCAT adoption. The results show that (1) the trust level of farmers is high and the order is special trust &gt; institutional trust &gt; general trust. At the same time, the intensity of adoption of LCAT by farmers is not high, and the average number of LCAT adopted by each family is 1.13. Among them, straw-returning technology was adopted to a high degree, with 54.63% of farmers using it. (2) Farmers’ trust significantly enhances farmers’ LCAT adoption behavior, and the magnitude of the effect is characterized by specific trust &gt; general trust &gt; institutional trust chain. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the influence of farmers’ specific trust and institutional trust in plain areas on the intensity of LCAT adoption is stronger than that of farmers in non-plain areas, and the influence of general trust of farmers in non-plain areas on the intensity of LCAT adoption is stronger than that of farmers in plain areas. The impact of specific trust, general trust, and institutional trust on LCAT adoption was stronger for the new generation of farmers than for the older generation of farmers. (4) Herding effect plays a mediating role in special trust, institutional trust, and LCAT adoption. This study can deepen our understanding of the relationship between farmers’ trust and LCAT adoption behavior, and then provide theoretical reference and practical basis for the promotion of LCAT and the improvement of farmers’ LCAT adoption level from the perspective of trust.

The risks of trading on cryptocurrencies: A regime-switching approach based on volatility jumps and co-jumping behaviours

ABSTRACT Previous research has shown volatility jumps and co-jumping behaviours in cryptocurrency markets. Motivated by these findings, we employ the herding effect and financial contagion channel to outline a theoretical framework of volatility-state-dependent correlations in cryptocurrency markets. We show that digital currency markets are more strongly correlated when experiencing an identical volatility regime, which echoes co-jumping behaviours addressed by the literature. Moreover, the strong correlation that occurs when the paired cryptocurrencies simultaneously experience a high volatility regime results in the least effectiveness of diversification in terms of a minimum portfolio risk reduction. Last but not least, the proposed state-dependent approach in this study proves effective at the task of risk forecasting and risk reduction for cryptocurrency portfolios, beyond the bivariate GARCH-based models, which are a pure and simple time-dependent approach.

INVESTORS’ HERDING BEHAVIOUR IN INDIAN STOCK MARKETS DURING COVID 19: A CSSD AND CSAD APPROACH

The World has witnessed one of the most severe crises, a resulting effect of COVID 19 virus. This virus was never seen before in the human history and was declared as Pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th March, 2020. Any crises like situation creates an imbalance in the economy which also gets penetrated in the stock markets of the country. The investors sentiments get weakened due to the negative impact of such incidences on various aspects of economy. Investors tend to exit from the market in such situation and look forward for better investment options or cash liquidity. Nevertheless, investors depict such behaviour in groups and herding tend to be me prevalent during such period of market stress (Bouri et al. 2021). Therefore, the present research tries to explore the herding behaviour of investors in Indian stock market. The study examines the presence of herding possibilities in Nifty 50 stocks of Indian stock market during the phase of Covid 19. The Cross-Sectional Standard Deviation (CSSD) methodology proposed by Christie and Huang (1995) and Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation (CSAD) suggested by Chang et al. (2000) has been applied to detect the herding effect on stock prices of 50 composite stock of Nifty 50 index of Indian Stock Market.

Management-Associated Risk Factors for Heifer Mastitis before and after Parturition in German Dairy Herds.

Subclinical mastitis in heifers during early lactation affects udder health, future milk production and, therefore, the risk of premature culling. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify pre- and post-partum risk factors associated with a high heifer mastitis rate (HMR), and to find out which period (either pre- or post-partum) contains more risk factors and consequently should be the focus of mastitis control in heifers. A total of 77 herds were included in this study and the potential animal- and farm-related risk factors were recorded during a one-time farm visit. The HMR was provided by the dairy herd improvement test (DHI) as the annual average of the past 11 DHIs. For this study, data were analyzed in two models using generalized linear models. Each model examined the association between possible risk factors and HMR, one including only prepartum risk factors and the other one only post-partum risk factors. One identified pre-partum risk factor was the proportion of udder-healthy cows in the herd. Post-partum risk factors were the type of teat cleaning procedure before milking, teat disinfection, treatment of mastitis in heifers, a body condition score (BCS) of >3.0 in fresh heifers, and the combination of a teat cleaning procedure with a teat disinfectant. The results show the importance of the period shortly after calving for udder health in heifers, as four of the five significant risk factors were identified in this period and three of them were related to the milking process. However, further research with a higher number of herds is needed to minimize individual herd effects.

Upper age limits for US male human papillomavirus vaccination for oropharyngeal cancer prevention: a microsimulation-based modeling study.

Human papillomavirus (HVP)-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the most common HPV-associated cancer in the United States. The age at acquisition of oral HPV infections that cause oropharyngeal cancer (causal infections) is unknown; consequently, the benefit of vaccination of US men aged 27-45 years remains uncertain. We developed a microsimulation-based, individual-level, state-transition model of oral HPV16 and HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancer among heterosexual US men aged 15-84 years, calibrated to population-level data. We estimated the benefit of vaccination of men aged 27-45 years for prevention of oropharyngeal cancer, accounting for direct- and indirect effects (ie, herd effects) of male and female vaccination. In the absence of vaccination, most (70%) causal oral HPV16 infections are acquired by age 26 years, and 29% are acquired between ages 27 and 45 years. Among men aged 15-45 years in 2021 (1976-2006 birth cohorts), status quo vaccination of men through age 26 years is estimated to prevent 95% of 153 450 vaccine-preventable cancers. Assuming 100% vaccination in 2021, extending the upper age limit to 30, 35, 40, or 45 years for men aged 27-45 years (1976-1994 cohorts) is estimated to yield small benefits (3.0%, 4.2%, 5.1%, and 5.6% additional cancers prevented, respectively). Importantly, status quo vaccination of men through age 26 years is predicted to result in notable declines in HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancer incidence in young men by 2035 (51% and 24% declines at ages 40-44 years and 45-49 years, respectively) and noticeable declines (12%) overall by 2045. Most causal oral HPV16 infections in US men are acquired by age 26 years, underscoring limited benefit from vaccination of men aged 27-45 years for prevention of HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancers.

Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates among adult and elderly population before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Casablanca, Morocco

BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the trends of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in adult and elderly population in Casablanca (Morocco) before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) by determining the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes and antibiotic resistance profile of isolated strains.MethodThe proposed study is a retrospective laboratory-based surveillance of IPD in hospitalized adult (15–59 years old) and elderly (≥ 60 years old) patients in Ibn Rochd University Hospital Centre from 2007 to 2019 (13 years). All the 250 non-duplicate clinical invasive isolates from adult and elderly patients, confirmed as S. pneumoniae according to the laboratory standard identification procedures, are included in this study.ResultsA significant decrease of the overall incidence in IPD was observed only in adults from 0.71 to 0.54/100000 populations (P = 0.02) and to 0.47/100000 populations (P = 0.0137) in the early and mature post-vaccine period respectively compared to the pre-vaccine period. Our results also showed a significant reduction in the overall prevalence of vaccine serotypes from 28.17 to 6.90% (P = 0.0021) for the PCV-10 serotypes, and from 46.48 to 25.86% (P = 0.0164) for the PCV-13 serotypes only in the mature post-vaccine period (2015–2019). In parallel, the rate of non-vaccine serotypes did not significantly change in the early post-vaccine period (2011–2014) while it increased considerably from 54 to 74.14% (P = 0.0189) during the mature post-vaccine period. The rate of penicillin non-susceptible pneumococcal isolates decreased significantly from 23.94 to 8.77% (P = 0.02) in adult patients, and the rate of cotrimoxazole non-susceptible pneumococcal isolates significantly decreased from 29.58 to 8.77% in the early post-vaccine period (P = 0.003) and to 7.24% in the mature post-vaccine period (P = 0.0007).ConclusionAlthough childhood vaccination has considerably reduced the incidence of IPD in adult population through the herd effect, IPD remain a real public health problem due to the alarming increase in non-vaccine serotypes (NVS) and the lack of herd effect among elderly population. The rate of antibiotic resistance was relatively low. Nevertheless, resistance constitutes a serious problem to the therapeutic arsenal due to the known capacity for genetic dissemination in the pneumococcus.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Routine Use of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the US Pediatric Population.

This study evaluated the clinical and economic impact of routine pediatric vaccination with the 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15, V114) compared with the 13-valent PCV (PCV13) from a societal perspective in the United States (US). A Markov decision-analytic model was constructed to estimate the outcomes for the entire US population over a 100-year time horizon. The model estimated the impact of V114 versus PCV13 on pneumococcal disease (PD) incidence, post meningitis sequalae, and deaths, taking herd immunity effects into account. V114 effectiveness was extrapolated from the observed PCV13 data and PCV7 clinical trials. Costs (2021$) included vaccine acquisition and administration costs, direct medical costs for PD treatment, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs, and were discounted at 3% per year. In the base case, V114 prevented 185,711 additional invasive pneumococcal disease, 987,727 all-cause pneumonia, and 11.2 million pneumococcal acute otitis media cases, compared with PCV13. This led to expected gains of 90,026 life years and 96,056 quality-adjusted life years with a total saving of $10.8 billion. Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results over plausible values of key model inputs and assumptions. The findings suggest that V114 is a cost-saving option compared to PCV13 in the routine pediatric vaccination program.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BIRTH WEIGHT OF CALVES IN NILI RAVI BUFFALOES AT BRI PATTOKI, PUNJAB

This study was made to determine the effects of herd, year, season, lactation number and sex on calf’s birth weight in Nili Ravi Buffalo. The data from 1975-2017 was taken in 15525 edited observations of 6932 buffaloes from six institutional herds. The year was divided into four seasons viz (December to February, March to May, June to August and September to November) to evaluate the real effects of herd x year and season. To analyze the data SPSS version 19, statistical package was used. The mean ± S.E of birth weight was calculated as 35.18±.018Kg. The mean of birth weight of male and female calf were as 35.82 ± 0.19Kg and 34.53 ± 0.18Kg, affected by herd-yearseason, sex and lactation number (P&lt;0.01) while the effect of gestation period and age of dam wasnon-significant. The sex ratio between male and female was 51.25 and 48.74 respectively. It was observed that calf’s birth weight had significant effect on milk production.

Investigating self-efficacy and behavioural bias on investment decisions

The determinants of irrational decisions on the stock market are found in numerous empirical studies. However, self-efficacy and behavioural biases have a sturdy influence on stock market investment decisions. Behavioural biases are formed with heuristics, prospect theory and herding effect concerning stock market investments. Self-efficacy is independent of behavioural biases but is closely connected with controlling behavioural intentions in decision-making. The research was conducted to find the influence of self-efficacy and behavioural biases in the decision of stock market investment. The study was conducted with 250 individual investors and applied the SEM technique. Findings indicated that heuristics had a positive relationship with behavioural biases, but behavioural biases reported a negative relationship with the herding effect and prospect theory. Heuristics were mostly developed on the intrinsic strength of individual investors; therefore, investors believe heuristics will be a better decision-making tool than prospect theory or the herding effect. Prospect theory is shaped and influenced by regret aversion, loss aversion, self-control and mental accounting. Financial literacy, risk tolerance, and peer support profoundly develop the self-efficacy of investors to make profitable investment decisions. Self-efficacy is formed by risk tolerance, financial literacy and peer support in the stock market investment decision and identified the evidence of individual investors not making rational decisions and facing one or more behavioural biases and self-efficacy factors. The study finds the combined effect of behavioural biases and self-efficacy in stock market investment decisions, which have significant implications among individual investors, particularly in emerging markets.

Spillover Effect of Economic Risks, Globalization and Herding in GCC and Malaysian Islamic Markets during COVID-19

Spillover Effect of Economic Risks, Globalization and Herding in GCC and Malaysian Islamic Markets during COVID-19

Peer effects in financial economics: A literature survey

The paper reviews the growing literature on peer effects in finance from theoretical and empirical viewpoints. In particular, we assess the importance of peer behavior on firms’ financial policies, analyze the channels through which they operate, and gauge their magnitude. We particularly review empirical works on herding and peer effects in two subfields of finance: corporate finance and the financial markets. We also discuss the results of many relevant peer-reviewed academic studies and provide research and policy implications. The main conclusion is that peer effects are important in shaping investor and firm decisions. The most critical problem in the peer effect literature is employing an identification strategy to ensure that results are not driven by endogeneity. The paper also discusses ways to address this identification issue and provides a future research agenda.

Evolution of Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations and Criteria for Decision Making in 5 Western European Countries and the United States.

Pneumococcal vaccine recommendations have become increasingly complex. This study aims to understand how national immunization technical advisory groups (NITAGs) and health technology assessment (HTA) agencies of 5 European countries and the United States formed their pneumococcal vaccine recommendations, by providing reviewed evidence and key drivers for new recommendations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and National Health Authorities Web sites were screened to capture the evolution of pneumococcal recommendations. A narrative review was conducted on NITAGs and HTA bodies' Web sites. Assessments of pneumococcal vaccines published from 2009 to 2022 were included. Thirty-four records were identified including 21 assessments for risk groups, 17 for elderly, and 12 for children. Burden of disease and vaccine characteristics were almost systematically reviewed during assessments. All 6 countries recommended the use of higher-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV; i.e., PCV10 and PCV13) in childhood vaccination programs, given their broader serotype coverage and their comparable profile to PCV7. PCV13 was progressively added to the vaccine schedule (in addition to polysaccharide vaccine) in at least the high-risk group, given the high burden in this population and expected additional benefits of PCV13. For the elderly, unlike the United States, European countries issued negative recommendation for PCV13 routine use because of substantial herd effects from childhood vaccination program making PCV13 likely not cost-effective. This research provides an overview of decision-making processes for higher-valent PCVs recommendations and could be of interest to anticipate the place of next generation of PCVs in the vaccination landscape. By describing evidence-based criteria for decision making, this study emphasizes the framework analysis of NITAGs and HTA bodies when assessing pneumococcal vaccines and demonstrates that variation exists between countries and also according to population evaluated.While the burden of disease and immunogenicity/efficacy data were almost systematically reviewed by national stakeholders, economic assessments were reported to a lesser extent but played a major role in the limited use of PCV13 in the adult population.

羊群效应的智能体和元胞自动机模拟研究

To investigate the mechanism of the movement law of sheep and theoretically support the study on the herd effect, a herd effect model based on the agent and cellular automata technology is built. The law of the herd effect is defined with the use of PyCharm for simulation, based on the characteristics of the flock tending to the top sheep. The flock activity area falls into several two-dimensional cell space structures, and the grid with the cell state of "sheep" in the cell space structure is considered a type of agent. The model assumed that there are five behaviors, including standing, walking slowly, looking for the leader, random and avoiding collisions in four scenarios. A herd effect model is built, the herd behavior is simulated, and the simulation results are compared with the actual herd behavior trajectory. The mean square error between the calculation model and the reality is 1.025. As revealed by the results, the model exhibits effective applicability, so it can better describe the trajectory of real herd behavior and provide theoretical guidance for the study on the herd effect.

Does Farmland Tenancy Improve Household Asset Allocation? Evidence from Rural China

In an agricultural society, the farmland is a major form of national wealth and an increase in farmland holding is a sign of wealth accumulation; whereas in an industrial society, the question of whether a rise in farmland holding also increases the wealth accumulation of farmers with the possible choice of being migrant workers is worth theoretical discussion and empirically testing. This article explores the issue of whether farmland tenancy affects household asset allocation in a rapid industrialization period. Using a sample of China’s rural households with land contract rights, we employed propensity score matching (PSM) with a difference-in-difference (DID) approach to explore and estimate the impact of farmland tenancy on tenant household asset allocation and test the mechanism of farmland tenancy affecting household asset allocation. Four conclusions are drawn from our study. (1) There is a ‘herd effect’ in the household decision-making in participation in the farmland rental market and the tenancy of farmland. (2) Household asset choice behavior is adjusted in response to the farmland tenancy for the tenants, increasing the investment in durable goods assets. (3) There is heterogeneity in the effects on asset allocation between tenant households with different intensities in farmland tenancy, presenting relatively more substantial impacts on the change of asset allocation for tenant households with high intensity in the farmland rental market. The tenancy of farmland with high intensity has not only boosted tenants’ wealth accumulation but has also increased the investment in agricultural assets and risky asset holdings (both incidence and the share of risky financial assets), while the tenancy of farmland with low intensity has not. Tenancy of farmland does not necessarily bring about an increase in the household’s agricultural machinery investment, and only when the area of farmland tenancy reaches a certain scale threshold will households increase their investment in agricultural machinery. (4) The tenancy of farmland has had impact on household asset allocation through a substitution effect instead of an income effect. In general, even though agriculture is not so profitable compared to industry in China, the wealth effect of farmland holding remains significant. This study contributes to the research on household asset allocation from the perspective of farm operation model transition caused by farmland market participation, which helps enhance income and accumulate wealth of rural households in China as well as other developing countries.

Does Herding Matter in the Chinese Stock Markets?

This paper examines the herd behavior in six segmented markets on the Chinese stock markets. Using the OLS, GARCH, Quantile Regression, and State Space Models to examine the daily returns from 2003 to 2018, we find that herd behavior exists widely in all the segmented markets examined in China, particularly in the two B-share markets. The two B-share markets also show stronger (weaker) asymmetric herd effects when market returns are rising (falling) and when trading volumes are higher (lower). Further evidence suggests that the herd effect in China became stronger during the period of the Chinese stock market turbulence. The results can help investors to determine the existence and magnitude of herd effect in the Chinese stock markets, improve stock valuation process, and construct proper investment portfolio.

578. Cost-effectiveness of Infant Vaccination with PCV15 Compared to PCV13 in the United States

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in young children. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been in routine use in children in the United States (US) since 2010. An investigational 15-valent vaccine (PCV15) that protects against two additional serotypes is currently under review by the FDA. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of routine infant vaccination with PCV15 compared with PCV13 from a US societal perspective. Methods A Markov decision-analytic model was developed to estimate the impact of PCV15 vs. PCV13 on pneumococcal disease incidence, post meningitis sequalae, and deaths. The model followed the entire US population over a 100-year time horizon, taking herd immunity effects into account. Each vaccination program comprised 3 primary doses and one booster for the new birth cohorts. Model inputs were obtained from the published literature, online databases, and unpublished data. PCV15 effectiveness was extrapolated from observed PCV13 data and PCV7 clinical trials. Costs (in 2021 USD) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were discounted at 3% per year. Because the price for PCV15 in the pediatric indication is currently unknown, an analysis was conducted to determine the threshold price, which was defined as the maximum price for PCV15 to remain cost-saving. A series of sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of model results. Results The base case results projected that PCV15 prevented 185,711 more invasive pneumococcal disease cases, 987,727 all-cause pneumonia cases and 11,151,473 pneumococcal acute otitis media and tube-replacement cases compared with PCV13. This resulted in an expected gain of 96,056 QALYs and total reduction of $7 billion in direct medical costs (excluding vaccine costs), and $4 billion in direct non-medical and indirect costs in the US population over the 100-year time horizon. The threshold price per dose for PCV15 was $28 higher than PCV13’s price. Sensitivity analyses showed the results to be robust over plausible values of key model inputs and assumptions. Conclusion Infant vaccination with PCV15 is projected to provide both clinical benefits and cost-savings compared with PCV13. Disclosures Min Huang, PhD, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: full-time employee Tianyan Hu, Ph.D., Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: full time employee Jessica Weaver, PhD, MPH, Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: Employee Kwame Owusu-Edusei, Ph.D., Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: full time employee Elamin Elbasha, Ph.D., Merck &amp; Co., Inc.: full time employee.

Herd and animal factors affect the variability of total and differential somatic cell count in bovine milk.

The aim of this study was to quantify some environmental (individual herds, herd productivity, milking system, and season) and animal factors [individual animals, breed, days in milk (DIM) and parity] on the variability of the log-10 transformation of somatic cell count (LSCC) and differential somatic cell count (DSCC) on individual bovine milk. A total of 159,360 test-day records related to milk production and composition were extracted from 12,849 Holstein-Friesian and 9,275 Simmental cows distributed across 223 herds. Herds were classified into high and low productivity, defined according to the average daily milk net energy output (DMEO) yielded by the cows. Data included daily milk yield (DYM; kg/d), milk fat, protein, lactose, SCC, and DSCC, and information on herds (i.e., productivity, milking system). The daily production of total and differential somatic cells in milk was calculated and then log-10 transformed, obtaining DLSCC and DLDSCC, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including the effects of individual herd, animal, repeated measurements intra animal as random, and herd productivity, milking system, season, breed, DIM, parity, DIM × parity, breed × season, DIM × milking system and parity × milking system as fixed factors. Herds with a high DMEO were characterized by a lower content of LSCC and DSCC, and higher DLSCC and DLDSCC, compared to the low DMEO herds. The association between milking system and somatic cell traits suggested that the use of the automatic milking systems would not allow for a rapid intervention on the cow, as evidenced by the higher content of all somatic cell traits compared to the other milking systems. Season was an important source of variation, as evidenced by high LSCC and DSCC content in milk during summer. Breed of cow had a large influence, with Holstein-Friesian having greater LSCC, DSCC, DLSCC, and DLDSCC compared to Simmental. With regard to DIM, the variability of LSCC was mostly related to that of DSCC, showing an increase from calving to the end of lactation, and suggesting the higher occurrence of chronic mastitis in cows toward the end of lactation. All the somatic cell traits increased across number of parities, possibly because older cows may have increased susceptibility to intramammary infections.

The Impact of the Low-Carbon Energy Concept and Green Transition on Corporate Behaviour—A Perspective Based on a Contagion Model

With the globalisation of the economy and the increasing interconnectedness of individuals in the financial markets, companies implementing high energy consumption strategies have become more widespread due to the “herding effect” as they become more closely linked for development. In the context of carbon neutrality, the issue of how to reduce the spread of high energy consumption strategies and the issue surrounding the governance of corporate emissions have become a focus of research. This paper uses the improved SEIJRS infectious disease model to investigate the phenomenon of corporate high energy strategy infection, combined with optimal control theory, to provide a reference for governments and regulators to develop reasonable optimal prevention and control strategies.