Use Of Herbicides Research Articles

Comparative analysis of alfalfa cultivation with and without herbicide use to gain insights into the potential for sustainable system development

Comparative analysis of alfalfa cultivation with and without herbicide use to gain insights into the potential for sustainable system development

EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF SOIL HERBICIDES ON SUNFLOWER CROPS

The selection of the optimal scheme for the protection of sunflower crops is always relevant, since the protection of crops from weeds is very important and has a direct impact on the productivity of the crop. The goal is to determine the effect of soil herbicides on weediness of sunflower crops. Determining the effectiveness of various options for herbicide protection. Applied materials and methods: field experiment, laboratory, analysis, processing and generalization of data. The results of the application of different options of herbicide protection on the yield of sunflower of the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine are presented. It was determined that the experimental plots had a small-year type of weeding and an average degree of weeding. Among chemical protection, the best efficiency was recorded when using the soil herbicide Challenge at the rate of 5 l/ha, the efficiency compared to the control was 86.7%. It is worth noting that the efficiency of the reference herbicide Primekstra TZ Gold at the rate of 4.5 l/ha was 69.7%. The level of destruction of segetal vegetation on other variants of herbicide use ranged from 65.8% to 78.9% 14 days after application. The use of the drug Challenge at the rate of 2.5 l/ha in combination with Prometrex, Racer and Aspect Pro showed average efficiency and ranged from (61.0 to 55.3%). A decrease in the application rate of the drug Challenge - 2.5 l/ha in tank mixtures led to the growth of dicotyledonous weeds. It was established that the highest yield of 3.8 t/ha has the option of using the soil herbicide Challenge with a rate of 5.0 l/ha. In comparison with the control, an increase of 0.6 t/ha is recorded. A significantly lower level of sunflower productivity was obtained with the introduction of tank mixes Prometrex - 1.5 l/ha + Aspect Pro - 2.0 l/ha and Racer - 1.5 l/ha + Aspect Pro - 2.0 l/ha. A promising direction for further research is the study of the impact of herbicide protection on sunflower productivity and the effectiveness of segetal vegetation.

Integrated management of cheat (Bromus secalinus L.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) in Oklahoma grain-only winter wheat

Abstract In Oklahoma, downy brome and cheat are difficult-to-control winter annual grasses. In the past, cheat infested most of the winter wheat hectares harvested in Oklahoma. Biotypes that are cross-resistant to acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides have left growers with minimal management options for conventional and herbicide-tolerant systems. Field trials near Lahoma, Oklahoma, in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 evaluated integrated management of cheat and downy brome using three strategies: planting date (optimal, delayed, and late), cultivar selection (high and low competitiveness), and herbicide choice (no herbicide, sulfosulfuron at 35.2 g ai ha−1 and pyroxsulam at 18.4 g ai ha−1). Visual control, weed species present, wheat biomass at heading, and grain yield data were collected. In 2019–2020, 8 to 9 wk after treatment, visual control increased by 15% with the delayed planting compared with the optimal planting date and 14% with the late planting date. In 2020–2021, similar control (∼99%) was recorded for delayed and late plantings with 23% greater control than the optimal timing. Due to a lack of weed coverage, weed biomass in 2019–2020 had no response to planting date, cultivar, or herbicide treatment. Downy brome biomass during 2020–2021 was approximately 90% lower with delayed to late planting dates than the optimal planting date. In the same year, downy brome and cheat biomass were low (≤0.4 and 0.2 g m−2) and 98% less after an herbicide application than a nontreated area. Wheat grain yield at the optimal planting date was greater than yields from delayed and late plantings in 2019–2020. A delay in planting from the optimal date to delayed or late timings decreased wheat yield by 14% and 21%, respectively. In 2020–2021, wheat yield from the late planting was reduced by 57% compared with the optimal planting yield. Delaying the planting date and the use of a common herbicide can suppress cheat and downy brome, but a decline in wheat yield may occur.

Testing Simarouba amara’s therapeutic effects against weedicide-induced tumor-like morphology in planarians

According to the World Health Organization, cancer is a leading cause of death globally. The disease’s prevalence is rapidly increasing in association with factors including the increased use of pesticides and herbicides, such as glyphosate, which is one of the most widely used herbicide ingredients. Although chemotherapy is currently the most common option for treatment, its high cost and rates of side effects make it less accessible to economically disadvantaged patients. Natural antioxidants and phytochemicals are being tested as anti-cancer agents due to their antiproliferative, antioxidative, and pro-apoptotic properties. Simarouba amara is one such plant and contains several alkaloid derivatives known to inhibit cancerous growth. Thus, we aimed to investigate the potential role of S. amara extract as a therapeutic agent against glyphosate-induced toxicity and tumor-like morphologies in regenerating and homeostatic planaria (Dugesia dorotocephala). We hypothesized that S. amara would reduce and prevent tumor-like lesions and toxicity in planarians exposed to glyphosate. We conducted several assays to determine the efficacy of Simarouba extract in reducing tumor-like lesions and morphological changes, increasing survival rate, mitigating blastema reduction, and maintaining locomotive velocity in glyphosate-exposed planarians. In three sets of trials, planarians treated with S. amara extract after glyphosate-induced toxicity showed higher negative phototaxicity compared to those treated with spring water after glyphosate exposure. S. amara also significantly increased the survival rate, subdued tumor-like lesions, and mitigated blastema reduction in glyphosate-exposed planarians compared to those treated with spring water. The results show that S. amara extract possesses therapeutic effects against weedicide-induced toxicity.

EPSPS gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth in Connecticut

Abstract A Palmer amaranth biotype (CT-Res) with resistance to glyphosate was recently confirmed in a pumpkin field in Connecticut. However, the underlying mechanisms conferring glyphosate resistance in this biotype is not known. The main objectives of this research were 1) to determine the effect of plant height (10, 20, and 30 cm) on glyphosate resistance levels in CT-Res Palmer amaranth biotype, and 2) to investigate whether the target site–based mechanisms confer glyphosate resistance. To achieve these objectives, progeny seeds of the CT-Res biotype after two generations of recurrent selection with glyphosate (6,720 g ae ha−1) were used. Similarly, known glyphosate-susceptible Palmer amaranth biotypes from Kansas (KS-Sus) and Alabama (AL-Sus) were included. Results from greenhouse dose-response studies revealed that CT-Res Palmer amaranth biotype had 69-, 64-, and 54-fold resistance to glyphosate as compared with the KS-Sus biotype when treated at heights of 10, 20, and 30 cm, respectively. Sequence analysis of the EPSPS gene revealed no point mutations at the Pro106 and Thr102 residues in the CT-Res Palmer amaranth biotype. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the CT-Res biotype had 33 to 111 relative copies of the EPSPS gene compared with the AL-Sus biotype. All these results suggest that the EPSPS gene amplification endows a high level of glyphosate resistance in the GR Palmer amaranth biotype from Connecticut. Because of the lack of control with glyphosate, growers should adopt the use of effective alternative preemergence and postemergence herbicides in conjunction with other cultural and mechanical tactics to mitigate the further spread of GR Palmer amaranth in Connecticut.

Application of soil herbicides in gardening to improve fruit production.

The study considered the use of soil herbicides: Begin Turbo, KS; Dual Gold, KE; Euro-Lighting, VRK; Command, KE; Pivot, VK; Proponite, KE; Zenkor Ultra, KS and partially soil action: Demetra, KE, and Dialen Super, KS. We conducted a comparative assessment of the biological effectiveness of the studied herbicides against the main species of weeds present in the experimental plots, annual and perennial dicotyledonous, annual cereal weeds. The effect of soil herbicide treatments on the physiological state of plants of apple, pear, walnut, and black currant was studied. The effect of the use of the studied drugs on the yield of protected crops for three years was evaluated. The tests proved the applicability of soil herbicides in nursery, production gardens, as well as on seedlings with a closed root system. The tested products, despite the principle of their action - penetration into weeds through the soil, did not harm the protected crops, no negative effect on the growth of trees and shrubs was recorded. The study revealed no evidence that drugs had a negative impact on fruit and berry crop productivity. There are suggestions for improving the efficacy of using soil herbicides when planting fruit and berry crops.

INIBIDORES DO FOTOSSISTEMA II: UMA PERSPECTIVA ALELOQUÍMICA

PHOTOSYSTHEM II INHIBITORS: AN ALLELOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE. The process of photosynthesis involves the absorption of light energy by photosynthetic pigments found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in order to produce chemical energy. In the presence of photosynthetic inhibitors, plant development is affected mainly by the reduction of the electron chain, which leads to growth inhibition. In this context, chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence is an important technique used to identify the effects of inhibitors on the photosynthetic apparatus employing the JIP-test, which correlates the Chl a fluorescence transient to biophysical parameters, providing valuable information about the efficiency of photosystems I and II. Natural products have been highlighted as photosynthesis inhibitors due to the continued use of synthetic herbicides, which leads to the development of invasive plants resistant to these pesticides, in addition to the toxicity caused to humans and the environment. Thus, this review describes the main applications of extracts and isolated secondary metabolites obtained from plants and microorganisms in the investigation of electron transport inhibition on photosystem II.

Management of Herbicide resistant Phalaris minor: A Review

Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz), an annual species of the family Poaceae, is a major weed problem in many wheat-producing countries. The excessive dependence on herbicides for its control led to the evolution of multiple herbicides resistance and yield losses. The first case of resistant P. minor in India was to the Photosystem-II inhibitor isoproturon in the early 1990’s. P. minor has been found resistant to Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) inhibitors, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, Photosystem II inhibitors. It is highly competitive and in severe cases can cause complete crop failure, forcing farmers to harvest their crop as fodder or ploughing the standing crop along with weeds. For management of these multiple herbicide resistant P. minor, pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin, flumioxazin, trifluralin and flufenacet can be used as alternative herbicides. Moreover, in-depth biological and ecological studies on P. minor should be carried out for devising integrated weed management strategies. The long-term strategies of efficient weed management and sustainability of wheat production should include the use of alternative herbicides, herbicide mixture, crop rotation along with other non-chemical methods like manual removal of weeds, mulching, Summer ploughing etc providing the competitive advantages to the wheat crop over P. minor, at the same time increasing the profitability of the farmer by controlling the weed effectively and reducing the selection pressure on the weeds which will inturn reduce the resistance development in weeds

Creating a Diversified Sustainable Food System through Nutri-Garden for addressing Micronutrient Deficiencies

Modern agricultural technology has not only made farming less labor-intensive but also aided to increase earnings. The use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and seedlings with high yields has improved and favored monoculture. Traditional or native food crops are hence slowly approaching extinction. Growing ethnic or traditional crops is becoming less common, despite their nutritional and therapeutic benefits. These crops are abundant in micronutrients and can be very helpful in treating the nation’s micronutrient deficiencies. The NFHS-5 figures make it clear that there is a double burden of malnutrition in India. Thus, the goal of this case study was to encourage homes to adopt nutri-gardens in certain villages of Assam. The results showed that malnutrition is common in the research area, and that only 26% of the individuals reached the minimum dietary diversity level (more than or equal to 5 food groups). A total of 15 farm households that were willing to develop nutri-gardens were chosen, and the average Dietary Diversity Score was discovered to be 4.08. The households that adopted nutri-gardens consumed more GLVs, roots, tubers, and other vegetables which resulted in increased dietary diversity score (5.71) for them. Furthermore the physical signs of anemia among children and adult women were improved. Thus, it was determined that the implementation of nutri-gardens can contribute to household food and nutritional security as well as aid in the preservation of traditional food crops.

The effectiveness of sulfonylurea-based herbicides against dicotyledonous weed species on spring wheat crops in the Southern forest-steppe of the Trans-Urals

The effectiveness of chemical treatment differs significantly depending on the region and the types of weeds. In this regard, in the Kurgan region in 2018-2020, a comparative assessment of preparations based on sulfonylureas in spring wheat crops was carried out to identify the application features in the conditions of the Trans-Urals. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Kurgan Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences -of the branch of the FSNSI UrFARC UrB RAS as part of the grain-fallow crop rotation. The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the use of sulfonylurea-based herbicides in spring wheat crops for the control of dicotyledonous perennial and young weed species. The main task was to determine the herbicide that most completely suppresses weed vegetation and has a positive effect on yield. According to the research results, a good effectiveness of weed control at the level of 74-76% was noted in preparations based on metsulfuronmethyl 10 g/ha, as well as in a mixture of metsulfuron-methyl and tribenuron methyl 12 g/ha. A 64-69% reduction in the mass of weeds was obtained using the tribenuron-methyl and florasulam 30 g/ha variant. The weakest control of weeds was detected in the variant with tribenuronmethyl 20 g/ha (biological efficiency 57%). The tested drugs provided yield increases of +19-24% to the control level.

Pre-emergence herbicides effects in no-till soybean system with Panicum maximum ‘BRS Tamani’

The use of pre-emergence herbicides is an important strategy in resistant-weeds management, but its performance can be affected in no-till systems. This study aimed to analyse weed control from pre-emergence herbicides in no-till soybean system with Panicum maximum cv. BRS Tamani. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with eight treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted in no-treatment, S-metolachlor + imazethapyr (1,200.00 g a.i. ha-1 + 100.00 g a.e. ha-1, respectively), S-metolachlor + fomesafen (1,035.66 g a.i. ha-1 + 227.70 g a.e. ha-1, respectively), S-metolachlor + diclosulam (1.200.00 g a.i. ha-1 + 29.40 g a.i. ha-1), imazethapyr + diclosulam (100.00 g a.e. ha-1 + 29.40 g a.i. ha-1), imazethapyr + flumioxazin (100.00 g a.e. ha-1 + 50.00 g a.i. ha-1), pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin (90.00 g a.i. ha-1 + 60.00 g a.i. ha-1) and pendimethalin (1,137.50 g a.i. ha-1). We evaluated weed phytosociological rates, weed control, and soybean growth. We identified 23 weed species distributed in 22 genera and 15 botanical families, majority of eudicotyledonous botanical class (78.2%), annual life cycle (56.5%), and sexual reproduction (100%). The integrated weed management, between herbicides and straw, was effective in herbicide-resistant weed control, except Euphorbia heterophylla. The treatments recommended included S-metolachlor combinations with fomesafen, imazethapyr, diclosulam, and also, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin. The Panicum maximum cv. BRS Tamani straw was estimated in 11 t ha-1 and influenced negatively herbicides lipophilics and with slower movement, such as pendmethalin

Weed communities after decades of mineral fertilization and tillage treatments in a corn–soybean rotation

Abstract Soil fertility and disturbance can potentially modify weed dynamics in a corn–soybean rotation. Knowing how added mineral fertilizers and tillage influence weed populations in the long term can provide insight into weed community shifts, which may affect future weed management requirements. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 24 to 25 years of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization treatments and tillage (moldboard vs. no-till) on weeds (density, biomass, and composition) before and after herbicide applications in 2016/corn and 2017/soybean. The second objective was to evaluate the effect of the same treatments 6 yr after no postemergence weed management in 2022/corn. Since the last evaluation performed in 2004, weed density, richness, and diversity increased, and more annual grasses were observed under both tillage regimes. No fertilization effect was observed on any weed variables, including composition, except for increased biomass when left to grow all season after crop planting. In managed plots, the density and biomass of annuals and perennials were generally higher in no-till, and discrepancies were highest for annual grass densities before herbicide application. Weed species richness and diversity based on counts were equivalent between tillage regimes, but total biomass was distributed between more species in no-till. Higher weed densities and concurrent weed biomass, observed in no-till, reduced crop yields in 2016/soybean only. The combination of low crop diversity and low use of residual herbicides during the trial potentially led to the observed species shifts and increased weed density.

『DBS 리포트』 ｢민요의 고향｣을 통해 본 1970년대 중반 한국민요 전승 실태

This study examines the actual status of the transmission of folk songs in South Korea in the mid-1970s through DBS Report "Minyo-ui Gohyang (Hometown of Folk Songs)" produced and broadcast by Dong-A Broadcasting System (DBS). DBS Report "Minyo-ui Gohyang" was a radio documentary series that covered farming and fishing villages to report on folk song transmission. DBS produced and broadcast 15 episodes of DBS Report "Minyo-ui Gohyang" in 1974 and 10 episodes in 1975. Although it did not cover all regions of the country, Gyeongsangnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gangwon-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do were included and the coverage was conducted at the village level. This program was significant in that it raised the public’s awareness of folk songs by covering and reporting in-depth on native folk songs rather than popular folk songs that were often heard through modern media, such as radio, TV, and LP at the time.
 DBS Report "Minyo-ui Gohyang" not only reported what kind of folk songs remained in the farming and fishing villages but also how the villagers were passing down folk songs and what these meant to them. This program covered a total of 18 villages. In 8 villages, folk songs were actively transmitted, while in the rest 10 villages, folk songs were found but not actively transmitted. The main cause of this was the changes in living conditions. In fishing villages, the opportunities to sing fishing labor songs disappeared with the decline of traditional fishing due to the development of fishing technology and changes in fishing grounds. Similarly, in rural areas, the opportunities to sing folk songs decreased due to the mechanization of farming, the use of herbicides, and the industrialization of the region. The spread of popular songs through the radio also diminished the transmission of folk songs. However, it is noteworthy that some villages underwent the same changes while the villagers worked together to preserve their folk songs. For them, folk songs were not only a means of relieving the boredom and exhaustion of labor and increasing the efficiency of work but also a source of vitality for living, art that enriched daily life, and valuable cultural heritage to be passed on to future generations.

Critical Period of Weed Control in Maize as Influenced by Soil Tillage Practices and Glyphosate Application

Increasing evidence on environmental and economic benefits has raised farmers’ interest in adopting alternative, less intensive soil management practices. To evaluate the influence of weed-competitive ability in response to a different tillage regime, a field study was conducted in maize under humid Central European climatic conditions in Slovenia. This study was established as a split-plot arrangement with three tillage practices (TPs) as the main plot: conventional (CN), conservation (CS), and no tillage (NT); this was combined with glyphosate application and the weed removal timing as the subplot. The weed removal timings were at the V3, V6, V9, V15, and R1 maize stages, with weed-free and weed season-long monitoring. The beginning and the end of the critical period of weed control (CPWC), based on a 5% maize yield loss rate, were determined by fitting the four-parameter log-logistic equations to the relative maize dry grain yield. The weed dry biomass from maize germination until the R1 growth stage in the NT TP was consistently lower than that in the CN and CS TP. Moreover, the NT TP resulted in a shorter CPWC (39 days after emergence (DAE)) compared to the CN (57 DAE) and CS (58 DAE). The results of CTWR (critical timing of weed removal) showed that less intensive tillage operations in the CS resulted in an earlier need for weed control (V2 and 23 DAE) compared to the CN (V3 and 39 DAE) and NT (V3 and 40 DAE). Our study suggests that the intensive tillage operations performed in the CN TP and the pre-sowing use of non-selective burndown herbicide in the NT delay the CTWR by more than 2 weeks, thus reducing the need for early post-emergence herbicide application in maize.

Soybean productivity depending on varietal characteristics, plant nutrition and application of herbicides

In the unfavorable climatic and soil conditions of the Lower Volga region and the Saratov region, the characteristics of the growth and development of soybean (Glicine hispida Maxim) were studied. The most important factor determining the rate of growth and development of plants in an arid region is soil moisture during the sowing period and throughout the growing season. The duration of the sowing-emergence period was most influenced by soil moisture and temperature. The comparative productivity of soybean varieties of different ripeness groups (early ripening - Soer-4, Soer-5, mid-early - Natali and Zernogradskaya-2) was considered depending on weather conditions, varietal characteristics, diet and herbicide use. It has been shown that agrotechnical techniques for caring for plants must be started early. These primarily include weed control and the creation of an optimal soybean nutrition regime. The best way to control weeds turned out to be the application of a combination of herbicides Begin Turbo (for cultivation) and Pivot (during the growing season), which reduced the infestation of crops by 6.7 times and increased the yield by 18.3–32.1% compared to the control. The application of small doses of fertilizers (N30P60) had a positive effect on the development of soybean plants. In our studies, in the most moisture-rich year of 2020, the mid-early variety Natali had the maximum seed yield - 1.15 t/ha when N30P60 was applied. On average over 3 years, the Natali variety also gave the highest yield - 0.95 t/ha. In the early ripening varieties Soer-4 and Soer-5, the seed yield was 0.17–0.12 t/ha lower compared to the mid-early variety Natali.

A Review on Weed Management Techniques

Weeds in the crop field were found to be a major concern. Weeds engage in competition with the primary crop for essential resources such as nutrients, water, space, and sunlight. Utilizing the nutrients that are given to the primary crop, weeds can occasionally completely overtake it. Some weeds are extremely poisonous and dangerous to both people and animals. Herbicide use to manage weeds clearly shows that it has a adverse effect on the ecosystem, water quality, and soil quality. Studies conducted in the field of weeds clearly show this. Furthermore, weeds become resistant to a herbicide when it is used consistently. Numerous techniques, such as mechanical, cultural, chemical, and biological ones, can be used to control weeds. But the application of several herbicides in chemical. control is now so pervasive. Chemical fertilizers should not be used excessively as this lower’s environmental quality and damages soil health. As a result, a brand-new strategy known as Integrated Weed Management (IWM) was developed, in which all existing strategies are combined to cut down on the use of herbicides alone.

Integrated Weed Management in Minor Millets: A Review

Presently, agriculture is facing tremendous problem due to climate change and global warming. To ensure food and nutritional security at national level, there is an immediate need to promote the cultivation of millets as millets are considered climate smart and nature friendly crops because of high nutritive value and can withstand under warm and drought conditions with short life, low external inputs requirement, tolerance to water and temperatures stress. Ten millet crops have been declared as ‘Nutri Cereals’ which include three major millets i.e., pearl millet, sorghum and finger millet; five minor millets i.e. foxtail millet, proso millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet, little millet; and two pseudo millets i.e. kuttu (buckwheat) and amaranthus. Due to sluggish growth in initial phases of life, millets proved relatively poor competitors against weeds. Manual weeding is the most commonly adopted for weed control in millets. But the non-availability of labour and ever-increasing labour wages have compelled the farmers to seek alternate method of weed management. Herbicide use is the most viable method of weed control but their continuous and excessive use is not advisable due to its ill effects on environment and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. Very limited options are available in literature for weed control in minor millets. Thus, integrated weed management practices should be followed on site and time specific basis for effective and efficient weed management in minor millets. For integrated weed management in minor millets, 2-3 times inter-cultivation and 1-2 time hand weeding during initial 25 days after sowing in addition to pre-emergence spray with Isoproturon @ 0.5 -1.0 kg a.i./ha and post emergence spray of 2, 4-D sodium salt @ 0.75-1.0 kg a.i./ha at 20-25 days after sowing should be done for effective weed control.

LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELING OF REDUCTANT HERBICIDE IN PAGARALAM COFFEE FARMING

The presence of weeds can affect the productivity of coffee plants. The use of herbicides that are not wise in controlling weeds can have a negative impact on the quality of coffee production and land. This study aims to obtain a binary logistic regression model of the use of reductant herbicides by coffee farmers in Pagaralam South Sumatera. This research involved 165 coffee farmers, consisting of 81 farmers who used reductants and 85 farmers who did not use reductants. In the results of bivariate analysis, variables that have a significant effect on the status of using reductant herbicides, do not necessarily have a significant effect on the logistic regression model. Overall prediction accuracy of the model results of the enter method and backward method are respectively 78.2% and 76.4%. The two best models obtained show that farmer age, number of trees, number of family workers, and land productivity can reduce the probability value of farmers using reductant herbicide. On the other hand, variables that can increase the opportunity value of using reductants, starting with the greatest effect, are net income, length of harvest, frequency of herbicide use, frequency of use of organic fertilizers, and age of trees. Based on the factors that affect the use of reductants, coffee farmers should set aside costs for land maintenance, including costs for environmentally friendly weed control, so that they can support the coffee plants to continue producing optimally.

Austrian farmers perception of new weeds.

The composition of weed floras in Central European fields has shifted creating a novel management issue: new weeds, that is, species that are currently spreading and increasing in impact. In their role as primary decision makers on the ground, farmers' perception of these new weeds plays a pivotal role in collecting information on their occurrence and control. We conducted an online survey to determine if Austrian farmers recognized 15 selected new weed taxa (12 species and 3 genera) from their farm. The 181 surveyed farmers also estimated the required management effort for these species and elicited their current management practices. Additional questions were posed to understand farmers' general perception of changes in the weed flora. We used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate differences in management effort and identify new weeds that merit monitoring and management programs. Two weed genera (Fallopia spp. and Panicum spp.) showed significantly higher than average management effort. The most commonly used management measures were manual removal, herbicide use and crop rotation. A majority of farmers reported changes in the weed flora; over two thirds reported new species and over one third reported new weeds that were difficult to control. In summary, our results suggest that respondents were aware of the challenges posed by new weeds but required more information on management and prevention strategies.

Changes in the weed flora of cotton fields in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye

Cotton is the most dominant field crop, especially in higher soil saline parts of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. This study aims to determine the current statues of weed flora of cotton fields in the East Mediterranean region, to compare it with weed flora in 1991-1992 and to understand whether a weed flora shift has occurred in these fields. Eighty-two cotton fields were surveyed during the growing season (July and August) in 2018, and thirty-seven weed species distributed in 17 families were found in the survey fields, where 18, 23, 17, and 33 of them were recorded in the Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Mersin, and Adana provinces, respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the phytosociological composition of the cotton fields was significantly related to the P content of the soil, average temperature, and cumulative rainfall. The current weed survey also indicated that these fields were under the threat of some invasive alien plant species that had not been found in previous surveys, such as Ipomoea triloba L., Amaranthus palmeri L., and Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naudin. Although cotton fields in the region were reduced by two-thirds in 2018 compared to 1991-1992, weed richness increased. Weed flora shifts were influenced by crop, crop rotation, herbicide use, irrigation, and landscape factors of cotton fields in the East Mediterranean Region of Türkiye.