Herbal Tea Research Articles

Creative Product Development Strategy: Case Study of Acaraki, Kota Tua

This article discusses creative product development strategies in the Acaraki food and beverage industry, Kota Tua, Jakarta. The research method used is qualitative, with a descriptive qualitative approach and SWOT analysis. The data collection techniques used are direct observation, interviews, and literature studies. The formulation of the problem; what are the creative products offered by Acaraki Kota Tua, what is the current development strategy of Acaraki Kota Tua, and why is a development strategy needed for Acaraki Kota Tua. The research objectives are to find out the creative products offered by Acaraki Kota Tua to consumers, analyze the current development strategy of Acaraki Kota Tua, and provide insight into the importance of development strategies for the creative industry, especially in the field of food and beverages. The research findings show that Acaraki has succeeded in presenting innovation in promoting Indonesia's cultural heritage through its main product, namely herbal drinks. Not only herbal drink products, but Acaraki also sells food products and also produces herbal drinks in packaged form. There are several obstacles faced by Acaraki, such as the lack of attracting the attention of the younger generation, inadequate marketing, and limited products packaged for tourists as souvenirs. To overcome these problems, Acaraki can implement appropriate strategies, such as expanding branches, entering international markets, increasing promotions, collaborating with the government, and optimizing the use of information technology.

Karakteristik Teh Jelai (Coix Lacryma-Jobi.L) dengan Perlakuan Waktu dan Suhu Roasting yang Berbeda

Jelai (Coix Lacryma Jobi.L) seeds are grains that have the potential to be processed into herbal teas which are served either hot or cold. Jelai tea can be processed through a high-temperature roasting process to enhance the aroma and taste. Temperature and length of roasting time are factors that affect grain characteristics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and roasting time on water content, color of barley powder and the effect of temperature and roasting time on pH, total dissolved solids, and organoleptic of jelai tea. The study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors: (t) roasting temperature (180oC, 200oC, 220oC) and (f) roasting time (5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes). The roasting temperature and time reduced the water content of jelai powder from 11.04% to 1.57% (wb), increased the dissolved solids from 0.26 oBrix to 5.16 oBrix, and lowered the pH from 7.04-6.79. The higher the temperature and roasting time, the darker the color of the powder and the barley tea (brown), increase the burning aroma (burn aroma), nutty smelling, burn flavor and the sour taste of jelai tea. The highest results were obtained at 220oC combined roasting time of 10 minutes and 15 minutes. Overall, the level of panelist acceptance of jelai tea was in the rather favorable category for all treatments (2.77 – 3.42).

Vitaherb (perencanaan pengembangan usaha jamu)

Vitaherb is a business operating in the culinary sector that produces and sells herbal drinks. This business offers 3 flavor choise, namely Sour Turmeric, Basil Sour Turmeric, and Saffron Colored Rise. This business is located at Letnan TNI Dr. Ibnu Sutowo street, number 3, Alang-Alang Lebar District, Palembang, South Sumatera 30151. The reason for choosing this business is because there are no herbal drink shop in the Springhil area. Promotion will be carried out using online media and brochures. Based on the business feasibility aspect, Vitaherb is declared feasible top run and has profitable prospect in the future

Pemanfaatan Teh dan Rempah-rempah Khas Indonesia dalam Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Warga di Sumba Timur Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19

The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has infected nearly 4 million people worldwide. This virus was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Every day positive cases of Covid-19 are increasing in the world. Experts are still trying to find a vaccine to prevent this virus, one of which is by increasing the body's resistance (immunity). The use of family medicinal plants (TOGA) or tea, a drink that we usually drink every day is believed to increase one's body immunity. The content of natural chemicals in tea such as EGCG and curcumin found in the rhizomes have antioxidant activity and is clinically proven to increase a person's immunity.

Effect of Honey Type on Chemical and Sensory Quality of Kratom Herbal Tea (Mitragyna speciosa)

Indonesia has a lot of large forests with a diversity of plant species. That diversity of plants can potentially be used as medicinal plants. Indonesians have long identified many plants with medicinal benefits as an effort to overcome various health problems, one of the plant is the kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). Kratom leaves are consumed as tea by brewing it with hot water. Some Kapuas Hulu people use sweeteners such as honey, to reduce the bitterness of kratom. The mixture of kratom herbal tea added with sweet honey is expected to produce sensory and functional attribute which will affect consumers in choosing products. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD). Statistical analysis of research data using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test with a rate of 5%. The results of the sensory research of kratom herbal tea showed a significant effect on taste, but no significant effect on aroma and color, namely the color value of 2.08, aroma 2.28 and taste 2.25. The addition of honey variations to kratom herbal tea included vitamin C, flavonoids, alkaloids, and antioxidants, which was vitamin C content ranges from 8.9-13.5 mg/100 g, flavonoids 15.2-27.56 mg QE/ml, alkaloids 53.1-55.4% and antioxidant activity 39.1-80.1%.

Evaluation of the Mutagenic Potential of Artavol® Using the Ame’s Test

Background: The worldwide increase in the use of herbal medicinal - products calls for their safety testing to protect the public from unintended hazardous effects. However, most are not tested, putting the public at risk. The modified Ames ISO test is a useful resource for determining the mutagenic potential of medicinal products and was used in this study to determine the safety of an herbal tea like Artavol®. Methods: This study used Ame's Modified ISO test to analyze aqueous extract of Artavol®, in a Level II biosafety cabinet. Artavol® was extracted using the infusion method 1,2, freeze dried, diluted to concentrations of 125µg, 250µg, and 500µg and used in the study. Mutagenicity was tested by culturing Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Results were considered by observing colour change in the wells of the microtitre plates from purple to yellow indicating mutation. Valid results were determined by comparing negative and positive control plates after 3 days of incubation, with positive results showing a color change from purple to yellow. Results: Colour changes were not observed in all wells containing 125µg, 250µg, and 500µg of Artavol® up to day 3, while negative control showed color changes equivalent to 80% for TA98 and 70% for TA100. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of Artavol® is not mutagenic. Further safety test such as sub-chronic toxicity study ad teratogenicity studies are recommended to provide more safety data on the product.

Pendampingan pembuatan herbal instan temulawak bagi ibu-ibu UMKM jamu di daerah pesisir pantai Kenjeran

The community is focusing on health drinks which can be utilised as health drinks to achieve community health. However, a number of issues were discovered in partners who produced herbal beverage preparations; as these preparations lack preservatives, they don't survive enough. Making fast herbal preparations that have the same qualities as traditional herbal preparations would help them last longer without sacrificing taste or convenience for users. Partners created instant herbal preparations, examined the flow qualities and flow content, and gained a better understanding of how to produce instant herbs and high-quality herbal medicine as a result of this work.

Potential of Binahong and Ginger Functional Drink as An Alternative Food for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Binahong and ginger are herbal plants with various bioactivities, including antidiabetic and antioxidant. One of the herbal drinks used in therapy for patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) is decoction from binahong leaves. This research used binahong leaves and ginger to make a functional drink rich in antioxidants for DMT2 patients. This research aimed to determine the effect of adding ginger on antioxidant activity and sensory tests and the antioxidant potential of binahong leaves decoction as a functional drink for DMT2 patients. The research design used was a completely randomized design with five formulations, namely F0 (0 grams of ginger), F1 (2 grams of ginger), F2 (5 grams of ginger), F3 (7 grams of ginger), and F4 (10 grams of ginger). The parameters tested were antioxidant activity and organoleptic attributes such as colour, taste, and aroma. The resulting data was then subjected to an ANOVA test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that F3 gave a different value (p<0.05) and gave the highest score to the organoleptic properties of taste (5.02) and aroma (5.03). The F4 formulation gave a different value (p<0.05) and gave the highest score for organoleptic properties of colour (5.45). Apart from that, F3 and F4 showed potent antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 45.18 and 38.83 ppm. Thus, F3 and F4 have the potential to be developed as functional antioxidant drinks for DMT2 patients.

Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property

Abstract In the Algerian desert, individuals often enjoy a soothing cup of herbal tea made from Ephedra alata Decne before bedtime; this aids in their relaxation. Our previous and earlier investigations demonstrated the richness of the shrub in terms of polyphenols and flavonoids and their effective medicinal properties. In the light of that fact, our interest has been aroused to check for other types of metabolites and for the protective ability of the shrub crude extract (SCE) regarding chemically induced edema and subacute toxicity (following a formalin-induced paw edema model and using a carbamate pesticide “pirimicarb” as a toxic agent, in Wistar male rats, respectively). Evidently, the SCE was used as a preventive agent. Swelling of formalin-injected foot was measured, and the anti-edematous ability was expressed as a percent of paw edema. At the end of induced subacute toxicity procedure, many investigations were carried, namely, checking for biochemical several parameters (hepatic, renal), hematological parameters, oxidative stress status (OSS), and histological examining of liver, spleen, and kidney tissues. The results revealed a remarkable anti-edematous effect. Furthermore, the association of the SCE effect has clearly minimized the OSS, the tissue aberrations, and the disturbance of the other metabolic parameters, along with a reduced immunodepression that was provoked under the effect of pirimicarb. In conclusion, pirimicarb has an important deleterious impact on metabolic and immune functions, and the studied shrub has exhibited an amazing protective potential against chemically induced inflammation and toxicity.

Dissipation, processing factors and dietary risk assessment of the bioinsecticide abamectin in herbal plants belonging to Lamiaceae family from open field to herbal tea infusion

Abamectin, the mixture of avermectin B1a and B1b, is widely used as a bioinsecticide and is an alternative to chemical pest control from insects. To our knowledge, its behaviour is not fully recognized, especially in herbs. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate of abamectin in herbal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, its dissipation in open field studies laboratory processing treatments and dietary risk assessment. Three medicinally and culinary important species of herbs: Melissa officinalis L., Mentha × piperita L. and Salvia L. were treated with single and double dose than recommended on the label during their cultivation (BBCH 11–29). Residues were monitored using the QuEChERS method followed by the LC-MS/MS. The dissipation pattern of the sum of avermectin B1a and B1b and their persistence were observed 14 d after spraying. Abamectin decline was very rapid in plants and followed the first-order kinetics model. The half-life (t1/2) was in the range of 0.96–1.08 d (single dose) and 0.93–1.02 d (double dose). The pre-harvest intervals (decrease to the level of 0.01 mg kg−1) were 7.29–7.92 d at single and 7.99–8.64 d at double dose application. Herbal infusion preparation in previously washed and dried mint, lemon balm and sage leaves was the key processing step in the removal of abamectin residues. The reduction of initial deposits after single dose treatment was noted up to 65% (PF = 0.35–0.67) and up to 79% after double dose application (PF = 0.21–0.72) in herbal tea. Acute risk assessment of children and adults for the highest residues in EFSA PRIMo model at single and double dose expressed as hazard quotients (HQ) were <1, indicating no risk to humans via consumption of the herbal products. The data provide a better understanding of abamectin behaviour in herbal plants and can help assure herbs' safety for consumers.

Heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea in adolescents: A systematic review of self-management strategies, quality of life, and unmet needs.

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and dysmenorrhea (DM) are common gynecological problems. To systematically review the needs, quality of life (QOL), and effectiveness of self-management strategies among young women (12-25 years) with DM or HMB. Relevant terms were searched through PubMed, EBSCO, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Ovid between 2010 and 2022. Qualitative and quantitative studies published in peer-reviewed journals, females aged 12-25, exploring DM or HMB, reporting supportive care needs, quality of life, self-treatment strategies, and/or treatment-seeking behavior. Abstracts were reviewed for eligibility by two researchers. Included studies were extracted and assessed for quality independently by two authors, with discrepancies resolved through consensus or the involvement of a third researcher. Data extracted included study details, menstrual history, symptoms, self-care strategies, and quality of life. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklists were used for quality assessment. The search returned 285 190 studies, of which 55 were eligible for inclusion. Prevalence rates of HMB and DM were in the ranges 4%-63% and 42%-94%, respectively. Over 80% of young women with DM and HMB experienced physical and psychological problems, including pelvic pain, sleep issues, mood disturbance, diarrhea, and nausea. Academic performance and daily activities were severely affected. Most (>62%) named their mothers as their primary source of information, and friends as the secondary source (10%-65%). Few studies explored needs, but they could be inferred and fell under school-related and social needs. QOL was poorer in those who had DM than those who did not. Pain was the most common issue that drove young women to find treatment. More than 70% used medication to reduce pain. More than half chose home remedies (e.g., heat therapy, massages, herbal tea, hot drinks). No studies provided information about the efficacy and dosage of medication and herbal remedies. HMB and DM have a large impact on daily living, with large areas of unmet need. Limited access to information impairs the management of symptoms and consequent QOL.

Exploring Phytotherapy's Preventive and Therapeutic Impact on Global COVID-19 Management: A Narrative Review

Introduction:: The WHO Emergency Committee advocates preventive strategies for COVID-19 management, emphasising vaccines as highly effective but acknowledging their limitations. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, initially effective against COVID-19, were discontinued due to severe side effects. Further clinical trials are imperative to establish the safety and efficacy of new antiviral agents, some of which may have harmful effects on human development. Objectives:: The shortcomings of various conventional treatments have prompted urgent efforts to discover safe, natural compounds that may be useful in combating COVID-19. This study aims to review research that has investigated the potential of traditional phytotherapies used by different populations for the prevention and symptomatic treatment of COVID-19 infection. Methods:: This paper reviewed scientific studies published through searching on search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Elsevier from May until October 2023. Results:: The preventive and anti-COVID-19 attributes of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurvedic formulations and African medicinal plants have been substantiated in research. In Nepal, recommendations endorse the utilisation of medicinal plants for herbal teas and homemade sanitizers. Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb., along with Camellia sinensis are crucial Indonesian medicinal plants with potential for treating COVID-19. Z. officinale was predominantly chosen for relieving coughs and sore throats associated with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Discussion:: The immunomodulatory properties of medicinal plants, which may prove useful in combating COVID-19, have been verified via elevation of the level of peripheral WBCs, IgM, IgG; inhibition of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, maintenance of the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier and regulation of HMGB1. The antiviral effects of herbs, including the inhibition of viral DNA and RNA replication, down-regulation of oxidative stress, and the impediment of SARS-CoV-2 access to vascular endothelial cells, suggest their potential to facilitate earlier recovery from COVID-19 infection. Conclusion:: Advancing scientific research in phytotherapy promises the possibility of novel approaches for effectively managing future infectious diseases and pandemics.

Investigation of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition for antidiabetic potential of agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) leaves extract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar. The most common treatment is taking oral hypoglycemic drugs such as acarbose, but long-term use of acarbose has dangerous side effects. Thus, alternative therapies using herbal medicines are of interest to researchers. Aquilaria malaccensis leaves have been used as an herbal tea for their high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. This research aimed to analyze the antidiabetic potential of A. malaccensis leaves extract in vitro and in silico. The research utilized a methodology that included the analysis of the inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes through spectrophotometry. Furthermore, the study examined the inhibition of glucose diffusion in the dialysis bag. Additionally, an in silico investigation on α-glucosidase inhibition was conducted, involving toxicity analysis of selected compounds, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and density functional theory. The results showed that chloroform extract of A. malaccensis leaves had the best result on each test parameter with an IC50 of 3.22 mg/mL for α-amylase inhibition and 3.65 mg/mL for α-glucosidase inhibition. The chloroform extract of A. malaccensis leaves is the best for inhibiting glucose diffusion in the first 30 min. All in silico models supported by density functional theory showed that some secondary metabolites of A. malaccensis leaves extract, such as 5-Hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavone and followed by epifriedelanol, are better than acarbose in terms of inhibiting α-glucosidase. Based on the results, agarwood's extract demonstrates anti-diabetic potential through the inhibition of α-amylase and exhibits a slightly superior efficacy in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. This observation is substantiated by both in-laboratory and in-silico data.

A rhodamine 110 loaded and molecularly imprinted polymers coated millipore filter membrane-based fluorescent sensor for sensitive and selective caffeic acid detection

In this paper, a rhodamine 110 (R110) loaded and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) coated microporous membrane-based fluorescent sensor has been constructed. The morphology, structure and performance of the sensor during the preparation process are characterized by SEM, FT-IR, UV–vis, fluorescene, BET and HPLC. The sensor retains the characteristic fluorescence emission peaks of R110, and the fluorescence changes to different concentrations of caffeicacid (CA) in the range of 0.01–200 µmol/L can obtain a good linear correlation with the detection limit of 3.3 nmol/L (3σ). The sensor possesses the advantages of easy preparation, simple operation, high stability, good sensitivity and selectivity, and strong anti-interference ability in the detecting of CA in herbal tea, exhibiting excellent potential application value in CA detection in different foods.

Heterogeneity of transport and metabolism of Tormentillae rhizoma constituents across human intestinal epithelium cellular model

Tormentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch is a widespread plant in Europe and Western Asia. Its rhizomes (Tormentilae rhizoma) are the main ingredient of herbal alcoholic beverages and can be used as a natural preservative in beer production. Apart from its unique taste qualities, therapeutic properties in gastrointestinal tract ailments are attributed to the tincture obtained from Tormentillae rhizoma. The presented research aimed to determine the mutual relationship between the components of Tormentillae tincture, present in popular alcoholic beverages, and intestinal epithelium (Caco-2 cell monolayers). A comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the tincture was performed, including the determination of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins as well as triterpenoids (UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Incubation of the tincture with Caco-2 monolayers has shown that only triterpenes pass through the monolayer, while condensed tannins are mainly bound to the monolayer surface. Ellagic acid derivatives were the only components of the Tormentillae tinctura being metabolized by cell monolayers to the compounds not previously described in the literature, which may be crucial in the treatment of intestinal diseases with inflammatory background.

Monitoring and risk assessment for some quaternary ammonium compounds as antimicrobial agents in some processed and packaged food

ABSTRACT Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) might be applied as fungicides, herbicides, and algaecide in agriculture or as antimicrobial agents in food preservation. There are risks either from the application of QACs as food additives or the contamination during the disinfection and sterilisation of the food production lines by QACs in food production factories. Exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) wasn’t accepted by European legislation and Codex guidelines, leading to several risks in human health. Inspecting and monitoring of QACs in 143 packaged food products, such as liquid milk, juices, baby food products, herbal drinks, and frozen vegetables and fruits were carried out in some Egyptian local markets during 2022–2023. The In-house validated QuEChERS extraction method was operated and followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Only one violated baby food sample that was contaminated with 0.064 mg/kg DDAC and 0.335 mg/kg BACs. According to the EU MRLs, there were no higher residue levels of QACs in juices, milk products, and frozen vegetables with acceptable concentrations. All analysed samples have acceptable results with concentrations less than 0.1 mg/kg, which means that they were all safe for human consumption and health. Our study supported the analytical procedure for the routine inspection of QACs in food.

Metabolomic profiling of wild rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) ecotypes and their antioxidant-derived phytopharmaceutical potential

IntroductionAspalathus linearis (commonly known as rooibos) is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is a popular herbal drink and skin phytotherapeutic ingredient, with health benefits derived primarily from its unique phenolic content. Several, seemingly habitat-specific ecotypes from the Cederberg (Western Cape) and Northern Cape have morphological, ecological, genetic and biochemical differences.Objectives and methodsDespite the commercial popularity of the cultivated variety, the uncultivated ecotypes are largely understudied. To address gaps in knowledge about the biochemical constituency, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fifteen populations was performed, enabling high-throughput metabolomic fingerprinting of 50% (v/v) methanolic extracts. Antioxidant screening of selected populations was performed via three assays and antimicrobial activity on two microbial species was assessed. The metabolomic results were corroborated with total phenolic and flavonoid screening of the extracts.Results and discussionSite-specific chemical lineages of rooibos ecotypes were confirmed via multivariate data analyses. Important features identified via PLS-DA disclosed higher relative abundances of certain tentative metabolites (e.g., rutin, aspalathin and apiin) present in the Dobbelaarskop, Blomfontein, Welbedacht and Eselbank sites, in comparison to other locations. Several unknown novel metabolites (e.g., m/z 155.0369, 231.0513, 443.1197, 695.2883) are responsible for metabolomic separation of the populations, four of which showed higher amounts of key metabolites and were thus selected for bioactivity analysis. The Welbedacht and Eselbank site 2 populations consistently displayed higher antioxidant activities, with 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of 679.894 ± 3.427 µmol Trolox/g dry matter and 635.066 ± 5.140 µmol Trolox/g dry matter, respectively, in correlation with a high number of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The contribution of the individual metabolites to the pharmacological effectiveness of rooibos remains unknown and as such, further structural elucidation and phytopharmacological testing is thus urgently needed.

The influence of climate change on the future distribution of two Thymus species in Iran: MaxEnt model-based prediction

Within a few decades, the species habitat was reshaped at an alarming rate followed by climate change, leading to mass extinction, especially for sensitive species. Species distribution models (SDMs), which estimate both present and future species distribution, have been extensively developed to investigate the impacts of climate change on species distribution and assess habitat suitability. In the West Asia essential oils of T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus include high amounts of thymol and carvacrol and are commonly used as herbal tea, spice, flavoring agents and medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to model these Thymus species in Iran using the MaxEnt model under two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for the years 2050 and 2070. The findings revealed that the mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10) was the most significant variable affecting the distribution of T. daenensis. In the case of T. kotschyanus, slope percentage was the primary influencing factor. The MaxEnt modeling also demonstrated excellent performance, as indicated by all the Area Under the Curve (AUC) values exceeding 0.9. Moreover, based on the projections, the two mentioned species are expected to undergo negative area changes in the coming years. These results can serve as a valuable achievement for developing adaptive management strategies aimed at enhancing protection and sustainable utilization in the context of global climate change.

Herbal Spices as Food and Medicine: Microscopic Authentication of Commercial Herbal Spices.

Herbal spices are an agricultural commodity, economically very important and beneficial in primary healthcare in the food and medicine sectors. Herbal spices are used as food flavoring agents as well as in phytotherapies throughout the world and have nutritive benefits. The food and medicine industries widely employ artificial or natural adulteration to retard the deterioration and utilization of these adulterants in food and medicine products has given rise to significant apprehension among consumers, primarily stemming from the potential health risks that they pose. Thus, their characterization for the purpose of identification, origin, and quality assurance is mandatory for safe human consumption. Here, we studied 22 samples of commonly traded herbal spices that belong to 20 different genera and 21 species comprising 14 families, investigated macroscopically or organoleptically as well as histologically under microscopic examination. In this study, we provide details on organoleptic features including appearance, taste, odor, color, shape, size, fractures, types of trichomes, and the presence of lenticels among the examined herbal spices and these features have great significance in the detection of both natural as well as artificial deterioration. In terms of microscopic characterization, each examined plant part comprising different anatomical characteristics has taxonomic importance and also provides useful information for authentication from natural adulterants. Furthermore, the studied taxa were also described with nutritive and therapeutic properties. For condiments, herbal beverages and medicinal purposes, different herbal parts such as leaves, floral buds, seeds, fruit, and accessory parts like mericarp, rhizome, bulbs, and bark were used and commercially traded. Similarly, in this study, the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala and Mentha spicata, the floral buds of Syzygium aromaticum, the seeds of Amomum subulatum, Brassica nigra, Punica granatum, Myristica fragrans, Phyllanthus emblica, and Elettaria cardamomum, the mericarp of Coriandrum sativum, and Cuminum cyminum were observed. As a result, we show the potential of herbal spices as a source of many valuable phytochemicals and essential nutrients for food, nutraceutical, and homoeopathic medicine.

Liang Teh Pontianak Kaya Antioksidan Pada Berbagai Formulasi Substitusi Massa Rasio Jahe Gamprit

Liang Tea Pontianak (LTP) is a rich antioxidant herbal tea composed of a mixture of several plant ingredients, including muje leaves (Dicliptera chinensis), oregano leaves (Origanum vulgare), pineapple shell leaves (Tradescantia spathacea), pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius), and aloe vera (Aloe vera chinensis). Adding ginger to Liang Tea Pontianak has not been explored, but the ginger mixture has an innovative, antioxidant-rich flavor in LTP. This research aimed to obtain the mass ratio of ginger substitution in the formulation that produces the best sensory and physicochemical characteristics of antioxidant-rich LTP. This study employed a Randomized Group Design with a single factor, comprising five treatment levels of ginger mass ratio substitution in LTP ((2:0), (1.9:0.1), (1.8:0.2), (1.7:0.3), and (1.6:0.4)) with five replications. The results showed that the best sensory and physicochemical characteristics of Liang Tea Pontianak with ginger substitution were obtained in the treatment of 1.8:0.2, which exhibited the best sensory test values for color 4,24 ± 0,83 (more liked), aroma 3.76 ± 0,97 (liked), and taste 3.56 ± 0,92 (liked). The physicochemical analysis yielded the following values: L* color (31.90 ± 2,08), a* color (3.20 ± 0,81), b* color (5.70 ± 0,53), total flavonoids 82.71 ± 6,16 mg QE/g, and antioxidant activity 78.90 ± 4,40%.