Herbaceous Cuttings Research Articles

Assessment of the impact of PS3-induced resistance to downy mildew on grapevine physiology

Elicitor-induced resistance against diseases is an attractive strategy that could contribute to reduce the use of fungicides for plant protection. However, activation of defenses has an energetic cost that plants have to fuel by a mobilization of their primary metabolism with possible adverse effect on their physiology. In this context, this study was performed to determine whether elicitor-induced resistance of grapevine leaves against downy mildew impacted its development and metabolism. The elicitor PS3 (sulfated β-glucan laminarin) was sprayed on grapevine herbaceous cuttings grown in greenhouses once or three times, and its impact was studied on young and older grapevine leaves, prior to, and after Plasmopara viticola inoculation.PS3 did not affect grapevine development during the time course of the experiment. A metabolomic analysis, mainly focused on primary metabolites, highlighted a leaf age dependent effect of PS3 treatment. Nitrogen compounds, and sugars to a lesser extent, were impacted.The results obtained complete the current knowledge of the impact of elicitor-induced resistance on plant physiology. They will be helpful to guide further experiments required to better determine the costs and benefits of elicitor-induced resistance in plants.

Isopropyl alcohol and auxin application method affect phytotoxicity of herbaceous stem cuttings©

Isopropyl alcohol and auxin application method affect phytotoxicity of herbaceous stem cuttings^©

Опыт зеленого черенкования облепихи крушиновидной в условиях юго-востока Казахстана

Опыт зеленого черенкования облепихи крушиновидной в условиях юго-востока Казахстана

Multiplication of blueberry mini-cuttings in different growth media

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of length of herbaceous cuttings and substrates on the multiplication of ‘Woodard’ and ‘Briteblue’ blueberry cuttings. The experimental design was entirely randomized. Four replicates of 10 cuttings per plot in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, three cutting lengths (5, 8, and 12 cm) and two types of substrate (rice hull ash and coconut fiber) were evaluated. The cuttings were collected in two seasons: summer and fall. After the cuttings were prepared, they were placed in perforated plastic boxes containing each substrate for rooting, which were placed in a mist chamber under intermittent mist. After 158 days, the following variables were evaluated: proportion of rooted cuttings, cutting survival, leaf retention, number of roots per cutting, root mean length, root dry mass, unrooted cuttings with callus, and the proportion of sprouting cuttings. The use of 5-cm herbaceous cuttings collected in the summer and grown in rice hull optimizes the multiplication of ‘Woodard’ and ‘Briteblue’ blueberry cuttings.

Improving irrigation practices in container stock plant production of herbaceous plant cuttings

Improving irrigation practices in container stock plant production of herbaceous plant cuttings

Effect of Irrigation with Brackish Water on the Morpho-Biochemical Behavior of Olea Europaea

The objective of this work is to determine the morpho-biochemical behavior of olive (2 years old) plants stemming from herbaceous cuttings and grafted on an oleaster, with two varieties of Spanish origin (Manzanilla and Arbiquina) and two varieties of Algerian origin (Sigoise and Chemlal) under the effect of irrigation with salin water at 100 mM-l-1 NaCl. The experimentation takes place in the Faculty of Science of Nature and Life - Tiaret Ibn Khaldoun - University - Algeria, under a semi-automatic greenhouse and under well controlled conditions. The control plants are irrigated with a nutrient solution, while the plant stress received nutrient solution enriched by sodium chlorure in four repetitions 100 mM / l NaCl. The analysis focused on the measurement of leaf area, soluble sugar and proline content. According to the results obtained, the leaf area of the treated plants slightly decreased compared to that of the control plants. However, the 20 weeks of brackish irrigation resulted in proline and sugars accumulation in the stressed genotype compared to the control genotype. In addition, this accumulation is very important for the leaves of plants local origin (Algerian) compared to introduced plants (Spanish) and in the leaves of plants grafted on oleaster compared to plants from herbaceous cuttings.

Substrates and IBA concentrations on rooting of herbaceous cuttings of blueberry ‘Woodard’

Brazil offers great perspectives for the expansion of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) cultivation areas, mainly in family agriculture areas. Among the factors that limit the expansion of this culture is the difficulty to propagate some cultivars. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of different substrates and concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) for blueberry cuttings cvs. Woodard rooting, to optimize seedlings production system. The experimental design was totally randomized in a 3X3 factorial scheme, with five replications of 10 cuttings, and included the following factors: types of substrate (carbonized rice husk, vermiculite medium granules and coconut fiber) and IBA concentrations (0, 1,000 and 2,000 mg L-1). After 150 days, survival percentage was superior for carbonized rice husk, with no influence of IBA concentration. In regards to rooting, the carbonized rice husk and coconut fiber provided better results, being IBA application favorable for this variable. It was concluded that 'Woodard' blueberry can be propagated by herbaceous cuttings, using preferentially carbonized rice husk and application of 1,000 mg L-1 IBA is recommended for rooting of softwood cuttings.

Graft incompatibility in Prunus spp. preceded by SPAD index reduction

This study aimed to measure the leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD 502 Plus) in three peach cultivars grafted on different clonal rootstocks, totaling 68 scion/rootstock combinations, between five and nine months after planting in the field to determine possible graft incompatibility symptoms in Prunus spp. Three field trials with peach scion cultivars ‘BRS-Kampai’, ‘Jade’, and ‘Maciel’ grafted on 18, 25, and 25 clonal rootstocks, respectively, were established in July and August 2014. Own-rooted scion trees (without rootstock) were used as controls in each trial and all rootstocks were propagated from herbaceous cuttings. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and each plot consisting of a single plant. Three SPAD measurements were taken between January and April 2015. SPAD index values for rootstocks ‘Mirabolano 29C’ (P. cerasifera) and ‘Marianna 2624’ (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana) were significantly lower in the three scion cultivars, culminating with tree death from graft incompatibility. Rootstocks ‘Mirabolano 29C’ and ‘Marianna 2624’ showed translocated graft incompatibility with scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel and tree death was preceded by a reduction in SPAD index values five months after field planting. No reduction in SPAD index values was observed in the other scion/rootstock combinations nine months after planting, but these combinations should be monitored for a longer period to confirm their graft compatibility.

English

To produce seedlings with quality is one of the factors that mostly contribute to increase the production chain of a fruit crop. The use of organic substrates in the production of seedlings becomes a way to reduce costs by using raw material available regionally. Then, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of rooting inducers and the contribution of organic substrates to improve the rooting of herbaceous cuttings of 'Paluma' guava. The experiment was completely randomized arranged in a 5×2 factorial design with 4 replications and 10 cuttings per plot. The factors comprised five substrates (S1-100% OC; S2-25% CRH + 75% OC; S3-50% CRH + 50% OC; S4-75% CRH + 25% OC; S5-100% CRH), where CRH: carbonized rice husk and OC: organic compost, and 2 rooting inducers (Radimaxi 20® and Indolbutyric Acid - IBA), with the concentration of 2000 mg L-1. With regard to the analyzed variables, rooting, mortality, length of roots, and dry weight of shoots and roots did not fit with any regression model. However, the live rootless cuttings, callus, sprouting, leaf retention, and number of roots showed interaction between the inducers and the used substrates. The maximum rooting percentage obtained was 20%, independently of the type of inducer or used substrate; the use of Radimaxi 20® provides greater percentage of cuttings with callus and live rootless cuttings; the carbonized rice husk in composition S2 (25% CRH + 75% OC) is indicated to compose the rooting substrate of 'Paluma' guava cuttings; despite the satisfactory results obtained in this work, more studies are needed to clarify the rhizogenic process of guava in diversified conditions. Key words: Indolbutyric acid, vegetative propagation. Radimaxi 20®.

Ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas de fedegoso gigante

O ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) é um regulador vegetal amplamente empregado para induzir o enraizamento de estacas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de AIB e de dois tipos de estacas na propagação vegetativa de Senna alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh. O experimento foi estabelecido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo estudado o efeito de quatro concentrações de AIB:T1 – 0 mg L-1 (controle); T2 – 250 mg L-1; T3 – 500 mg L-1 e T4 – 1.000 mg L-1 e de dois tipos de estacas (E1 – herbácea e E2 – semilenhosa). Cada unidade experimental foi constituída por 12 estacas. As concentrações estudadas desse regulador vegetal não influenciaram no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e aéreo das mudas e, por conseguinte, em sua sobrevivência em casa de sombra. Na casa de vegetação, as estacas herbáceas foram aquelas que perderam menos folhas remanescentes após redução da área foliar (27,88%) e, consequentemente, apresentaram maior sobrevivência (99,44%) quando foram mantidas em casa de sombra. Estacas herbáceas podem ser recomendadas para a propagação vegetativa de S. alata.

<b>Rooting of stem segments from fig tree cultivars

Although Brazil is the largest fig ( Ficus carica L.) producer in the Southern Hemisphere, it mainly uses only one cultivar, ‘Roxo de Valinhos’. In addition, propagation is almost entirely through hardwood cuttings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a propagation method that provides more successful rooting of stem segments of fig cultivars for the purpose of expanding the genetic base of the fig tree. The cultivars used were ‘Brunswick’, ‘Calabacita’, ‘Negro de Bursa’, ‘Mini Figo’, ‘Lampa Preta’, ‘Lemon’, ‘Troiano’,’ Nazare’, ‘Tres num Prato’, ‘Princesa’, ‘Colo de Dama’, ‘Montes’, ‘Bebera Branca’, ‘Pingo de Mel’, and ‘Roxo de Valinhos’. The propagation methods used were layering, hardwood cuttings, nodal segments, herbaceous cuttings originating from the removal of sprouts, and herbaceous cuttings obtained during growth. We found that the propagation method influences the rooting of stem segments, and cultivars differ in their rooting potential.

Number of leaflets on rooting of lychee herbaceous cuttings

ABSTRACT: Lychee is one of the most popular exotic fruits in Brazil, and has both in natura and industrial potential. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the number of leaflets on lychee herbaceous cuttings treated with the indolebutyric acid (1000mg L-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 replications and 10 cuttings per experimental plot. Treatments consisted of cuttings with zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), and four (4) leaflets. After 180 days, the rooting and survival percentages and the number and length of roots were evaluated. The data were subjected to polynomial regression analysis. The increase in the number of leaflets was advantageus for all studied variables, with an increase in the survival, rooting of cuttings, and number and length of roots. The herbaceous cuttings of lychee tree are viable, provided that at least four leaflets remain in the herbaceous cutting.

1-Methylcyclopropene Improves Ethylene Tolerance of Unrooted Herbaceous Cuttings but Delays Adventitious Root Development in Angelonia, Calibrachoa, Impatiens, Portulaca, Sutera, and Verbena Cultivars

Knowing which herbaceous taxa are ethylene sensitive and managing exposure of unrooted terminal stem cuttings to ethylene in those taxa are critical for maintaining high-quality propagules that root readily. Of 59 taxa surveyed, freshly harvested terminal cuttings of Begonia hybrid ‘Snowcap’, Lantana camara L. ‘Patriot Sunbeam’, and Portulaca oleracea L. ‘Fairytales Sleeping Beauty’ were sensitive to exogenous application of 1 μL·L−1 ethylene, as demonstrated by leaf abscission within 24 hours of treatment. Exposure to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 700 μL·L−1 for 4 hours before ethylene treatment prevented ethylene injury in these species/cultivars. Exposing unrooted cuttings to 700 μL·L−1 1-MCP induced significant endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in terminal cuttings of the five taxa tested: Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch ‘Visions of Grandeur’, Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull ‘Sonic Red’, Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Hérit. ‘Mandarin’, Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey (pro sp.) [inquinans × zonale] ‘Rocky Mountain White’, and Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. ‘Suncatcher Coral Prism’. Exogenous 1 μL·L−1 ethylene improved adventitious rooting in two cultivars: Begonia hybrid Anita Louise and Fuchsia triphylla L. Honeysuckle. Other trials showed that 1-MCP exposure reduced root number and length of P. ×hortorum ‘Kardino’ and delayed adventitious rooting in all six cultivars tested: Angelonia angustifolia Benth. ‘Carita Lavender’, Calibrachoa ×hybrida Llave & Lex. ‘Terra Cotta’, I. hawkeri ‘Sonic Red’, P. oleracea ‘Fairytales Sleeping Beauty’, Sutera cordata Kuntze ‘Abunda Blue Improved’, and Verbena ×hybrida Groenl. & Ruempl. ‘Aztec Wild Rose’. Subsequent exposure to 1 μL·L−1 ethylene partially mitigated the negative effects on rooting from exposing cuttings to 1-MCP.

Vegetative propagation of insulin (Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis) by cutting

Propagation techniques may support handling, this way providing an alternative for producers of medicinal plants, thus avoiding indiscriminate collection. We aimed to evaluate the size of cuttings with and without leaves on the seedling production of insulin (Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis). The herbaceous apical cuttings were prepared with diagonal cut at the bottom and straight cut at the apex, with 5, 10 or 15 cm in length, kept with two whole leaves, two leaves cut in half or without leaves, being sterilized with sodium hypochlorite at 0.5% for 15 minutes. The cuttings were planted in plastic containers with 180 mL capacity with vermiculite as substrate and placed in greenhouse at the temperature of 22 ± 2° C. The experimental design was completely randomized and means were compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability. After 60 days, we found that the cutting of 5 cm with whole leaves and with leaves cut in half and the cutting of 10 cm with whole leaves had rates above 70% of rooting with the best means for number and length of roots. There was a high mortality rate for cuttings made without leaves. The callus and the percentage of live cuttings were not significant for the treatments. Therefore, 5 cm long cuttings with whole or half leaves and 10 cm long cuttings with whole leaves are the most suitable for the vegetative propagation of insulin.

Estaquia herbácea de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro no final do verão

Due to the necessity of extending the season to root peach herbaceous cuttings and optimize plant nurseries facilities, the present research had as goal to study technical viability of late summer rooting on four peach rootstocks. Distal portion (last growth) was used of branches of ‘Tsukuba-1’, ‘Tsukuba-2’, ‘Tsukuba-3’ and ‘Okinawa’ peach rootstocks and tested with different indolbutyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0; 3,000; and 6,000 mg.L-¹) by fast immersion. Sixty days after the treatments, rooting and root quality were measured. We conclude that using herbaceous branches from the last growth on March provides satisfactory results for ‘Tsukuba-1’ and ‘Okinawa’ rootstocks. The three Tsukuba rootstocks showed differences in rooting percentage, percentage of suitable and unsuitable cuttings for planting, root length and mortality percentage. IBA at 6,000 m.L-¹ on March can be recommended for herbaceous cutting treatment of the studied peach rootstocks.

Propagação de variedades de caramboleira por estaquia herbácea

Realizou-se o presente trabalho objetivando avaliar a propagação de três variedades de caramboleira por estaquia em função da dose de regulador de crescimento (ácido indolbutírico - AIB), empregada no tratamento das estacas. Foram utilizadas estacas herbáceas apicais, sendo o experimento conduzido em câmara de nebulização intermitente, localizada em condições de ripado (50% de luminosidade). As estacas das variedades B10, Hart e Golden Star receberam o tratamento com AIB, nas doses de 100; 200 e 400 mg.L-1 (imersäo lenta) e nas doses de 1.000, 3.000 e 5.000 mg.L-1 (imersäo rápida), mais tratamento-testemunha (0 mg.L-1 de AIB). As avaliações, 90 dias após a estaquia, foram quanto: porcentagens de sobrevivência, calejamento e enraizamento; número médio de raízes por estaca e comprimento médio das raízes (cm). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições por tratamento, compostas por 10 estacas, analisado em fatorial 3 x 7 (variedades x AIB). Conforme resultados obtidos neste trabalho, näo há necessidade do tratamento das estacas de caramboleira com regulador de crescimento (AIB). A variedade Golden Star mostrou melhores resultados, seguida pela Hart e B10.

Propagação da gravioleira por miniestaquia

Avaliou-se o enraizamento de miniestacas de gravioleira (Annona muricata L.), utilizando-se de estacas apicais e subapicais herbáceas coletadas em plantas cultivadas no campo e em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo 4 tipos de miniestacas (apical herbácea do campo e viveiro, subapical herbácea do campo e de viveiro) e 2 níveis de reguladores de crescimento (0 e 6.000 mg kg-1), totalizando 8 tratamentos e 3 repetições, com 12 estacas por parcela. As miniestacas foram padronizadas com sete centímetros de comprimento e tratadas ou não com ácido indolbutírico, colocadas em tubetes contendo substrato comercial e mantidas em câmara de nebulização. Aos 80 dias após o estaqueamento, foi observado que as miniestacas subapicais e apicais de casa de vegetação e subapicais do campo apresentaram percentual de enraizamento de 97,3%, 88% e 88% respectivamente. Não foi detectado efeito da aplicação de AIB no enraizamento das miniestacas.

Estaquia da cultivar de tomateiro Yoshimatsu

O tomateiro 'Yoshimatsu', desenvolvido para as condições amazônicas, apresenta resistência à Ralstonia solanacearum. O acesso às suas sementes é limitado, podendo a estaquia contribuir para a produção de mudas. Objetivou-se verificar a influência do tipo e tamanho de estacas herbáceas na qualidade das mudas dessa cultivar. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal do Amazonas, em Manaus-AM. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x3 (dois tipos de estacas: apicais e subapicais; três comprimentos de estacas: 10; 15 e 20 cm), com quatro repetições de 10 estacas cada. As plantas-matrizes foram cultivadas no sistema convencional. Aos 60 dias do transplante, ramos foram cortados conforme os tratamentos pré-estabelecidos. As estacas resultantes foram plantadas em copos plásticos, contendo substrato comercial, e mantidas em telado com 50% de sombreamento. Após 30 dias do plantio, foram avaliadas as variáveis de sobrevivência (% de estacas brotadas, enraizadas e mortas) e as variáveis de vigor (número de brotações por estaca, massa seca das brotações e das raízes). De modo geral, as estacas brotadas foram 90% ou mais, as enraizadas foram superior a 95% e as mortas inferior a 5%. As estacas de 15 cm mostraram maior acúmulo de massa seca das brotações (0,49 g). As estacas apicais de 15 e 20 cm e subapicais de 20 cm apresentaram maior número de brotações (média de duas brotações por estaca). Em relação aos tipos de estacas, tanto as variáveis de sobrevivência quanto as variáveis de vigor evidenciaram que o emprego de estacas apicais ou subapicais não causou prejuízos à qualidade das mudas produzidas. As estacas herbáceas de tomateiro 'Yoshimatsu' apresentam facilidade de enraizamento e brotamento, mas as características tipo e tamanho das estacas devem ser observadas na produção de mudas. Assim, devem ser usadas estacas de 15 ou 20 cm de comprimento, tanto apicais quanto subapicais, pois resultaram em mudas de maior vigor.

Cultural Conditions and Propagule Type Influence Relative Chloride Exclusion in Grapevine Rootstocks

Breeding for salt resistance in grapevines and other crops has made slow progress despite decades of research. One factor contributing to this problem in grapevines is the weak or nonexistent correlation of field and greenhouse performance observed in some studies when salt resistance is assessed by chloride accumulation in leaf tissue. To develop a rapid chloride exclusion assay for use in rootstock breeding, multiple systems were tested. Results were obtained wherein the well-established field performance of specific genotypes was augmented, equalized, or reversed when in containerized culture. One assay using fritted clay media and herbaceous cuttings yielded a rank order and relative chloride uptake among the tested genotypes that was similar to published values from long-term studies in experimental vineyards. This assay used only 14 days of high salt exposure, was inexpensive, required relatively little space and maintenance, and has continued to provide reliable data in subsequent experiments. The results demonstrate the potential for considerable plasticity in chloride exclusion exhibited by ungrafted grapevines when assayed in containers. This underscores the importance of system design wherein genotypes of known capacity for chloride exclusion are accurately calibrated to their established field performance. This study describes an empirically derived assay that replicates these conditions closely enough to be used in a rootstock breeding program for improved chloride exclusion.

Substratos no enraizamento de estacas herbáceas de amora-preta Xavante

A amora-preta (Rubus spp.) destaca-se entre as espécies que apresentam boas perspectivas de cultivo em áreas de agricultura familiar. Visando a otimizar a multiplicação de mudas dessa espécie, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de substratos e concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas de amora-preta Xavante. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x2 (três tipos de substratos e duas concentrações de AIB), com cinco repetições de sete estacas, sendo adotados os fatores: tipos de substratos (casca de arroz carbonizada, vermiculita grânulos médios e fibra de coco) e tratadas ou não com AIB (0 e 1000mg L-1). Após 80 dias, foram avaliadas as variáveis: sobrevivência das estacas; retenção foliar; estacas enraizadas; número de raízes por estaca; comprimento da maior raiz; massa seca das raízes por estaca; e pH; condutividade elétrica; densidade e capacidade de retenção de água dos substratos. Não houve influência dos substratos e da aplicação de AIB sobre a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, verificando-se alta eficiência no enraizamento das estacas de amora-preta Xavante (86,2%). Para a porcentagem de sobrevivência das estacas, o melhor resultado foi obtido sem a aplicação de AIB. Conclui-se que a amora-preta Xavante pode ser propagada por estaquia herbácea com eficiência, sem o uso de AIB, utilizando-se preferencialmente o substrato casca de arroz carbonizada como opção de baixo custo.