Heracleum Candicans Wall Research Articles

Pretreatments Comparison of Seed Germination of Heracleum candicans Wall

Pretreatments Comparison of Seed Germination of Heracleum candicans Wall

Pharmacognostic study of roots and aerial parts of less explored Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.from Betaab Valley, Pahalgam, Kashmir, India

Plant derived products have sparked considerable attention due to their versatile applications. The plants are among the richest bio-resource of drugs for traditional and modern medicines and leads for synthetic drug development and various pharmaceutical intermediates. Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. is reported as a medicinal herb of Apiaceae family. It is also known as White-leaf Hogweed and traditionally reported to be effective in various disease conditions like skin diseases, sunburn, and external tumours. The present work deals with the pharmacognostic evaluations of root and aerial parts of H. candicans. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis was carried out along with various physicochemical analysis, phytochemical screening as well as thin layer chromatography studies. Moreover, the presence of heavy toxic metals by ICP-OES method was also evaluated. The pharmacognostic studies of H. candicans showed the presence of prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, anomocytic stomata, reticulate and spiral xylem vessels along with lignified fibres with two types of covering trichomes. Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed the occurrence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, diterpenes, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, fats and oils. The estimation of various physicochemical constants could be beneficial in determining various quality control standards for crude drug. The findings from this study would be beneficial for the identification of H. candicans.

Essential Oil Composition of Roots of Heracleum candicans Wall. Cultivated in Nursery

Heracleum candicans Wall. (Apiaceae) is one of the important endangered aromatic species within the genus Heracleum. Owing to multiple uses, high market demand and endangered status of species, a wild strain was domesticated at Pothivasa (2200 m asl). Roots were dug out during senescence stage in November and essential oil was extracted. Twenty constituents composed of 93.52 % of the total volatile part could identify by using GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. The major portion of the volatile was α-and β-pinene. The study reveals interesting information about the H. candicans that major component of the essential oil varied between underground and leaf parts. Other important constituents were myrcene, germacrene D, dill apiole, limonene, Z-β-ocimene, cyclosativene, sabinene. The characterization of volatile part from cultivated roots opens new avenues for research on medicinal, aromatic and industrial use of H. candicans.

Variability in essential oil composition of different plant parts of Heracleum candicans Wall. Ex DC from North India

The essential oil composition of different plant parts (leaf, stem, roots and fresh umbels at full bloom, green seed stage and brown seed stage) of H. candicans from North India were studied and compared using GC-FID and GC-MS. Altogether, 49 constituents comprising 85.4–96.2% were identified. α-Pinene (5.4–17.7%), myrcene (0.5–9.7%), α-humulene (5.6–9.5%), lavandulyl acetate (3.2–8.0%), α-copaene (2.4–6.2%), β-pinene (2.1–5.2%) and ar-curcumene (1.8–5.1%) were the major constituents of leaf and stem essential oils of H. candicans. The root essential oil of H. candicans was found to be dominated by α-pinene (40.4%) and β-pinene (15.4%). However, umbel essential oils of different maturity stages of H. candicans were found to be dominated by esters viz. lavandulyl acetate (26.3–40.4%), bornyl acetate (≤0.05–16.4%) and n-octyl acetate (≤0.05–10.2%). The essential oil compositions were compared with earlier reports on Heracleum spp. which revealed significant variation in composition. This is for the first time the essential oil composition of different plant parts of H. candicans have been reported from Indian origin.

FIRST REPORT OF THE UREDINIAL AND TELIAL STATES OF PUCCINIA HERACLEI IN PAKISTAN

During a uredinological survey carried out in September 2011 in Deosai Plains, Pakistan, leaves of the medicianally important herb Heracleum candicans Wall. were found to be infected with a rust fungus. Uredinia were amphigenous, scattered, minute. Urediniospores were globose to subglobose, hyaline to light brown, (21-) 24-33 × (24-) 31–34 (-39) µm; wall hyaline, (2.1-) 2.8- 4 (-4.4) µm thick, echinulate; germpores 1-2, tending to be equatorial. Telia were small, scattered, pulverulent. Teliospores were 1-2 celled, 1-celled spores globose to subglobose, hyaline, 23-30 × 27–36 µm; wall 2.8-4.2 µm thick, 3-5 (-7) µm thick at apex, pedicel up to 12 µm long. 2-celled spores ovate, hyaline to light brown, 23-28× 32-44 (-47) µm; wall 3-5 µm thick, reticulate, 3-5 µm thick at apex, pedicel broken mostly, up to 7 µm long. Based on these morphological traits and spore dimensions, the rust was identified as Puccinia heraclei Grev., a sample of which was deposited in LAH Herbarium (LAH Herbarium No. 1204) of the University of the Punjab, Lahore. It has previously been reported on Heracleum sphondylium Bourg. ex Reut. in Britain (Wilson and Henderson, 1966). The aecial stage of this taxon has previously been reported from Murree hills of Pakistan on same host by Arthur and Cummins (1933). To the best of our knowledge it is first record of uredinial and telial states of P. heraclei in Pakistan.

Essential oil composition from leaves of Heracleum candicans Wall.: a sustainable method for extraction

Heracleum candicans Wall. (Apiaceae) is an important endangered aromatic species, exploited commercially with a destructive harvesting system from its natural habitat. We cultivated a wild strain of H. candicans, harvested leaves for extraction of essential oil and analyzed them. Twenty-eight compounds were identified from essential oil using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. These compounds are very useful for the pharmaceutical, flavor and fragrance industries. Harvesting of the leaves for the production of essential oil is a sustainable method compared with uprooting plants. Being a perennial species, leaves can be harvested every year, as the aerial parts of the plant regenerate easily and farmers need not worry about planting every year.

Separation and Identification of Furocoumarin in Fruits of Heracleum candicans DC. by HPTLC

Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. (Apiaceae) is widely used in Indian system of medicines as an aphrodisiac, nerve tonic and also in the treatment of skin diseases with reports of being rich in furocoumarins which are extensively used in pharmaceutical industry for their photosensitizing activity on human skin. A simple high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of psoralen (1) and heraclenol (2) in the fruits of H. candicans. The analytes were separated on silica gel F254 plates with toluene : diethy lether : acetic acid (6 : 4 : 1) and scanned densitometrically at 350 nm. The method was validated in terms of precision, repeatability, and accuracy. The linear range for psoralen and heraclenol was found to be 1–5 μg spot−1 and 1–4 μg spot−1 with correlation coefficient of 0.973 and 0.964, respectively. The two compounds were quantified in fruits of H. candicans and were found to be present in the range of 0.021–0.036% and 0.029–0.043% w/w. The method was found to be very simple, accurate, precise, and economical and can be used for routine quality control.

Five condensed furanocoumarins from the root of Heracleum candicans Wall.

Three new spirotrifuranocoumarins, canditririns C-E (1-3), a new spirotetrafuranocoumarin, canditetrarin A (4), and a new tetrafuranocoumarin, canditetrarin B (5), were isolated from the roots of Heracleum candicans Wall. Their structures were established using spectral methods.

Four novel furanocoumarin glucosides, candinosides A, B, C and D, from Heracleum candicans Wall

Four novel furanocoumarin glucosides, candinosides A, B, C and D (1-4), were isolated from the roots of Heracleum candicans Wall. Their structures were established using chemical and spectral methods.

Assessment of inter-population variability in Heracleum candicans wall with emphasis on seed characteristics and germination behavior.

Heracleum candicans wall, a Himalayan native and cosmopolitan medicinal plant species being a potential source of Xanthotoxin, has great demand in drug industries. Rampant unsustainable commercial harvesting coupled with other biotic pressures synergistically posed a severe threat to its existence in natural habitats and thus, registered as endangered species of Himalayan region. We assessed this species for its occurrence and availability in natural habitats and especial emphasis was given to understand inter-population variability in this plant with regard to morphological characteristics, biomass and seed germination behavior. Six populations lying along attitudinal gradients (2200 - 3700 m above mean sea level) in two geographically distinct valleys (Parvati and Kullu) in district Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India, were assessed. Results revealed that the species occurs in different habitats, most preferably in rocky crevices, open dry slopes, humus rich moist areas and along water channels, indicating its wide adaptability and thus, arouses high possibilities for its cultivation in a range of agro-climatic conditions. In spite of endangered status, the plant density is well enough in study area. Further, the species exhibits a high degree of inter-populations variation (P < 0.05) prominently in seed size (seed length and width), biomass and germinability which ranged from 14.67 - 82.33% across populations. Based on the assessment, elite population was identified for mass multiplication and cultivation. Overall, the implications of these results in strengthening existing propagation protocol and agro techniques and in formulating effective conservation measures for overall sustainability of the species have been suggested. Key words: Patrala, medicinal herb, occurrence, availability, conservation, seed, morphology, biomass, germination and Himalaya.

Chemical studies on the root of Heracleum candicans Wall. (Part 3)

Two new ester coumarins, candinols B and C (1 and 2), and three new coumarin dimers, candibirins F-H (3-5), were isolated from the roots of Heracleum candicans Wall. Their structures were established by using chemical and spectral means.

Chemical studies on the root of Heracleum candicans WALL.

Two new alkyl coumarins, isophellodenol C (1) and candinol A (2); four new spirobifuranocoumarins, candibirins B-E (3-6); and two trifuranocoumarins, canditririns A and B (7 and 8), were isolated from the roots of Heracleum candicans Wall. Their structures were established using chemical and spectral means.

Nematicidal coumarins from Heracleum candicans Wall.

The root extract of Heracleum candicans Wall. exhibited antagonistic activities against nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle and Panagrellus redivivus (Linn.) Goodey. Through bioassay-guided fractionations, three coumarins were obtained from the extract of H. candicans and determined to be 8-geranyloxypsoralen (1), imperatorin (2), and heraclenin (3) based on spectra data. All three compounds possessed nematicidal activities against the two tested nematodes. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of compounds 1–3 at 72 h were 188.3, 161.7, and 114.7 mg L−1 respectively against B. xylophilus and were 117.5, 179.0, and 148.7 mg L−1 respectively against P. redivivus. This is the first report about species in the Umbelliferae family that possesses nematicidal activity.

Comparison of Different Analytical HPLC Columns for Determination of Furocoumarins in Heracleum candicans Fruits

Columns used in HPLC play a vital role, as the efficiency of separation and resolution determines the quantification of the markers. Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. (Apiaceae) is used extensively in the Indian system of medicines, being a rich source of furocoumarins, extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for their photosensitizing property. Thus, keeping in view the importance of the plant, a comparison of the analytical HPLC columns has been carried out for the quality evaluation of H. candicans using furocoumarins viz. heraclenol and bergapten as markers. Four analytical columns (2 RP‐8 and 2 RP‐18) with different ligand chemistry were used for the analysis. The results indicate that the monolithic column, RP‐18e has better efficiency in terms of time and cost, whereas the classical RP‐18 column has better separation efficiency of the markers used, though there are some merged peaks. Also, by altering the flow rate and gradient separation, better resolution was achieved in monolithic columns. Thus, monolithic columns can be used for the quality control as it reduces the time and cost and are specific.

A Validated HPLC Method for Quantification and Optimization of Furocoumarins in Different Extracts of Fruits of Heracleum candicans

Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC (Apiaceae) finds use as an aphrodisiac, nerve tonic and also in the treatment of skin diseases in the Indian system of medicines and is reported to be rich in furocoumarins which are extensively used in pharmaceutical industry for their photosensitizing activity on human skin. Thus a HPLC–PDA method has been developed for the selection of suitable solvent for extraction and quantitative estimation of these furocoumarins viz. heraclenol, heraclenin, bergapten and psoralen in fruits of H. candicans. The results indicate that heraclenol is found to be maximum in 30% aqueous methanolic extract (0.108%) while the maximum concentration of heraclenin (anti-inflammatory principle) and bergapten (melanogenesis stimulation activity) was found in the pure methanolic extract (0.386 and 0.281%, respectively). However psoralen (anti-psoriatric principle) was found in very low concentration in all the extracts. Further validation of the method was done in view to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method thus developed can be applied in quality evaluation of H. candicans.

Candibirin A, a Furanocoumarin Dimer Isolated from Heracleum candicans Wall.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Candibirin A, a furanocoumarin dimer isolated fromHeracleum candicansWALL.

Candibirin A [systematic name: 9,9'-(1,4-dioxane-2,5-diyldimethylenedioxy)di(7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one)], a new furanocoumarin dimer, was isolated from Heracleum candicans WALL. (1)H NMR and MS spectra had indicated that the title compound was a dimer of heraclenin or heraclenol, but the linkage structure and its chirality were undetermined. The dioxane linkage, having the R,R configuration, has now been elucidated from dimethyl sulfoxide-solvated crystals, C(32)H(28)O(10).2C(2)H(6)OS. Candibirin A is thus a dimerization product from heraclenin formed by reaction at the epoxy group. Dimethylformamide-solvated crystals, C(32)H(28)O(10).C(3)H(7)NO, adopt a different conformation, with a folded structure that differs from the extended structure in the dimethyl sulfoxide solvate. However, the puckering of the dioxane linker unit is very similar in the two conformers. This result shows that the rotation of the ether bonds, in the linker between the furanocoumarin and dioxane moieties, causes the conformational flexibility of (I).

Effect of various presowing treatments on seed germination of Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.: a high value medicinal plant

The paper describes the effect of presowing treatments to improve percentage germination and reduce mean germination time (MGT). Of the various pretreatments tried, 14 days chilling at 4°C significantly (P<0.05) improved percentage germination (88.89%). Upon reducing the chilling duration (7 days) the improvement in germination was accompanied by increase in MGT. The lowest MGT was achieved through KNO 3 treatment. Germination response varied significantly (P<0.05) between populations. Possible reasons for such variation is discussed.

Regeneration of Heracleum candicans Wall Plants from Callus Cultures through Organogenesis

Callus was initiated from petiole explants of Heracleum candicans on MS medium fortified with BAP and 2,4-D ( 0.5 mg I-1 each). Maximum shoot differentiation from callus occurred on MS medium containing 1 mg I-1 BAP and 0.2 mg I-1 NAA. The regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg I-1 IBA. The rooted plants were transferred to the field after successful hardening in pots containing vermiculite. All regenerated plants were diploid with 2n=22 chromosomes in their root tip cells.

Adventitious shoot regeneration from petiole explants of Heracleum candicans wall

A method for adventitious shoot induction from petiole explants of Heracleum candicans is reported. Shoot buds were induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 4.4μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1.1 μM 2,4-dichlorophen-oxyacetic acid (2,4-D). A wound response in the presence of BA and 2,4-D at the time of culture was necessary for inducing shoot buds. The shoot bud regeneration was significantly influenced by size, type and orientation of explants on the culture medium. These shoot buds developed into 4–5 cm shoots upon transfer to a medium containing 1.1μM BA and 0.5 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The regenerated shoots formed rooted plantlets on MS medium supplemented with 4.9 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). About 15 plants were established in the field for further evaluation.