Heptyl Alcohol Research Articles

Experimental study on a new plugging agent during CO2 flooding for heterogeneous oil reservoirs: A case study of Block G89-1 of Shengli oilfield

In oilfield operations, CO2 has been applied to enhance oil recovery (EOR). However, CO2 injection in heterogeneous oil reservoirs lacks acceptable sweep efficiency due to the high mobility of CO2. A suitable composite organic granule plugging agent was developed to control CO2 mobility and hence, improve sweep efficiency and oil recovery. The reaction mechanism involved hydroquinone, formaldehyde, furfural and heptyl alcohol catalyzed by p-toluene sulfonic acid at supercritical CO2 to initiate carbonyl addition and condensation reaction via sol-gel polymerization to form granulated polymer. This system is suitable for low permeability and low water-cut oil reservoirs. The core experiments show that the system is easy for injection, and the plugging ratio is more than 98% after injecting 1PV. The parallel sand pack model experiments show that the system can enter the high permeability reservoirs first and as the increase of permeability ratio, the profile modification becomes better. The core flooding experiment shows that the system had good performance of sealing for CO2 and the EOR can be further improved 11.9% at the same time.

The new esterification catalysts and the nature of reactions proceeding at esterification of synthetic naphthenic acids in their presence

There have been synthesized the novel sulfocationites on the basis of graft copolymers of polystyrene with oligostyrene, and their metal-polymer composites based on the titanium-containing compound with the grafted ionic-liquid type ligands. Esterifacation reaction of synthetic naphthen acid (SNA) fraction with heptyl alcohol as a model reaction has been investigated in the presence of the novel sulfocationites and Ti-containing metal-polymer composites on their basis. Structural group content and molecular mass characteristics of primary and end esterification products have been identified using PMR, NMR, IR-spectroscopy and gel-permeation chromotography methods, correspondingly. The results of the investigations carried out show that the esterification reactions of SNA with alcohols are complex process in the course of which the primary esterification reactions, opening of the five-membered cycles in the condensed naphthenic fragments with formation of oxy-ethers and/or oxy-acids, products of their polycondensation, lactone formation as well as decarboxylation reactions take place. The yields of the basic and side products strongly depend on the nature and method of the sulfocationite and their titanium-containing modificates type catalysts preparation.

ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Amino Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl Alcohol and Its Application for Enantioselective Additions of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes.

Abstract Enantioselective additions of diethylzinc to aldehydes were demonstrated, and good to moderate enantioselectivities (54 to 95% enantiomeric excess) were obtained. The ligand 4 was prepared from camphor and acetic acid in a facile process of four steps, and the chiral source was only inexpensive (+)-camphor.

Retronasal and Oral-Cavity-Only Identifications of Air-Phase Trigeminal Stimuli

Oral-cavity-only (OCO) identifications of air-phase trigeminal stimulus chemicals, i.e., pure chemicals that are often discriminated from their solvents by anosmics and are usually lateralized without sniffing by normosmics, were compared with retronasal identifications made by 20 participants. Participants selected the best possible identification from nine alternatives, but did not respond if they could not provide an identification within the 10-s response interval. It was found that, except for dl-menthol, the frequencies of correct identifications for OCO presentations were significantly different from the frequencies for retronasal presentations. OCO percent correct identifications were: eugenol 7%, heptyl alcohol 5%, nonanal 10%, 1-octanal 18%, and valeric acid 20%, but 58% correct for dl-menthol. Median percent correct OCO identifications were all 0% except 67% for dl-menthol. Modal OCO identification responses were ‘no response’, except “peppermint” for dl-menthol. In contrast, retronasal overall percent correct identifications, median percent correct identifications, and modal identifications were: eugenol 78%, 100%, “cloves”; heptyl alcohol 49%, 67%, “cleaner”; nonanal 54%, 58%, “citrus”; 1-octanal 71%, 67%, “cleaner”; dl-menthol 80%, 100%, “peppermint”; valeric acid 66%, 67%, “rancid”. One implication of the differences between OCO and retronasal responses is that, for many trigeminal stimuli at retronasal-effective concentrations, responses from the oral cavity trigeminal sensory system are not sufficient for identification, suggesting that the oral cavity trigeminal system may be different from and generally provides less differential information than the nasal cavity one. However, because dl-menthol received consistent oral cavity identifications comparable to retronasal identifications, this ten-carbon alcohol may represent a unique class of trigeminal stimuli.

Facile synthesis of amino bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl alcohol and its application for enantioselective additions of diethylzinc to aldehydes

Enantioselective additions of diethylzinc to aldehydes were demonstrated, and good to moderate enantioselectivities (54 to 95% enantiomeric excess) were obtained. The ligand 4 was prepared from camphor and acetic acid in a facile process of four steps, and the chiral source was only inexpensive (+)-camphor.

Influence of a surface of porous solid carrier on the selectivity of organic solvent-extractants

The correlation between the distribution coefficients of phenols in liquid extraction systems and extractive-chromatographs systems with modified sorbents has been studied in order to investigate the influence of extractant characteristics on the extractive activity of modified sorbent. We have used polysorb C processed with hexyl, heptyl and octyl alcohols, esters, i.e., TBP, triisobytylphosphate and tricresylphosphate, aromatic carbohydrates, i.e., foluene and andoxylene.

Investigation of the formation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with model molecules: Kinetics and mechanism of the catalytic esterification and alcoholysis reactions. I. Carboxylic acid catalysis (monofunctional reactants)

AbstractMonofunctional compounds (benzoic acid, heptyl alcohol, and 2‐butoxy‐ethanol) were used to investigate the kinetics of the esterification and the alcoholysis reactions. Carboxylic acids (benzoic acid) are the only catalysts present in the reaction medium. The factors which influence the kinetics of the esterification reaction were studied: the nature of the carboxylic acid (substituents on the benzene ring), the nature of the alcohol, the composition of the reaction medium (alcohol alone or with another solvent, ester, or water). The results point out for an acyl type (AAC2) mechanism. The alcoholysis reaction needs the presence of carboxylic acid as a catalyst to occur significantly. A similar mechanism is proposed for both reactions: nucleophilic attack by the oxygen atom of the alcohol at the ion pair formed by protonation of the acid (esterification reaction) or by protonation of the ester (alcoholysis).

Antipitting, antifriction, and protective properties of molybdenum dithiophosphates

This paper investigates the antipitting, antifriction, and protective properties of oil-soluble molybdenum dithiophosphates, differing in the structure of the hydrocarbon radical. The MoDTP compounds were synthesized from buryl, heptyl, octyl, and decyl alcohols and cotylphenol. The molybdenum-containing additive Molyvan L was tested for comparison. The test results on the oil base stocks, the MT-16p oil, and the oils containing MoDTP are presented. The studies show that molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates are highly effective antipitting and antifricition additives that can increase the operating time of frictional components up to the appearance of pitting by a factor of 2-3. Some of these additives also have protective properties.

Density of isoamyl and heptyl alcohols at various temperatures and pressures

The hydrostatic weighing method is used to determine the density of isoamyl alcohol at T=273.15-587.37°K and the density of heptyl alcohol at T=273.15–575.07°K at pressures of 10.86–491.4 bar. An equation of state is presented.

Ellipsometric studies of environment-sensitive polish layers of glass

The polishing behavior of vitreous silica and Pyrex is found to be strongly dependent on the ambient (different alcohols) used for polishing. This is manifested by the variations in the thickness and refractive index of the densified layer on the polished surface, which have been detected ellipsometrically. Our measurements on vitreous silica and Pyrex samples have indicated a relation between the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecules of the polishing media and the densification of the surface layers. The increased densification has been related to a harder surface which would result in less plastic flow and greater tendency toward fracture during polishing. We found a peak in the densification and hence in the surface hardness of the glasses in hexyl or heptyl alcohol agreeing with studies done on drilling rates and pendulum hardness in these alcohols by Westwood.

Homolytic alkylation of monofunctional derivatives of tetrahydrofuran with unsaturated compounds

1. In the homolytic alkylation of methyl tetrahydro-2-furoate, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, and tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate with unsa.tura.ted compounds mainly 2,2-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans are formed. 2. By the free-radical addition of heptyl, benzyl, and cyclohexyl alcohols to acrylonitrile the correspondingγ-hydroxy nitriles were obtained.

Relative rates of hydrolysis by rat pancreatic lipase of esters of C2-C18 fatty acids with C1-C18 primary n-alcohols

The rate at which rat pancreatic lipase (glycerol-ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) hydrolyzes the esters of primary n-alcohols containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms with fatty acids containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms was determined. The speed of hydrolysis was influenced, apparently independently, by both the acyl and the alkyl chains. With respect to the fatty acid moiety, the esters of dodecanoic acid were usually split at the most rapid rate. Esters of butyric acid were the next most susceptible. In the case of the alcohol moiety, esters of heptyl alcohol were hydrolyzed most rapidly. On the basis of the pattern of the relative rates of hydrolysis, it is proposed that the influence of the alcohol component is a result of its orienting the ester molecule at the oil/water interface. The fatty acid effect is attributed to enzyme-substrate specificity.

New method for the preparation of alkoxy zirconium compounds

1. The first mixed zirconium compounds containing both chelating groups and alkoxy groups were prepared: 2. By exchange reactions between zirconium trisacetylacetonate chloride and alcohols we obtained chloroalkoxyzirconiums of the type (RO)3 ZrCl (R=n-C3H7, n-C4H9, n-C6H13, n-C7H15, n-C8H17, n-C9H19). 3. By exchange reactions between zirconium tetrakisacetylacetonate and hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and nonyl alcohols we obtained the corresponding tetraalkyl orthozirconates (RO)4Zr.

Basic factors in the formation and stability of nonsoap lubricating greases: II. The mechanism of gel formation

High-area hydrophobic and hydrophilic solids flocculate in pure or dry liquids to form grease gels by particle-to-particle contact. In these systems, particle diameter and concentration of thickener are more important in gel formation and resulting consistency than the degree of polarity of the solid surface or of the liquid. When water is present, on the other hand, the formation of structure depends greatly on whether the dispersed solid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Trace water markedly influences the flocculation of hydrophilic solids dispersed in polar or nonpolar vehicles; however, trace water has little effect on the flocculation process of hydrophobic thickeners. In nonpolar vehicles, water enhances the flocculating ability of polar solids; in polar vehicles, the opposite effect is found. Heptyl alcohol and amine (and their benzene analogs) drastically thin greases built with polar solids. Heptyl aldehyde, chloride, and acid generally have small influence. As the polarity of the solid is increased, the thinning ability of the additives increases. Distinctly different are carbon black built greases which are not influenced by these additives. Greases built with Estersil, which possess a predominantly but not entirely hydrophobic surface, are affected somewhat differently from the greases made from predominantly polar solids. In the presence of additives and water, the degree of surface polarity determines whether one component (water or additive) will be displaced by increasing concentrations of the second component.

Additions and Corrections - 3,5-Dinitrobenzoates of Isomeric Heptyl Alcohols

Additions and Corrections - 3,5-Dinitrobenzoates of Isomeric Heptyl Alcohols

Condensation of the Tertiary Heptyl Alcohols with Phenol in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride

Condensation of the Tertiary Heptyl Alcohols with Phenol in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride

I. On the normal paraffins

In the first paper of this subject it was shown that by the action of chlorine on a normal paraffin a primary chloride and a secondary one of the general formula C n H 2n+1 CH 3 } CHCL are formed simultaneously. It appeared of interest also to examine the action of bromine on the paraffins. The present paper contains the first results of this research. I. Normal Hexane.—When bromine vapour is passed into the vapour of the boiling hydrocarbon, in the daylight, its colour disappears quickly and substitution products are formed which are partly decomposed by distillation. The portion distilling without decomposition consists of a hexyl bromide, which was converted into the acetate and the alcohol. The latter yielded on oxidation acetic acid and normal butyric acid , showing that it is methylbutyl carbinol . The boiling-points of the different compounds are as follows:— The heptyl alcohol is methylpentyl carbinol , because on oxidation it was resolved into acetic acid and normal pentylic acid .

XI.—On primary normal heptyl alcohol and some of its derivatives

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.

Scientific Serials

Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie u. Pharmacie, Band 170, Heft 1 und 2. This number contains the following papers:—On the chlorides and oxy-chlorides of sulphur, by A. Michaelis. The author describes the compound SCl4 and other chlorides, also an oxy-chloride of the formula S2O5Cl2. He gives tables and curves showing the dissociation of SCl4 which is very rapid between − 20° when 100 per cent, of that body exists and + 6°.2 when only 2.43 per cent, exists as SCl4, the rest consisting of SCl2 and chlorine. SCl2 dissociates much less rapidly, 5.44 Per cent. existing at a temperature of + 120°. Researches on the nature and constitution of gallic acid, by H. Schiff. A correction of the formula of carbazolin, by C. Gräabe.—On capronic acid contained in the crude butyric acid of fermentation, by A. Lieben—On the salts of capronic acid derived from fermentation, by F. Kottal.—On a condensation product of oxybenzoic acid, by L. Barth and C. Senhofer. The author's obtained a body of the formula C14H8O4; two of the hydrogens of this formula are replaceable by metals. The Ba Ca, K and Na salts thus formed are described. On treating the original body with zinc, anthracene was obtained. They propose to call this body Anthraflavon; it is useles as a dye-stuff.—On phenol-trisulphuric acid, by C. Senhofer. The acid is prepared by acting on sulphuric acid with phosphoric anhydride in the presence of phenol; it is a tribasic acid of the formula C6H6S3O10 crystallising with 31/2 molecules of water. Several of its salts are described.—On orthoxylol prepared from liquid brom-toluol, by P. Jannasch and H. Hübner.—On the action of ozone on carburetted hydrogen, by A. Houzeau and A Renard. This is a translation from a paper in the Comptes Rendus, vol. lxxvi., 572.—On dichlorglycide, by A. Claus. This body is prepared by the action of potassic hydrate on trichlorhydrin. On the action of potassic cyanide on dichlorglycide, by the same author.—On ænanthylic acid and normal heptyl alcohol, by Harry Grimshaw and C. Schorlemmer.—On trimethyl acetic acid, by A. Butlerow.—On the dichlor propionic ether from glyceric acid, by Messrs. Werigo and Werner.—Contributions to our knowledge of citric acid; and On baric citraconate, by H. Kämmerer.—On dissociation, by A. Horstmann.—The number concludes with a short reply to Butlerow's paper on trimethyl carbinol, by E. Linnemann.

X. Normal primary heptyl alcohol

One of us has shown that by oxidizing the primary heptyl alcohol from normal heptane acid is formed, which is identical with acid from œnanthol. Œnanthylic acid is therefore a normal acid; and as by the distillation of castor-oil any quantity of œnanthol may be obtained, this aldehyde appears to be the best starting-point for the preparation of the hitherto almost unknown normal heptyl compounds. Some years ago Bouis and Carlet found that, by the action of zinc and acetic acid on œnanthol, a heptyl acetate is formed, which yielded a heptyl alcohol boiling at 165°.