Hepatotoxicity In Wistar Albino Rats Research Articles

Effects of Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) against isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats.

Anti-tuberculosis drugs are reported to cause hepatotoxicity, which varies from asymptomatic rise of the hepatic enzymes. Hepatoprotective plants plays important role to protect liver. This study investigated the hepatoprotective potential of the Solanum lycopersicum in rats intoxicated with Isoniazid and Rifampicin (INH+RIF) to induce hepatotoxicity. Thirty wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1 rats were kept control while groups II, III, IV and V were administered with INH+RIF (75+150 mg/kg) orally, for seven consecutive days. For treatment, rats in group III received silymarin while animals in group IV and V were provided with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of Solanum lycopersicum extract, respectively. On day 0 and 8th blood samples were collected for the analysis of hepatic biomarkers. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test for statistical analysis. Hepatotoxicity induced by INH+RIF resulted in significant elevation of serum hepatic enzymes including Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin while decreased the albumin level. The Solanum lycopersicum at dose of 80 mg/kg significantly reduced the hepatic enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin while the albumin level was significantly increased. The treatment had non-significant effect on body and liver weight. Drug induced hepatotoxicity can be effectively treated with Solanum lycopersicum at 80 mg/kg dose.

Assessment of the hepatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves ex-tract (MOLE) on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar rats

The current study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective efficacy of Moringa oleifera (MOLE) against liver damage in male rats caused by paracetamol. Four groups of twenty-four male Wister rats, weighing between 150 and 200 gm each, were created. To cause liver damage, a dose of 2g/kg of paracetamol was given once a day for a week, and a dose of 300mg/kg B.W. of MOLE was given orally via gavage for four weeks. As an example hepatoprotective medication, silymarin was administered orally at a rate of 100 mg/kg body weight. Enzyme levels in the liver including total bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP were utilized to gauge the extent of recovery after hepatic damage. As antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT were evaluated. In male rats, paracetamol-induced liver damage was successfully avoided by silymarin and MOLE. The hepatoprotective effects of the extract were evidenced by a noteworthy reduction in the levels of blood enzymes include TB, ALT, AST, and ALP, along with a decline in tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Additionally, there was a rise in the levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, as well as interleukin 6 (IL-6).

Hepatoprotective effect of methanol extract of Agave americana leaves on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats

BackgroundEthiopians locally treat liver illnesses with A. Americana. Available literature demonstrates this. However, there are few in-vivo investigations that provide supporting data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extract of Agave americana leaves on rat liver damage caused by paracetamol.MethodsThe acute oral toxicity test was conducted in accordance with OECD-425 recommendations. The approach outlined by Eesha et al. (Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4:466-469, 2011) was used to test the hepatoprotective activity. Wistar male rats weighing between 180 and 200 g were used, and six groups with seven animals each were formed. Group I received treatment with gum acacia (2%) at a dose of 2 ml/kg p.o. daily for 7 days. Rats in group II were treated with 2% gum acacia orally daily for seven days along with a single dose of paracetamol (2 mg/kg) p.o. on 7th day. Silymarin (50 mg/kg) was given orally to Group III for 7 days. Plant extract doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg were administered orally to Groups IV -VI for seven days, respectively. All rats in groups III-VI were treated with paracetamol (2 mg/kg) 30 min following extract administration. Blood samples were obtained from the cardiac puncture after paracetamol had been used for 24 h to induce toxicity. Serum biomarkers (AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin) were estimated. A histopathological investigation was also done.ResultsNo toxicity symptoms or animal fatalities were recorded during the acute toxicity study. The values of AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin were all substantially raised by paracetamol. Significant hepatoprotective effects were obtained by pretreatment with A. americana extract. Histopathological examination of the liver tissues of paracetamol control group represented the presence of marked foci of mononuclear infiltration in the hepatic parenchyma tissue, sinusoid, and around central vein, as well as disorganization of hepatic plates, necrosis, and fatty changes of hepatocytes. Pretreatment with A. americana extract reversed these alterations. Results of the methanolic extract of A. americana were comparable to Silymarin.ConclusionThe current investigation supports the hepatoprotective properties of Agave americana methanolic extract.

Screening of liver protective effect of herbal hepatoprotective product in ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in Wister rats

Background: liver is highly susceptible to the toxic and adverse effects of various metabolites and xenobiotics such as alcohol etc. Alcohol abuse leads to hepatotoxicity that is presented in the form of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of polyherbal formulation. The test drug was studied in comparison with marketed formulations in ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Methods: Total 7 groups of animals were studied comparatively to evaluate efficacy of various formulations. Results: It was found that all the formulations tested including all the dosages of Polyherbal Capsule significantly reduced levels of SGOT (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), SGPT (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Total Bilirubin when compared to ethanol group. There was significant increase in total protein level in Ariliv Tablet, Silymarin and marketed formulation groups. Also, all the formulations tested effectively preserved the structural integrity of the hepatocellular membrane and liver cell architecture damaged by ethanol. When compared between formulation groups there was no statistical significant difference. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Polyherbal Capsule possesses hepatoprotective activity in ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Polyherbal Capsule can be effectively used in hepatitis caused due to alcohol.

Evaluation of herbal hepatoprotective product against carbon tetrachloride induced liver problems

Background: When Anti-tubercular, anti-retroviral, NSAIDs, Anti-epileptic and many more drugs used on long term basis or even within therapeutic range induces hepatotoxicity. One of the chemical agent such as Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) induces liver damage and leads to acute hepatotoxicity. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of Polyherbal capsule. CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats was studied in comparison with marketed Products. Methods: To evaluate efficacy of various products, total 7 groups of animals were studied comparatively Results: It was found that all the dosages of Polyherbal Capsule significantly reduced levels of SGOT (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), SGPT (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Total Bilirubin when compared to CCl4 group. There was considerable increase in total protein level in Polyherbal Capsule, Silymarin and marketed Product groups. Also all the Products tested effectively preserved the structural integrity of the hepatocellular membrane and liver cell architecture damaged by CCl4. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Polyherbal Capsule possesses hepatoprotective activity in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Polyherbal Capsule can be effectively used in hepatitis caused due to various toxins.

Effect of chronic administration of aqueous extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves on Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats

Hepatoprotective drugs are not available for use in modern medicine and different parts of medicinal plants like Neem (Azadirachta indica) are used as hepatoprotectants in traditional medicine. Although there are scientific reports of its hepatoprotective activity on acute administration, we found only one study which had evaluated its hepatoprotective effect on chronic administration. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of chronic oral administration of Neem on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: We randomly assigned 72 male and female Wistar albino rats to four groups of 18 animals each and orally administered Distilled water 5ml/kg body weight/day to Groups A (Normal control) and B (Experimental control), 500 mg/kg aqueous Neem leaf extract (Test) to Group C and Silymarin suspension (Standard) 100mg/kg/day to Group D for 30 days. On the 8th day, we induced hepatotoxicity with Paracetamol 2g/kg body weight single dose to groups B, C and D. We performed liver function tests, recorded liver weights and examined liver histology of six rats from each group on 10th, 20th and 30th days. Results: We observed significant difference (P

ANTIULCER, ANALGESIC AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF HYDROALCOHOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF JURINEA DOLOMIAEA BOISS

The herb Jurinea Dolomiaea Boiss, which is a member of the Astraceae family, has long been used in Ayurveda to treat liver diseases and as an anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic. The antiulcer, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss aqueous and hydroalcoholic root extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats were investigated in this work. The experimental rats were given Jurinea dolomiaea root hydroalcoholic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o.) daily for seven days. By measuring SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and total bilirubin, the hydroalcoholic extract of Jurinea dolomiaea roots was examined for its hepatoprotective properties. The toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride was greatly reduced in the rats treated with the hydroalcoholic extract of Jurinea dolomiaea roots by restoring the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and total bilirubin compared to the toxicant control. Jurinea dolomiaea root hydroalcoholic extract shown notable hepatoprotective effects.

Effect of nigella sativa oil on bisphenol a-induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats: histopathological and biochemical investigation

Bisphenol A (or BPA) is a toxic endocrine disruptor that is emitted into the environment as a result of industrial manufacturing methods. In this research, we focused on investigating the protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on the liver in rats treated with hepatotoxic BPA. For this purpose, 30 Wistar Albino rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (1 ml olive oil); NSO (5 ml/kg NSO); BPA (100mg/kg); BPA+ NSO (100 mg/kg BPA + 5 ml/kg NSO). All applications were done by oral gavage. At the end of the 30-day study period, blood samples of the anesthetized rats were collected and euthanized under appropriate conditions. After removing the serum of the collected blood samples, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, which have a key role in liver toxicity, were measured. At the same time, liver samples that were dissected and removed from the cadaver were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for histopathological examination and scoring, and hematoxylin - eosin staining were performed. BPA caused degeneration and necrosis in hepatocytes, Kuffper activation, bile duct hyperplasia, congestion, and hepatic cord dissociation, causing serious increases in total liver lesion scores. In parallel, BPA-induced increases were detected in ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT levels. The histological architecture and liver function tests were significantly improved with the addition of NSO to the diet. These findings provided that NSO has a hepatoprotective effect by improving BPA-induced liver damage.

Hepatoprotective effect of date palm fruit extract against doxorubicin intoxication in Wistar rats

Objective: To investigate the prophylactic efficacy of date palm fruit extract against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: The rats were equally and randomly assigned to 6 groups: group 1 (untreated control), group 2 and 3 given daily oral administration of prophylactic aqueous extract of date palm fruit at 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively, and group 4, 5 and 6 intraperitoneally injected with doxorubicin at 15 mg/kg on day 30. Rats in group 5 and 6 received daily oral administration of aqueous extract of date palm fruit at 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for 30 d. The phytochemicals identified by GC-MS analysis were analyzed using in silico study. Antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymatic, biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis were determined to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of date extract. Results: Aqueous extract of date palm fruit significantly mitigated doxorubicin-induced changes in activities of liver enzymes, reduced reactive oxygen species levels, and suppressed lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Moreover, aqueous extract of date palm fruit reduced doxorubicin-induced hepatic lesions. Molecular docking studies showed that most compounds of aqueous extract of date palm fruit identified via GC-MS had good interaction with proteins of human pregnane X receptor, oxygenase-1, and CYP2C9. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of date palm fruit mitigates doxorubicin-mediated DNA damage and hepatotoxicity, and restores normal liver function and may be a promising agent against the deleterious effects of doxorubicin.

Ameliorative potential of Crataegus songarica against Isoniazid and Rifampicin Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Ameliorative potential of Crataegus songarica against Isoniazid and Rifampicin Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Ameliorative effect of ethanolic extract of Limnophila rugosa (Scrophulariaceae) in paracetamol- and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

BackgroundLimnophila rugosa (Scrophulariaceae) is a perennial aquatic plant used as a diuretic and digestive tonic as well as in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia and urinary ailments. Genus Limnophila has been reported as hepatoprotective. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of L. rugosa aerial part in paracetamol- and carbon tetrachloride-induced (CCl4) hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. Ethanolic extract was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for the estimation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis for phytochemical analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity was carried out by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radical and hydrogen peroxide assay. Hepatoprotective potential of L. rugosa was studied in paracetamol (750 mg/mg)- and CCl4 (1.25 ml/kg)-induced liver damage in albino rats at dose 200 and 300 mg/kg using silymarin (100 mg/kg) as standard. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were determined in liver tissue homogenate. Serum biochemical and histopathological examination was performed. Molecular docking analysis was performed to understand the molecular mechanism of hepatoprotective activity.ResultsHPLC analysis revealed predominance of rutin. GC–MS analysis revealed camphor as principal component. Ethanolic extract exhibited significant concentration-dependent scavenging efficacy. The altered biochemical chemical parameters: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin, globulin and total protein, were significantly improved at 200 and 300 mg/kg in experimental rats. Extract signified hepatoprotective by decreasing lipid peroxidation and upregulating SOD, CAT and GSH. The findings were well supported by histological analysis. 2-Butyl-2, 7-octadien-1-ol (-5.8) and camphor (-4.8) gave the highest docking score on the transforming growth factor-β1.ConclusionsThe ameliorative effect of L. rugosa in the rat model of hepatotoxicity could be attributed to its antioxidant potential and bioactive principles such as betulin, 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (salvigenin), betulinic acid, ursolic acid, 3-octanol, acetophenone, anisylacetone, caryophyllene, cis-anethole and the compounds camphor and 2-butyl-2,7-octadien-1-ol identified from GC–MS analysis.

Aqueous Extract of <i>Erythrina senegalensis</i> Exhibits Dose-Dependent Hepatoprotective Activity on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Rats

Erythrina senegalensis is utilized in the treatment of liver diseases in folklore medicine in most of northern Nigeria, but sufficient pharmacological-based and peer-reviewed scientific literature is not available to authenticate its use in the treatment of liver ailments. This research is aimed at assessing the hepatoprotective effects of Erythrina senegalensis against paracetamol-induced (PCM-induced) hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. This was evaluated by estimating the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as compared with the control group. The extract was concentrated and then desired concentrations of extracts were made by dissolving in normal saline. Four different doses of aqueous extracts Erythrina senegalensis (200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg) were administered orally for 6 consecutive days after the 72 hrs administration of paracetamol (1500 mg/kg) per body weight. Paracetamol significantly induced oxidative stress in the liver, ultimately leading to increased serum levels of liver enzyme markers like alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Administration of the extracts showed significant (p 0.05) and dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity resulting in decrease in the activity of ALT, AST and ALP. These data revealed that Erythrina senegalensis aqueous extracts possess significant hepatoprotective activity against PCM-induced toxicity attributable to its constituent phytochemicals. The mechanism of hepatoprotection seems to be through the modulation of antioxidant enzyme systems.

Ethanolic Extract of Syzygium cumini Causes Toxic Effects on Ethanol-induced Liver and Kidney Damage in Albino Wistar Rats: A Biochemical and Histological Study

Background: The therapeutic value of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) has been documented in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Various preparations of this plant have been made and used especially for liver inflammatory conditions in livestock. Further, many liver diseases in humans are inflammatory conditions, which are caused by alcohol intake. This study sought to examine the effect of S. cumini on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first group was control and the other four were administered ethanol at varying doses to induce liver and kidney damages. Two doses of the S. cumini extract were administered at a concentration of 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg. Silymarin was administered to the last group at 10 mg/kg. The liver and kidney tissue samples were collected and preserved for histological analyses and the rat sera were analyzed for the associated biochemical biomarkers. Results: Histopathological analyses revealed pyknotic nuclei and distortion in the arrangement of the hepatocytes in extract-treated groups. The kidney tissue samples showed signs of interstitial bleeding and aggregation of lymphocytes in the peri-glomerular areas. The analyses of the biochemical parameters revealed that there were significant increases in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), Urea and creatinine in the sera of the groups treated with the extract compared to those of the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: The S. cumini extract caused elevation of serum hepatic and renal biomarkers at 400 mg/kg and did not have a hepatoprotective effect.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF NILITANDULIYADI LEHA IN PARACETAMOL INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Background: Paracetamol toxicity is currently the single most important cause for acute liver failure and is associated with significant number of deaths. Nilitanduliyadi leha is one among the formulation explained in the context of Vishahara yogas (anti-poisonous formulations) in the text Vishavaidya Jyotsnika. Objectives: To experimentally evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of nilitanduliyadi leha in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Albino Wistar rats of either sex weighing 200 – 250, g were selected and divided into four groups of six animals in each group (n = 6). Treatment was given for 7 days. Blood was drawn and sent for tests and important organs like liver and kidney were dissected out, cleaned to remove extraneous tissues, blotted to remove blood stain and weighed. A piece of liver tissue was preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological processing. Results: The formulation has helped in balancing the biochemical parameters studied almost as efficiently as the standard drug. In the antioxidant study also, the drug has given good results and shows even slightly more effective than the standard drug. The histopathology study also reveals mild protection and regeneration of tissues by the effect of test drug. Conclusion: This present study proves that the formulation is having a comparable hepato protective activity with that of silymarin.

Evaluation of the effects of the black mulberry extract against Diazinon induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats.

Background: Diazinon is the globally used organophosphorus compound to which humans are exposed through contamination of food and water. Flavonoids in Morus nigra exhibit a wide range of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-radiation properties and have a protective action against oxidative damage and hepatoprotective effects. The study's objective was to evaluate the effects of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract against diazinon-induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats.
 Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020 at the Department of Pathology, Isra University, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Under standard colony conditions, thirty-six healthy male albino Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams were randomly divided equally into three groups: Group-1 (Control), Group-2 (given 60 mg/kg Diazinon daily for 4 weeks), Group-3 (administered Diazinon 60 mg/kg with 500 mg/kg of Morus nigra extract daily for 4 weeks through orogastric intubation). Hepatic tissue of all groups was observed under the light microscope. At the same time, hepatic serum markers were also analyzed.
 Results: A statistically significant decline in the bodyweight and rise in absolute liver weight of group-3 compared with groups-1 and group-2 (p<0.05). Co-administration of Morus nigra significantly lowered serum AST ad ALT levels. Significant histopathological derangement was observed in group-2 hepatic tissues while group-3 rats hepatic tissues had minimal changes and near-normal hepatic parenchyma.
 Conclusion: Morus nigra leaf extract has hepatoprotective effects against Diazinon-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino Wistar rats.

Investigation on Potential Efficacy of Methanol Extract of Lawsonia inermis L. against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) a pharmacological tool was used to induce liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) and methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. family Lythraceae (known to possess hepatoprotective compounds) was used to reverse the liver damage caused due to CCl4 (induced toxicity). Hydroalcholic extract of stem bark and leaf of Lawsonia inermis Linn. was evaluated, for its restorative efficacy against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity which was assessed in terms of biochemical and histopathological parameters. CCl4 produce the altitude levels of serum marker enzymes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in blood serum. Due to the toxicity of CCl4 cause turbine hepatic cell architecture, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and sinusoidal dilatation along with reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) appeared in liver tissue. SOD is the primary step in the defense mechanism involved in the antioxidant system against the oxidative stress. It diminishes by converting the superoxide radical in to peroxide and molecular oxygen. CAT or GPx reactions, also exert a similar effect thereby reducing the level of cellular damage. By oral administration of methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. plant extracts, i.e., stem bark extract (250 mg/kg b.wt.) and leaf extract (250 mg/kg b. wt.) the levels of these parameters was restored to near controlled (untreated) levels. Thus, the present study revealed that the extracts of stem bark and leaf of Lawsonia inermis Linn. offered protection against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.

Antioxidant Activities and Hepatoprotective Potential of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Justicia quinqueangularis against Selected Hepatotoxins Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Background: The objective of this research was to see whether the ethanolic extract of Justicia quinqueangularis leaves had antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties against paracetamol (PCT), ethanol (ETN), and isoniazid and rifampicin (IR)-induced hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar rats.
 Methods: The leaves of Justicia quinqueangularis were dried in the shade at room temperature, pulverised, and extracted by soxhlet using ethanol. Quantitative phytochemical experiments were carried out as a first step. The ethanol extract's hepatoprotective activity was evaluated in Albino Wistar rats. PCT (3 g/kg), ETN (5 g/kg), and IR (100 mg/kg) reduced the levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin, which are all biochemical indicators of liver injury. Both hepatotoxin-treated and untreated group of animals determined for their antioxidant levels. SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin, antioxidant function of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation methods, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide scavenging activities were among the biochemical and histopathological tests performed.
 Results: The altered levels of biochemical markers were restored to near normal levels in a dose-dependent fashion after treatment with J. quinqueangularis ethanol leaf extract (100 mg / kg, 200 mg / kg, and 400 mg / kg body weight).
 Conclusion: The findings of the current research indicated that the ethanol leaf extract of J. quinqueangularis had potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties against standard drug.

Potential Protective Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Nickel Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Nickel is considered one of the most harmful heavy metals on human health. This experimental study was designed to investigate whether magnesium supplementation has any influence on nickel-induced toxicity in albino rats. Twenty one adult rats were divided into three groups of seven animals each group. The first group was used as a control and received saline solution. The second group was administered with nickel sulfate (2.0 mg/100 g, i.p) and the third group was given both nickel sulfate (2.0 mg/100 g, i.p.) and magnesium sulfate (300 mg/kg, i.p) simultaneously on alternate days. Body weight gain was recorded regularly. After 21 consecutive days, cellular functions were evaluated by biochemical and oxidative stress markers. The nickel sulfate-treatment decreased body weight gain in rats. Nickel treatment produced also oxidative injury characterized by an increase in glucose level, enzymes markers activities, lipid profile and total proteins and bilirubin concentrations. Simultaneously, glutathione level (GSH) and catalase activity was diminished in liver tissue. These results are further substantiated with obviously changes in hepato- histoarchithecture. However, the treatment with magnesium ameliorated the previous parameters and resulted in an improvement of the histopathological lesions. Our results suggest that magnesium supplementation may be effective in reducing nickel oxidative damage.

Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. endophytes

BackgroundThe liver is the vital organ which plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human beings such as protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. Present research work is focused on hepatoprotective potential of chloroform (PNFC) and ethyl acetate (PNFEA) endophytic fractions from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. To test our hypothesis, both endophytic fungal fractions were tested for vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity. Serum biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGOT, SALP, cholesterol, bilirubin, and protein were estimated to assess hepatoprotective activity.ResultsGroup of rats treated with CCl4 possess marked hepatic damage and oxidative stress which indicates that cellular leakage and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in liver. PNFC and PNFEA fractions of endophyte from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. stem have significantly reduced the elevated levels of biomarkers like SGPT, SGOT, SALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, and total protein in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The results obtained confirm hepatoprotective activity of endophytic fractions (PNFC and PNFEA) mediated through the stabilization of plasma membrane, repair of hepatic tissue damage, return of biochemical marker levels to normal, and regeneration of hepatocytes. Histopathological observations revealed improvement in the liver architecture after the treatment of secondary metabolites of endophytic fractions against CCl4-induced liver damage. Both fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA showed DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 of 97.79 μg/ml and 108.40 μg/ml, respectively, and possess antioxidant potential. Presence of flavonoids in the both fractions of endophytes may be a possible reason for its antioxidant potential and identified as Eurotium amstelodami strain.ConclusionBoth fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA possess hepatoprotective potential due to the presence of secondary metabolites of fungi, i.e., Eurotiumam stelodami strain which support the claim endophytes and act as a potent biomedicine for treatment of various chronic diseases.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extracts of Allophylus Cobbe (L.) Raeusch leaves against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Liver disorders are one of the major concerns globally. Various conventional therapeutics used in the treatment of liver diseases are sometimes not enough and associated with serious side effects. Therefore, herbal medicines could be promising to defeat the above problems, and to treat diseases effectively. Aim of the current investigation is to screen the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of Allophylus cobbe (EEAC) leaves against Paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. EEAC (200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered to the rats for 7 days and hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of PCM (3 g/kg) on the 8th day. After 24 h of toxicity induction, the blood samples were collected and serum and tissue biochemical parameters like- serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), Creatinine, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total proteins were analyzed. Livers of the animals were isolated and were studied for histopathological changes. The extract treated animals were compared with the animals treated with standard hepatoprotective Silymarin (100 mg/kg). Administration of PCM causes hepatotoxicity to the animals, EEAC and silymarin prevented the PCM induced hepatotoxicity. The level of the increased blood biochemical parameters were significantly decreased by oral administration of EEAC and silymarin. PCM hepatotoxicity raised the LPO activity of the liver tissue which was significantly decreased by EEAC and silymarin. Decrease in protective tissue enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH) and the proteins by the PCM hepatotoxicity were significantly increased by the EEAC and silymarin. Histopathological observation of the PCM treated group showed the marked degeneration of the liver cells and liver damage which was significantly restored when the animals were treated with the EEAC and silymarin. Allophylus cobbe showed the presence of bioactive components in the plant having the antioxidant potential; which might be responsible for hepatoprotective activity of the plant. The present study showed that EEAC restored the levels of altered biochemical parameters and prevented the liver from the toxic effects of PCM revealing the hepatoprotective potential of Allophyluscobbe.