Shives Research Articles

Influence of particle granulometry and panel composition on the physico‐mechanical properties of ultra‐low‐density hemp hurd particleboard

AbstractThis study investigated Australian hemp hurd (Cannabis sativa L., “Frog One”) as a lignocellulosic raw material for ultra‐low‐density hemp particleboard (ULHPB) with densities ranging from 213 to 309 kg/m3. The hurd was first milled and fractionated into three particle size categories, that is, fine (F), medium (M), and coarse (C). Twelve unique ULHPB variants were then fabricated comprising varying particle loadings from four particle size mixes, that is, 100% C, 100% M, 50%/50% CM, 25%/50%/25% CMF, and adhesive contents of bio‐epoxy (EPX), phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF), and emulsifiable methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), respectively. The panel assessments, conducted in accordance with the Australian reconstituted wood‐based panels standard AS/NZS 1859.1 (2017), revealed a significant effect of particle dimension on most physico‐mechanical properties. Furthermore, the resination method and pressing temperature controlled post‐cure panel expansion and additional panel characteristics. Notably, MDI‐ULHPB exhibited drastically different behavior and properties compared to EPX and PRF equivalents, demonstrating greater bending strength, stiffness, screw withdrawal strength, and dimensional stability. Importantly, all MDI variants conformed to the 15% thickness swelling limit for moisture resistant particleboard. Surface lamination of MDI‐bonded ULHPB with sheets of aluminum, Masonite, and Kraft liner significantly improved the inherently low flexural properties, suggesting the potential suitability of ULHPB as a core layer in lightweight sandwich composite panels. The integration of agricultural by‐products, such as hemp hurd, into engineered building materials presents a promising opportunity to mitigate the depletion of finite timber resources and aligns well with circular economy principles.Highlights Utilizing agricultural residue as sustainable raw material in building products. Hemp hurd enables ultra‐low‐density particleboard with thermosetting resins. Coarse particle size mix enhances mechanical performance in panels. Panel characteristics controlled by resination method and pressing temperature. Lamination enhances functionality of lightweight hemp hurd sandwich panel.

Retarding Effect of Hemp Hurd Lixiviates on the Hydration of Hydraulic and CSA Cements.

Wood wool panels are widely used in the construction industry as sustainable cementitious composites, but there is a growing need to replace traditional Portland cement with a binder that has a lower embodied carbon footprint. In addition, the sustainability of these panels may face serious impediments if the required amount of wood for their production needs a harvest rate higher than the rate at which the tree sources reach maturity. One solution is to use the wooden part of fast-growing plants such as hemp. However, the compounds extracted from the mixture of plants and water are the main cause of the delay observed during the hydration process of hydraulic binders in these cementitious composites. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of bio-aggregate lixiviates (hemp hurd) on the hydration kinetics of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement as a low-embodied-carbon alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The isothermal calorimeter showed that the hemp hurd lixiviate caused a greater delay in GU's hydration process than CSA's. At a 5% concentration, the main hydration peak for GU cement emerged after 91 h, whereas for CSA cement, it appeared much earlier, at 2.5 h. XRD and TGA analysis showed that after 12 h of hydration, hydration products such as calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) and portlandite (CH) were not able to form on GU cement, indicating low hydration of silicate products. Moreover, at 5% concentration, the carbonation of ettringite was observed in CSA cement. The compressive strength values obtained from the mixes containing hemp hurd lixiviate consistently showed lower values compared to the reference samples prepared with distilled water. Furthermore, the CSA samples demonstrated superior compressive strength when compared to the GU samples. After 28 days of hydration, the compressive strength values for CSA cement were 36.7%, 63.5% and 71% higher than GU cement at a concentration of 0.5%, 2% and 5% hemp hurd lixiviate, respectively.

Valorization of Moroccan Hemp Waste: Study of the Possibility of its Use in Thermal and Acoustical Insulation of Buildings

This paper aims to study the possibility of valorizing hemp residues in order to develop new local bio-composites from Moroccan hemp shiv and epoxy. The goal is to use them as thermal and acoustical insulation panels since these hemp residues exist in large quantities in landfills and present a national concern due to a lack of waste management technologies. For this purpose, several samples were prepared for different densities and two sizes of hemp shiv; crushed shiv (CS) and fibred shiv (FS). The results revealed that the increase of density resulted in an increase in thermal conductivity and a decrease in thermal diffusivity. However, the thermal conductivity of composites is still lower than 0.1 W/mK for the most studied samples. The samples show values of acoustic absorption coefficients varying between 0.2 and 0.59 for crushed shiv composites (CSC) at the frequency range (578-1396 Hz) and between 0.2 and 0.73 at the frequency range (662-1396 Hz) for Fibred shiv composites (FSC). It has been observed that the density has a significant effect on the sound absorption coefficient. Increasing the density shifts the acoustic absorption curve towards the low frequencies. Also, decreasing the particle size enhances the sound absorption in the medium frequency range (300-600 Hz). The obtained results are satisfactory for manufacturing these new composites that can be used as thermal and acoustic insulators. Moreover, it offered the best solution for hemp waste management.

Investigation of Durability Properties for Lightweight Structural Concrete with Hemp Shives Instead of Aggregate

The paper presents the results of testing the performance of lightweight structural concrete containing hemp shives as an aggregate. It has been analysed how the higher binder content and use of the Portland cement affect the thermal and microbiological properties of the lightweight concrete. The aggregates of the plant origin and cement are incompatible because the plant chemical compounds, dissolved in water or an alkaline environment, inhibit cement hydration. To avoid this, mineralisation of the aggregates of plant origin is necessary. The most often used binder in hemp concrete is hydrated lime, a mineraliser. An addition of hydrated lime and sodium trisilicate was used for hemp shiv mineralisation in the tested materials with a cement binder. Concrete containing hemp shiv and cement binder, of which volume share in the concrete was at most 15%, was prepared as a reference concrete. In the remaining three concretes, the total content of the binder in relation to hemp shiv (by mass) was increased 2.5 times. It was shown that lime-binder hemp concrete offers a promising antimicrobial strategy, as it can inhibit bacterial and fungal growth on their surface with superior efficacy. The best results were obtained for tested concretes with the cement–lime binder regarding compressive strength; the average compressive strength was 9.56 MPa.

Development of High Strength Particleboards from Hemp Shives and Corn Starch.

In the current study, high-strength boards for the construction industry were developed from renewable natural resources, fibrous hemp shives, and corn starch. During the research, the influence of the composition of the mixture, the processing of raw materials, and technological parameters on the operational properties of the board were evaluated. The influence of the binding material and the water content on the properties of the molded boards was evaluated. It was established that the rational amount of starch is 15% of the mass of the shives, and the amount of water is 10%. It has been established that with the proper selection of the forming parameters of the board, it is possible to avoid internal disintegration of the structure due to the water vapor pressure, increase the bending strength, and ensure uniform sintering of the board throughout the entire volume. It was found that additional processing of hemp shives can increase bending strength by more than 40%. Furthermore, during the processing of shives by chemical means, soluble substances are washed out, which reduces the density and thermal conductivity of the shives. Selection of a rational level of compression allowed us to increase the bending strength of the boards by 40%. The assessment of all factors made it possible to obtain boards with a bending strength of 40 MPa. The additives used made it possible to reduce the water absorption of the boards up to 16 times and obtain non-flammable boards. The thermal conductivity of the resulting boards varied from 0.07 to 0.095 W/(m·K). The analysis of macrostructure and microstructure allowed us to evaluate the process of the formation of bonds between hemp shives.

Hard carbons from waste hemp via hydrothermal carbonization with mil chemical activation for sodium–ion batteries

Owing to its wide availability and low cost, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) appear as a very promising option for post-lithium energy storage systems. However, commercial graphite anodes used in lithium-ion batteries are not suitable for SIBs, due to a difficult insertion of sodium ions into the graphitic layers. Possible anode candidates focus on hard carbons (HCs). Here, HCs were synthesized from waste hemp hurd (WHH) via hydrothermal pretreatment (with either heteroatom doping or K2CO3 activation) and subsequent carbonization under Ar at 800 or 1000 °C. Regarding mild chemically activated HCs, the best material (exhibiting a 76% ICE and impressive reversible charge capacities of 354 and 77 mA h g–1 at 0.1 and 2 A g–1, respectively) was the carbon produced via hydrothermal preatretment in HCl aqueous solution and subsequently heated up to 1000 °C. However, poor cycling stability was observed for the last material, suggesting that some irreversible sodiation processes can take place.

Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives

Abstract Polypropylene, steel, and carbon fibers are used to increase the ductility and toughness of concrete materials. In recent years, studies on the use of natural fibers have increasingly continued. Among natural fibers, hemp fiber has the highest tensile strength value. The aim of this study was to discuss and present the results of the experimental study on the use of cement-based hemp shives and fibers to increase the ductility of mortars. Another aim is to increase the use of hemp in the construction field by using more economical and natural fibers. Various binders and different amounts of fibers and shives were added and their effects on flexural strength were investigated. Water absorption and flexural tests and scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on the produced samples. Particle and hole size distributions and stereo microscope images of the samples are given. The use of hemp fibers was observed to improve flexural strength, while shives were not significantly improved flexural strength.

Hot-Water Extraction (HWE) Method as Applied to Lignocellulosic Materials from Hemp Stalk

The article describes the process of hot water extraction treatment of a specific material—in this case, shavings of hemp shives of different thicknesses, sorted by their thickness into three different fractions of 0–4 mm, 4–8 mm, and 8–12 mm. In addition, each sample from a given fraction was separately subjected to one, two, and three extraction processes. After the material was treated with extraction, cellulose determination was performed using the Kürschner–Hoffer method in order to find out the effect that hot water extraction had on the cellulose content of the test material. This research aims to determine whether hot water extraction strongly alters the cellulose content, which may translate into a change in efficiency when producing second-generation biofuel produced from this material. The cellulose determination showed the smallest cellulose losses were in chips 4–8 mm thick, while the largest were in chips 0–4 mm thick. Each repetition resulted in a loss of cellulose, with the steepest loss occurring after the second repetition of HWE, and the smallest after the third repetition—the exception being the 4–8 fraction, in which the smallest decrease occurred after the first repetition of the HWE (Hot Water Extraction) process.

Enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of industrial hemp hurds (Cannabis sativa L.) by combination of soaking in dilute acid and steam pretreatment

Enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of industrial hemp hurds (Cannabis sativa L.) by combination of soaking in dilute acid and steam pretreatment

Effect of magnesium sulfate on properties of low calcium fly ash based-geopolymer- treated hemp shiv bio-concrete

Sulfate attack is one of the major threats to concrete structures. In this study, strength degradation, by magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) reaction, of low-calcium fly ash geopolymer-hemp shiv concrete was carefully investigated. The hemp shiv was pretreated with AlCl3-KOH to prevent water absorption. Air and water curing were also performed to elucidate the effects of air and water degradation that might have co-contributed to the degradation of the geopolymer concretes. After the MgSO4 treatment, the strength reductions of the geopolymer-hemp shiv concretes were 1.5–2.5 MPa in flexural mode and 0.2–0.6 MPa in compressive mode while the strength reduction of the geopolymer matrix was around 2 MPa in both strength modes. The results suggested the ability to prevent sulfate attack of the AlCl3-KOH pre-treatment and thus degradation was primarily from the geopolymer matrix. However, the TGA and XRD analyses did not observe relevant phase changes or significant occurrences of the strength detrimental phase such as brucite (Mg(OH)2) in the matrix bulk after the MgSO4 treatment, suggesting that the degradation was not according to these factors. Besides, similar degradation was observed in the water-cured samples. Strength degradation was suggested to be due to the migration of sodium ions from the geopolymer gel structure in the aqueous-curing system causing structural disintegration.

An Experimental Evaluation of Hemp as an Internal Curing Agent in Concrete Materials.

The construction industry is facing increased demand for adopting sustainable 'green' building materials to minimise the carbon footprint of the infrastructure sector to meet the United Nations 2030 Sustainability Goals. Natural bio-composite materials such as timber and bamboo have been widely used in construction for centuries. Hemp has also been used in different forms in the construction sector for decades for its thermal and acoustic insulation capability owing to its moisture buffering capacity and thermal conductivity. The current research aims to explore the possible application of hydrophilic hemp shives for assisting the internal curing of concrete materials as a biodegradable alternative to currently used chemical products. The properties of hemp have been assessed based on their water absorption and desorption properties associated with their characteristic sizes. It was observed that, in addition to its excellent moisture absorption capacity, hemp released most of its absorbed moisture into the surroundings under a high relative humidity (>93%); the best outcome was observed for smaller hemp particles (<2.36 mm). Furthermore, when compared to typical internal curing agents such as lightweight aggregates, hemp showed a similar behaviour in releasing its absorbed moisture to the surroundings indicating its potential application as a natural internal curing agent for concrete materials. An estimate of the volume of hemp shives required to provide a similar curing response to traditional internal curing techniques has been proposed.

Self-organized mycelium biocomposites: Effects of geometry and laterite composition on compressive behavior

This study investigates the compressive deformation and the effect of structural architecture on the compressive strength of bioprocessed mycelium biocomposites reinforced with laterite particles. In the mycelium blocks, lignocellulosic hemp hurds function as reinforcing and nutritional substrates. The mycelium acts as a supportive matrix, binding the hemp hurds and the laterite particles which are integrated for further reinforcement to improve the compressive strength of the composite. The compressive behavior of the composites is elucidated using a combined approach of experimental and theoretical studies. The deformation mechanisms are investigated via in-situ observations of the specimens under uniaxial compressive loading. The experiments show that the compressive deformation results in progressive micro-buckling in slender specimens, whereas thicker samples exhibit a soft elastic response at small strain levels followed by continuous stiffening at larger strains. Based on the experimental observations and the morphological characterization, a column buckling analysis was developed for the mycelium-hemp composites to further explain the observed deformation phenomena.

Assessment of hemp hurd-derived biochar produced through different thermochemical processes and evaluation of its potential use as soil amendment

Biochar is a carbon-rich and porous material that finds application in different sectors and can be extremely useful in agriculture as soil improver. This paper provides a comparison between biochars produced with different slow pyrolysis processes and biochar produced in a downdraft gasifier. A blend of residual lignocellulosic biomasses (hemp hurd and fir sawdust) was pelletized and used as starting feedstock for the tests. The biochars produced were analyzed and compared. Temperature proved to be the main driver in conditioning the chemical-physical characteristics of the biochars more than residence time or the configuration of the pyrolysis process. The higher the temperature, the higher the carbon and ash content and the biochar pH and the lower the hydrogen content and the char yield. The most noticeable differences between pyrolysis and gasification biochars were the pH and the surface area (considerably higher for gasification char) and the low content of hydrogen in the gasification biochar. Two germinability tests were carried out to assess the possible application of the various biochars as soil amendment. In the first germinability test, watercress seeds were placed in direct contact with the biochar, while in the second they were placed on a blend of soil (90%v/v) and biochar (10%v/v). The biochars with the best performance were those produced at higher temperatures using a purging gas and the gasification biochar (especially mixed with soil).

Environmental benefits of using hempcrete walls in residential construction: An LCA-based comparative case study in Morocco

Hempcrete is a bio-composite material with excellent environmental and thermal properties. This material has been increasingly adopted in Europe as an alternative to concrete and traditional insulation. However, hemp hurds, as the raw materials for hempcrete, are discarded in the world's largest producer (Morocco) and considered biomass waste due mainly to their association with marijuana production. Thus, research on hempcrete remained limited in Morocco, with fewer stakeholders aware of the benefits of hempcrete in green buildings. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential use of Moroccan hemp biomass in the construction industry using a life-cycle assessment comparison of a residential house in Marrakech (Morocco) with three different exterior walls systems, two insulated conventional wall systems (i.e., double hollow clay brick (DHB), composite wall (CW) with extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation), and a bio-composite material (i.e., hempcrete) to identify environmentally preferable wall systems. Our study demonstrated that hempcrete is advantageous over other comparable conventional wall systems in terms of embodied energy and performs best in terms of the environmental performance associated with its entire life cycle achieving relatively low carbon emissions (484.42 tCO2) compared to insulated DHB and CW systems (546.27 tCO2 and 546.55 tCO2 for DHB and CW, respectively) over a lifetime of 100 years. Significant savings (i.e., 61.85–62.13 tCO2 if hempcrete is used instead of DHB and CW) can be made from the exterior wall choice for a single house. These savings become much more significant if scaled up to the national level of Moroccan homes. Consequently, by exploiting the hemp biomass currently available in Morocco, results show a reduction of 1.91 MtCO2–1.92 MtCO2, equivalent to 2.81%–2.83% of overall Moroccan emissions. Thus, strong policy support and hemp legalization in Moroccan are essential to boost and expand hempcrete utilization for a greener construction industry.

Simulated thermo-mechanical recycling of high-density polyethylene for the fabrication of hemp hurd plastic composites

High density polyethylene (HDPE) was reprocessed up to six times to simulate recycling. The effect of recycling on HDPE was analyzed via molecular weight and rheology analysis as well as thermal and mechanical evaluations. Fine powder of hemp hurd (HP) was then melt compounded with the recycled HDPE at 5 to 50 wt.% to fabricate hemp plastic composites (HPCs). Finally, maleated HDPE was introduced (3 and 5 wt.%) as a compatibilizer to better facilitate stress transfer. All formulations and reactions were prepared via a melt batch mixer followed by injection and compression molding. The simulated recycling led to crosslinking reactions, shown by an increase in melt viscosity, with minimal changes to the weight average molecular weight. All composites were analyzed for water absorption kinetics, thermal and mechanical properties, morphology, as well as other physio-chemical properties. Before maleation, increase in the hemp content led to an increase in tensile modulus, all the while, maintaining their tensile strength. Additionally, substantial increase in water absorption kinetics was noted as hemp content increased. After compatibilizing, there was notable increases in all tensile and impact properties while also displaying a dramatic decrease in the water absorption kinetics.

Fire Resistance of Phosphogypsum- and Hemp-Based Bio-Aggregate Composite with Variable Amount of Binder

Bio-aggregate composites (BACs) are typically formed by binding plant origin aggregates using organic or inorganic binders. Composite boards are being manufactured from hemp shives and Portland cement or lime and such material is associated with the so-called “hempcrete”. To reach a low greenhouse gas emission rate, alternative binders must be considered. Gypsum binder releases a seven times lower amount of CO2 during production compared with Portland cement, while waste gypsum can be even more efficient. In this research, gypsum-based BACs were elaborated and tested. Phosphogypsum was evaluated as an alternative binder. The objective of the research was to evaluate the fire resistance of gypsum- and phosphogypsum-binder-based BAC. In this study, the amount of binder was varied and BACs with a density from 200 to 400 kg/m3 were tested. For the first time, commercial gypsum- and phosphogypsum-based hemp shive BAC fire performance was evaluated using a cone calorimeter. Results indicate that the role of gypsum content has a significant effect on the fire resistance. Time on ignition increased from 14 to 19 s and the heat release rate peak was reduced by 57%. Phosphogypsum binder, compared with commercial gypsum, showed a slight improvement of fire resistance as impurities with high water attraction are in the structure of PG.

Effect of Hemp Hurd Biochar and Humic Acid on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate

In this work, the combination of biochar produced through a pyrolytic process of hemp hurd with commercial humic acid as a potential biomass-based flame-retardant system for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is thoroughly investigated. To this aim, ethylene vinyl acetate composites containing hemp-derived biochar at two different concentrations (i.e., 20 and 40 wt.%) and 10 wt.% of humic acid were prepared. The presence of increasing biochar loadings in ethylene vinyl acetate accounted for an increasing thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of the copolymer; conversely, the acidic character of humic acid anticipated the degradation of the copolymer matrix, even in the presence of the biochar. Further, as assessed by forced-combustion tests, the incorporation of humic acid only in ethylene vinyl acetate slightly decreased both peaks of heat release rate (pkHRR) and total heat release (THR, by 16% and 5%, respectively), with no effect on the burning time. At variance, for the composites containing biochar, a strong decrease in pkHRR and THR values was observed, approaching -69 and -29%, respectively, in the presence of the highest filler loading, notwithstanding, for this latter, a significant increase in the burning time (by about 50 s). Finally, the presence of humic acid significantly lowered the Young's modulus, unlike biochar, for which the stiffness remarkably increased from 57 MPa (unfilled ethylene vinyl acetate) to 155 Mpa (for the composite containing 40 wt.% of the filler).

Hygrothermal behaviour of hemp-lime walls: the effect of binder carbonation over time

Bio-based building materials are produced by recovering agricultural biomasses which are used as vegetal aggregate to replace traditional ones and realize more sustainable building materials. This study focuses on hemp-lime that is made by mixing a lime-based binder with hemp shives i.e. the waste of industrial hemp cultivation. The work aims to evaluate the effect of the maturation of hemp-lime on its hygrothermal performances. Specifically, the binder undergoes carbonation reaction through which the strength of the material and its hygrothermal properties develop. With this aim, two experimental campaigns were carried out on an experimental wall built using prefabricated hemp-lime blocks: the first few months after the construction and the second one after 3 years. The wall, equipped with hygrothermal sensors, was subjected to cycles at varying relative humidity values and fixed temperatures applied with the help of a climatic chamber. The cycles were performed at 23 °C and 35 °C to focus on the performances of the material in conditions comparable to those of the Mediterranean climate. The results prove that hygrothermal performances improve with maturation, which could be due to the carbonation of the binder and to the reduction of the initial moisture content. Numerical simulations of the experimental tests were implemented using the software WUFI® aiming at confirming the experimental methodology and also the possibility of simulating the behavior of such innovative material in dynamic regime. The proceeding of carbonation was proved through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analyses of samples having different maturation times.

The Impact of Microorganisms on the Performance of Linseed Oil and Tung Tree Oil Impregnated Composites Made of Hemp Shives and Corn Starch

In this study, the performance characteristics of hemp shives impregnated with linseed oil and tung tree oil (HS)- and corn starch (CS)-based biocomposites containing flame retardants were evaluated before and after treatment with the mixture of bacterium Pseudomonas putida and fungus Rhizopus oryzae. Enzymatic activities and physical-mechanical properties such as water absorption, thickness swelling, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were tested to evaluate the suitability of selected composites for thermal insulation purposes. In addition, electron microscopy was used to investigate the impact of microorganisms on the microstructure of the material. It was determined that the type of oil used for impregnation significantly affects the properties of biocomposites after 6 months of incubation with mixture of bacterium P. putida and fungus Rh. oryzae. Biocomposites impregnated with linseed oil and after treatment with a mixture of microorganisms had cellulase activity of 25 U/mL, endo β-1-4-glucanase activity of 26 U/mL, lipase activity of 101 U/mL, only a 10% decrease in compressive strength, 50% higher short-term water absorption, unchanged swelling in thickness, and slightly decreased thermal conductivity compared to control biocomposites. At the same time, biocomposites with tung tree oil had a much more pronounced deterioration of the properties tested, cellulase activity of 28 U/mL, endo β-1-4-glucanase activity of 37 U/mL, lipase activity of 91 U/mL, two times lower compressive strength and two times higher short-term water absorption, 2.5 times greater thickness swelling, and a slightly increased thermal conductivity. We conclude that linseed oil provides better protection against the action of microorganisms compared to impregnation with tung tree oil.

ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF INDIGENOUS MICROORGANISMS CAPABLE OF DEGRADING CELLULOSE TO TREAT HEMP HURD IN THANH HOA PROVINCE

Hemp Hurd has not yet found an optimal treatment method, therefore, in this paper, we isolated and screened native microorganisms with high cellulose-degradation capability for potentially effective treatment. Native microorganisms were isolated on Gauze I and Hans, media then CMC-as activity was determined. Next, the species names of screening microorganisms were determined by total DNA isolation, PCR and Sequencing. The results showed that 02 bacterial strains and 06 actinomycete strains were selected from 32 isolates. Then, we optimized the growing conditions of the screened microorganisms. Among actinomycetes strains PU1.1, PU2.1 gave the highest weight loss results, therefore they were selected for further study. Our results showed that TG2.1 and CM4.1 are Bacillus subtilis. PU1.1 is Streptomyces lilacs, while PU1.2 is Streptomyces Misiones. The selected microorganisms belong to risk group level 1 (safety group). Thus, these strains can be used for further experiments in the research and production of microorganism-derived bio-products to treat hemp hurd in Thanh Hoa province.