Hemp Oil Research Articles

PSXIV-12 Sources of variation in the nutritive value of hemp seed meal

Abstract The 2018 Farm Bill, with its groundbreaking hemp legislation, offered an alternative protein source to livestock producers. Hemp is the agricultural product of Cannabis sativa L. which must contain less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component common to marijuana. Hemp oil, cold-pressed from C. sativa seed, has been gaining popularity over recent years for its use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and human food products. Like most oilseeds, this leaves an oilseed meal with a potential for inclusion in livestock feeds. Thus, our objective was to quantify the sources of variation in the nutritive value of hempseed meal. Hempseed meal samples were obtained from commercial oil processing facilities (n = 4). Across these facilities, samples represented 15 independent hempseed meal batches. Our experimental design was a completely randomized design including the random effects of source, batch within source, and replicate within batch by source (laboratory replication). Samples were assayed for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and IVTD. Source had no contribution to variance for NDF, ADF, ADL, or CP (P ≥ 0.20). However, batch within source had a significant contribution to variation for NDF (μ = 50.1%; P = 0.01), ADF (μ = 36.8%; P = 0.01), ADL (μ = 12.9%; P < 0.01), and CP (μ = 30.9%; P < 0.01). Irrespective of the differences in nutritive value, there was no contribution to variation (P ≥ 0.23) of any measured effect on IVTD (μ = 53.0%). Results are interpreted to mean that, while variation exists among hempseed meal samples with respect to nutritive value, the viability of hempseed meal as a livestock feed source is strong.

Quality control of industrial hemp seed products, varietal responsiveness of hemp seeds to bioregulator action

The article presents the data on the chemical composition of seeds and oil of industrial hemp four varieties of the Central Russian ecotype, registered for cultivation in Russia: Surskaya, Yuliana, Vera and Nadezhda. The largest weight of 1000 seeds was for the Surskaya variety (17.6 g), while the smallest for the Juliana variety (16.5 g). The content of lipids in seeds was 33 - 35%, while that of proteins was 22 - 25%, which makes it possible to use all four varieties in the food industry. On average, all varieties had a high seed oil yield of 29.9 - 32.2%. The maximum oil yield was observed in Vera and Nadezhda (32.2 - 32.9%). A low content of all saturated fatty acids in the oil was noted for the hemp of Nadezhda (8.55%), while a higher content (91.5%) for other varieties. It was noted that, on average, the content of Omega-3 fatty acids was 19.5-21.1% in the oil of all studied varieties of industrial hemp. In the Surskaya and Vera, the content was 0.8-1.6% lower than in theYuliana and Nadezhda. The content of Omega-6 fatty acids in hemp oil was 57.5-58.9%, and there was no significant difference between the varieties. The content of Omega-9 was 11.6-12.8% on average. The Nadezhda in oil exhibited the decreased Omega-9 by 0.5-1.3% than the other varieties. Using scanning electron microscopy, the structure of the hemp seed was established, which has a dense, thickened shell with high strength. The structure of the seed shell is ribbed with pores for the embryo respiration. According to the total elemental composition, hemp seeds contained (in % of wt): carbon 48 - 49%, oxygen 45 - 48%, silicon 0.1 - 0.4%, calcium 0.3 - 4.7%, potassium 0.1 - 1.0%, magnesium 0.1 - 0.7%, sodium 0.1 - 0.2%, sulfur 0.1 - 0.3%, phosphorus 0.1 - 0.2%, chlorine less than 0.1 %. The membrane of the seed contains up to 4.7% of calcium and up to 1% of potassium, while the kernel of the seed contained no higher than 0.1 - 0.3% of these elements. For pre-sowing seed treatment, it is recommended to use the following preparations: Zircon 4 g ton-1, Epin-Extra 10 g ton-1, EcoFus 0.5 kg ton-1, and working fluid consumption 10 L ton-1. The drugs in laboratory studies have shown the effectiveness of action on germination energy and seed germination increase.

Whey Proteins as a Potential Co-Surfactant with Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a Stabilizer in Nanoemulsions Derived from Hempseed Oil.

The use of natural surfactants including plant extracts, plant hydrocolloids and proteins in nanoemulsion systems has received commercial interest due to demonstrated safety of use and potential health benefits of plant products. In this study, a whey protein isolate (WPI) from a byproduct of cheese production was used to stabilize a nanoemulsion formulation that contained hempseed oil and the Aesculus hippocastanum L. extract (AHE). A Box–Behnken experimental design was used to set the formulation criteria and the optimal nanoemulsion conditions, used subsequently in follow-up experiments that measured specifically emulsion droplet size distribution, stability tests and visual quality. Regression analysis showed that the concentration of HSO and the interaction between HSO and the WPI were the most significant factors affecting the emulsion polydispersity index and droplet size (nm) (p < 0.05). Rheological tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and L*a*b* color parameters were also taken to characterize the physicochemical properties of the emulsions. Emulsion systems with a higher concentration of the AHE had a potential metabolic activity up to 84% in a microbiological assay. It can be concluded from our results that the nanoemulsion system described herein is a safe and stable formulation with potential biological activity and health benefits that complement its use in the food industry.

Effect of Varying Levels of Hempseed Meal Supplementation on Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses of Goats.

Simple SummaryHempseed meal (HSM) is a byproduct of hemp oil production and is high in protein, fiber, and fat. With hempseed having an ideal omega 6:3 ratios for human health, a similar ratio is observed in HSM. Currently, HSM is not approved for use in animal feed as there are several safety concerns for both the animal and consumer. In this study, we evaluated the effect of HSM supplementation for goats on their humoral, cell-mediated immune responses and select cytokine expression and serum concentration. Supplementation of HSM improved the cell mediated immune response but decreased the antibody response in goats. Including HSM in the diet of goats could improve the cell-mediated immune response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying levels of hempseed meal supplementation on antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, as well as the expression of some of the important immunoregulatory cytokines. Treatments consisted of hempseed meal supplementation at 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30% of the total diet. Goats were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments n = 10. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated on day 59 of the feeding period by measuring skinfold thickness at 24 h following intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin. A significant increase in skinfold thickness was observed with increasing levels of supplementation as compared to that of the control group. Serum antibody titers to chicken ovalbumin were not significantly different between treatment groups. Cytokine concentrations of IL-6 increased linearly with increasing level of supplementation (p < 0.05), contrarily to the linear decrease that was observed for TNF-α (p < 0.05). Although IL-2 tended to increase with the 10 and 30% levels of supplementation (p < 0.07), the result was not significant, and no significant differences were obtained with respect to IL-4 concentrations. Cytokine gene expression values measured by RT-PCR, however, demonstrated some significant differences. HSM supplementation had no significant effect on the expression of IL-2 or IL-6. However, significant differences were observed with the 30% supplementation for IL-4 and TNF-α as compared to that of the control group (p < 0.05). IL-4 was down regulated for the 10 and 20% treatment groups but was upregulated for the 30% treatment group. TNF-α was downregulated in the 10% but upregulated for the 20 and 30% treatment groups. No significant differences were observed for the serum cortisol concentration or white blood cell counts. These results suggested that hempseed meal supplementation may improve cell-mediated immune response while having no effect on antibody-mediated immune response. However, more research needs to be conducted to determine the most efficacious inclusion rate.

Determination of cannabinoids in hemp oil based cosmetic products by LC-tandem MS.

Cosmetic products containing hemp seed oil as permitted raw materials required the specific compound delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) below 10 μg/g. THC was the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis. Since hemp seed oil became an increasingly popular ingredient in cosmetics over the last few years, an efficient and reliable analytical method for THC and other cannabinoids in cannabis-infused cosmetic products was in need. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) in hemp seed oil based cosmetic products was developed. Method validation was performed by fertilizing blank samples with analytes and internal standards (THC-d3, CBD-d3, and CBN-d3). Chromatographic method utilized a Xbridge BEH Shield RP18 column with gradient elution containing 10 mM ammonium formate in water and methanol provided successful separation of THC, CBD, and CBN in cosmetic matrix. The combination of MS detection in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode offered rapid run time 13 minutes with limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 μg/g. The intra- and inter-day recoveries were 79.23–114.04% and 83.55–111.61% with spiking levels ranged between 0.05 μg/g and 0.5 μg/g, respectively. Surveillance results of 90 cosmetic products showed 22, 34, and 5 products containing THC (0.06–1777 μg/g), CBD (0.47–37217 μg/g), and CBN (2.2–25.2 μg/g), respectively. This validated method offered accurate, reliable, and fast way for the determination of drug contaminations including THC, CBD, and CBN in cosmetics. The surveillance results for commercial cosmetic products purchased in Taiwan between 2018–2020 provided valuable background references for THC, CBD, and CBN in hemp seed oil based cosmetic products, and could be used for administration purpose.

The Use of Different Fat Sources on Performance, Egg Quality and Egg Yolk Fatty Acids Content in Laying Quails

In this study, the performance, egg quality, egg yolk colour and fatty acids profile of quails fed on diets containing different fat sources were determined. During 8 weeks trial, a total of 75, 10-weeks-old laying quails were used. Three diets were formulated to contain soybean oil (SBO), sunflower oil (SFO) and hempseed oil (HSO), respectively. The performance parameters were not significantly influenced by the dietary different oil sources. Eggshell ratio, eggshell thickness, eggshell breaking strength, egg shape index, egg yolk index, albumen index and egg yolk colour values (except a*) were not influenced by the different dietary oil sources. The a* value was significantly affected and the highest a* value was the HSO of group. The different oil sources supplementation to the diets was effective on fatty acid composition of the egg yolk. The highest value in terms of α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total n-3 fatty acids were found in the diet fed group with HSO added. As a result; supplementation of different sources of oil to quail diets without negatively affecting performance and egg quality can be used to change the egg yolk fatty acid composition. Hempseed oil may increase the amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total n-3 fatty acid content of egg yolk.

Microbiome and fermentation parameters in the rumen of dairy buffalo in response to ingestion associated with a diet supplemented with cysteamine and hemp seed oil.

In this study, high-throughput gene amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the effects of 6 treatments [2levels of hemp seed oil (HSO)×3levels of cysteamine (CS)] on bacterial and fungal communities in the rumen of 30 crossbred dairy buffalo. Our results indicate that the total numbers of bacterial and fungal taxa were unaffected regardless of diet (p>0.05), while the total number of archaea was affected (p<0.05) by the interaction of HSO and CS. Compared with control treatment, microbial composition of archaea was strongly influenced by CS (p<0.05), while the addition of HSO, CS or both had a weak effect on fungus and bacteria. In addition, there was a significant increase in the lactic acid content with the addition of HSO, and the addition of CS to the feed caused a significant decrease in the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid, compared with control treatment (p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Acetobacter was significantly positively correlated with the genera Pichia, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter. pH was found to have a significant effect on the methanogens, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) had a strong correlation with Butyrivibrio. The strong influence of CS on some methanogens shows that it may have potential in the development of methane reduction interventions.

Effect of ultrasound on the preparation of soy protein isolate-maltodextrin embedded hemp seed oil microcapsules and the establishment of oxidation kinetics models

In this study, microcapsules were prepared by spray drying and embedding hemp seed oil (HSO) with soy protein isolate (SPI) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials. The effect of ultrasonic power on the microstructure and characteristics of the composite emulsion and microcapsules was studied. Studies have shown that ultrasonic power has a significant impact on the stability of composite emulsions. The particle size of the composite emulsion after 450 W ultrasonic treatment was significantly lower than the particle size of the emulsion without the ultrasonic treatment. Through fluorescence microscopy observation, HSO was found to be successfully embedded in the wall materials to form an oil/water (O/W) composite emulsion. The spray-dried microcapsules showed a smooth spherical structure through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the particle size was 10.7 μm at 450 W. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis found that ultrasonic treatment would increase the degree of covalent bonding of the SPI-MD complex to a certain extent, thereby improving the stability and embedding effect of the microcapsules. Finally, oxidation kinetics models of HSO and HSO microcapsules were constructed and verified. The zero-order model of HSO microcapsules was found to have a higher degree of fit; after verification, the model can better reflect the quality changes of HSO microcapsules during storage.

Human Milk Fat Substitutes from Lard and Hemp Seed Oil Mixtures

This paper discusses our attempt to generate substitutes for human breast milk fat through the interesterification of mixtures composed of lard and hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil. The interesterification was run at 60 °C for 2, 4, and 6 h in the presence of Lipozyme RM IM preparation containing a lipase specific for the cleavage of sn-1,3 ester bonds in triacylglycerol molecules. The interesterification products were analyzed regarding their fatty acid composition and distribution in triacylglycerol molecules. In order to assess the quality of the generated substitutes, in the interesterification products the following were determined: acid value, peroxide number, and oxidative stability. The collected data were statistically processed using Tukey’s test. Following the interesterification, the fats revealed an elevated percentage of free fatty acids and primary oxidation products and reduced oxidative stability compared to those of lard. The last of the above-mentioned phenomena could have been due to the incorporation of polyenic fatty acids into the external positions of triacyclglycerols of lard. The interesterification of lard and hemp seed oil allows scientists to acquire substitutes rich in essential fatty acids and similar to human breast milk fat with respect to the distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol molecules.

Evaluation of substrate composition and exogenous hormone application on vegetative propagule rooting success of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).

To support the rapidly expanding industrial hemp industry, a commercial supply of high-quality starter plants with low genetic variability from nurseries will be key to consistent and efficient cultivation efforts. Rooting success was evaluated across four propagation medias, five rooting hormones, and eight commercially available high-cannabidiol (CBD) essential oil hemp cultivars. Cuttings were placed in a climate-controlled room and assessed for rooting success 12 days after cloning. Rooting success was determined by quantifying total root number, cumulative total root length, and total root mass. Propagation media had the greatest effect on rooting success (13-80%). Rockwool had the highest rooting success resulting in 10-fold increases in rooting traits over the next highest scoring medium (Berger BM6). Hormone applications significantly improved (15- to 18-fold) rooting success compared to no hormone application, while non-statistical differences were observed across auxin hormone concentrations and application methods. Genetic variation in rooting response was observed between cultivars with 'Cherry Wine' outperforming all other cultivars with an approximate 20% increase in rooting success over the next highest rooting cultivar, 'Wife'. Although the ideal combination was not specifically identified in this study, findings provide insight into how rooting hormone application and medium selection impact vegetative propagule rooting success of essential oil hemp.

Response of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth, biomass, and cannabinoid profiles to varying fertigation rates.

Five essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (Cherry Blossom, Cherry Blossom (Tuan), Berry Blossom, Cherry Wine, and Cherry Blossom × Trump) were treated with six fertigation treatments to quantify the effects of synthetic fertilizer rates and irrigation electrical conductivity on plant growth, biomass accumulation, and cannabinoid profiles. Irrigation water was injected with a commercial 20-20-20 fertilizer at rates of 0, 50, 150, 300, 450, and 600 ppm nitrogen equating to 0.33 (control), 0.54, 0.96, 1.59, 2.22, and 2.85 dS m-1, respectively. Plants were grown under artificial lighting (18 hr) to maintain vegetative growth for eight weeks, followed by an eight-week flowering period. High linear relationship between chlorophyll concentrations and SPAD-502 measurements validated the utilization of SPAD meters to rapidly identify nutrient deficiency in essential oil hemp. Cultivars expressed significant variation in plant height and cannabinoid profiles (% dry mass), in concurrence with limited biomass and cannabinoid (g per plant) yield variation. Cherry Blossom was the best performing cultivar and Cherry Wine was the least productive. Variation in plant growth, biomass, and cannabinoid concentrations were affected to a greater extent by fertilizer rates. Optimal fertilizer rates were observed at 50 ppm N, while increased fertilizer rates significantly reduced plant growth, biomass accumulation, and cannabinoid concentrations. Increased fertilizer rates (> 300 ppm N) resulted in compliant THC levels (< 0.3%), although when coupled with biomass reductions resulted in minimal cannabinoid yields. Additionally, CBD concentration demonstrated higher sensitivity to increased fertilizer rates (> 300 ppm N) compared to THC and CBG (> 450 ppm N). The results of this study can serve as a guide when using fertigation methods on essential oil hemp cultivars; although results may differ with cultivar selection, environmental conditions, and management practices.

The Effect of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seeds and Hemp Seed Oil on Vascular Dysfunction in Obese Male Zucker Rats.

Seeds of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) contain a large amount of protein (26.3%), dietary fiber (27.5%), and fatty acids (33.2%), including linoleic, α-linolenic, and some amount of γ-linolenic acid. In our study, obese male Zucker rats (n = 6) at 8 weeks of age were supplemented for a further 4 weeks with either ground hemp seeds (12% diet) or lipid fractions in the form of hemp seed oil (4% diet). Hemp oil decreased blood plasma HDL-cholesterol (x0.76, p ≤ 0.0001), triglycerides (x0.55, p = 0.01), and calculated atherogenic parameters. Meanwhile, hemp seeds decreased HDL-cholesterol (x0.71, p ≤ 0.0001) and total cholesterol (x0.81, p = 0.006) but not the atherogenic index. The plasma antioxidant capacity of water-soluble compounds was decreased by the seeds (x0.30, p = 0.0015), which in turn was associated with a decrease in plasma uric acid (x0.18, p = 0.03). Dietary hemp seeds also decreased plasma urea (x0.80, p = 0.02), while the oil decreased the plasma total protein (x0.90, p = 0.05). Hemp seeds and the oil decreased lipid peroxidation in the blood plasma and in the heart (reflected as malondialdehyde content), improved contraction to noradrenaline, and up-regulated the sensitivity of potassium channels dependent on ATP and Ca2+. Meanwhile, acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was improved by hemp seeds exclusively. Dietary supplementation with ground hemp seeds was much more beneficial than the oil, which suggests that the lipid fractions are only partially responsible for this effect.

Total and Partial Fat Replacement by Gelled Emulsion (Hemp Oil and Buckwheat Flour) and Its Impact on the Chemical, Technological and Sensory Properties of Frankfurters.

A gelled emulsion (GE) prepared with hemp oil and buckwheat flour was used to replace pork back fat in frankfurters. Five different formulations were prepared: control (with 35% pork back fat—SC), and the following four to achieve 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% pork back fat substitution by GE (S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively). Nutritional, technological, and sensorial characteristics of frankfurters were evaluated. Sausages containing GE presented a lower total fat content with a higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased omega 3 content, and reduced saturated fat by up to 55%. The incorporation of GE did not significantly modify technological properties such as emulsion stability or lipid oxidation in spite of using vegetable oils highly susceptible to oxidation. The reformulation of the frankfurters presented a greater effect on the texture and sensory properties when GE was used as total substitution for the pork back fat (S4). When GE was used only as partial substitution for the pork back fat, sausages similar to control frankfurter were obtained. So this study demonstrated that the use of GE could be a promising strategy in the reformulation of healthier meat products.

Case Study of Hair Regrowth with Topical Cannabidiol (CBD)

<h3>Introduction:</h3> Discovered in the 1990s, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved with maintaining cellular homeostasis by downregulating the damaging inflammatory response and upregulating regenerative processes. Cannabidiol (CBD) has novel therapeutic effects, different from and synergistic with current hair regrowth therapies. CBD is fat-soluble and poorly absorbed past the epidermis, but topical application of CBD easily reaches hair follicles where it is a CB1 antagonist and agonist of vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) and vanilloid receptor-4 (TRPV4). All these ECS receptors relate to hair follicle function. Blocking the CB1 receptor on the hair follicle with CBD has been shown to result in hair shaft elongation; in addition, the hair follicle cycle (anagen, catagen, and telogen phases) is controlled by TRPV1. The effects of CBD on hair growth are dose dependent and higher doses may result in premature entry into the catagen phase via a different receptor known as TRPV4. CBD has also been shown to increase Wnt signaling, which causes dermal progenitor cells to differentiate into new hair follicles and maintains anagen phase of the hair cycle. <h3>Objective:</h3> This study was conducted to determine if daily topical application of a hemp oil high in CBD concentration would result in significant hair regrowth in the area of the scalp most affected by androgenetic alopecia (AGA). <h3>Methods:</h3> A study was done of 35 (28 men and 7 women) subjects with AGA. Participants used a once daily topical CBD formulation, averaging about 3-4mg per day for 6 months. A hair count of the greatest area of alopecia was carried out before treatment started and after 6 months of treatment. To facilitate consistent hair count analysis, a clear acrylic mold, containing a 1cm² cutout, was made of each subject’s head. <h3>Results:</h3> The results revealed that men did slightly better than women, and the vertex area did better than the temporal areas. On average, there was a statistically significant 93.5% increase in nonvellus hair after 6 months of once daily use. All subjects had some regrowth. There were no reported adverse effects. <h3>Discussion:</h3> Though the exact mechanism of therapeutic effects is not known, CBD is most likely functioning as a CB1 receptor antagonist and potentially also via Wnt messaging. Topical CBD formulation has comparable results to finasteride and comparable results to 5% minoxidil once daily foam. Since the CBD works through novel mechanisms different from finasteride and minoxidil, it can be used in conjunction with these current drugs and would be expected to have synergistic effects. However, safety of this combination would need to be evaluated.

Effect of extrusion technology on hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) oil cake: Polyphenol profile and biological activities.

Effects of extrusion with varying barrel temperature, moisture content, and screw speed on hempseed oil cake were studied for the first time. Extrusion at lower moisture (30%) and higher screw speed (300rpm) significantly increased the proportion of free polyphenols, flavonoids, and phenylpropionamide content, and -glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities. Full factorial design confirmed the three-way interactions among all extrusion parameters for all chemical assays with the bound phenolic fraction, total flavonoid content, and DPPH inhibition activity of the free phenolic fraction. HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified 26 phenylpropionamides, and the contents of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (66.26µg/g) and total phenylpropionamides (85.77µg/g) were significantly increased after extrusion at the lower moisture and higher screw speed extrusion conditions. The higher -glucosidase inhibition activity at higher screw speed could be due to the N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (r=0.99, p<0.01), while the AChE inhibition activity appeared to be influenced more by the cannabisins A-C, M (r>0.8, p<0.01). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hempseed oil cake is a byproduct of oil extraction, with high protein and high fiber contents. The results of this research could be used directly in food industry to improve the nutritional and commercial value of hempseed oil cake by extrusion technology.

Assessment of Chemical, Physicochemical, and Lipid Stability Properties of Gelled Emulsions Elaborated with Different Oils Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) or Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and Pseudocereals.

Gelled emulsion (GE) systems are one of the novel proposals for the reformulation of meat products with healthier profiles. The aims of this research were (i) to develop gelled emulsions using pseudocereal flours (amaranth, buckwheat, teff, and quinoa) and vegetable oils (chia oil, hemp oil, and their combination), (ii) to determine their chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and lipid stability, and (iii) to evaluate their stability during frozen storage. The results showed that GEs are technologically viable except for the sample elaborated with teff flour and a mix of oils. The lipid oxidation was not greater than 2.5 mg malonaldehyde/kg of sample for any of the samples analyzed. The physicochemical properties analyzed showed both the pH and color values of the GEs within the range of values obtained for the fat of animal origin. The texture properties were affected by the type of oil added; in general, the firmness and the work of shear increased with the addition of the mixture of both oils. The samples elaborated with buckwheat and chia oil and quinoa and chia oil had the highest emulsion stability values, which remained among the highest after freezing. The results showed that gelled emulsions, based on chia oil, hemp, and their mixture with pseudocereal flours, are a viable alternative as a possible substitute of saturated fat in the development of novel foods.

Genome Sequence of Paenibacillus polymyxa Strain HOB6, Isolated from Hemp Seed Oil.

ABSTRACTPaenibacillus polymyxa strain HOB6 was isolated from hemp seed oil. The strain displays antimicrobial activity against fungal pathogens and has potential for development as a biopesticide against cannabis diseases. Its genome was sequenced and annotated, uncovering the ability to encode the biosynthetic pathways for antimicrobial lanthipeptides and nonribosomal peptides.

Process Optimization for Biodiesel Production from Highly Acidic Hibiscus Cannabinus (Deccan Hemp) Oil

In this study, Hibiscus Cannabinus (deccan hemp) oil was used to convert its methyl ester. Methyl ester synthesis process involves of two-steps: esterification of sulfuric acid (Step-1) and alkaline transesterification (Step-2). Deccan hemp oil was found to have an initial acid value of 12.48 mg KOH/g. The acid value of deccan hemp oil was decreased to below 2 mg KOH/g in Step-1 taking consideration to get higher ester yield after alkaline transesterification process. The alkaline transesterification process parameters such as methyl alcohol to deccan hemp oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimised and analysed in detail. This process gives ester yield of about 95.48%. The important properties of the synthesised methyl ester were determined and compared with IS 51607 and ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards.

Unique Approach of a Telemedicine System for CBD-Infused Foods

As medical cannabis is legalized, food safety management systems, including CBD (cannabidiol), have received attention from scientific and engineering perspectives. Observations attribute CBD changes in acidic environments and high temperatures to THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). The current research focuses on employing and optimizing 3D printers, specifically material extrusion additive manufacturing processes for telemedicine applications to safely and accurately deliver CBD-infused food. Soft meat is prepared by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) process and simultaneously infused with hemp oil for food printing. This study personalized the amount of CBD-infused food and analyzed its operating parameters based on a theoretical Hagen-Poiseuille equation and pressure drop. Head speed, direction change within a given time, pressure drops at tip or piston, the constant mass-flux in PTE (piston type extrusion), Vizo design (VD) with aesthetic elements, and head travel distance have been optimized. Between the University of Texas at El Paso in Texas, USA, and the Korea University in Seoul, Korea, repeated IoT system variable experiments through the web-cloud were limited to less than 1 min, including print time. The telemedicine system was first tried and successfully performed using CBD-infused foods. During this process, images, G-code, video, and text, including medical descriptions, were provided simultaneously with CBD-infused food.

Hemp raw materials: new perspectives for the food industry

The article discusses modern trends in growing and processing technologies for industrial hemp grown in Ukraine. The analysis of the normative and technical documentation governing the use of industrial hemp products in the food industry has been carried out. A comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of various types of oil, including hemp oil, has been carried out. The special value of hemp oil for humans has been shown due to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Hemp oil is a rich and balanced source of linoleic (Omega-6), alpha-linolenic (Omega-3) fatty acids. The effects of these two polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health are anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic and hypolipidemic properties. Hemp oil also contains significant amounts of tocopherols, which exhibit antioxidant activity. Ukrainian breeders have developed highly productive hemp varieties YUSO 31, Glyana, Victoria, Zoryana, Nika with a tetrahydrocannabinol content close to zero. The use of hemp seeds in the food industry is limited by poor performance in some functional indicators, therefore, a comparative analysis of processing methods developed to improve these properties was carried out. Typically, industrial hemp seeds are treated as a waste product and are used in most cases as animal feed. As a direct ingredient or food additive, hemp seeds, which are gluten-free, have only been used in recent years. In addition, the technology of manufacturing food products containing hemp raw materials is described. The article aims to summarize the chemical composition, nutritional value and potential health benefits of hemp seeds from in vitro and in vivo studies. Key words: hemp, oil, seeds, hemp protein, food industry.