Hemato-biochemical Parameters Research Articles

The role of different dietary Zn sources in modulating heat stress-related effects on some thermoregulatory parameters of New Zealand white rabbit bucks*

The present work was conducted to assess the effect of diets supplementation to heat-stressed buck rabbits with different zinc (Zn) sources on the thermoregulatory and hematobiochemical parameters, and antioxidant status. A total of 24 mature buck rabbits (32–36 weeks of age) were randomly distributed into four groups (6 each). Group 1, non-heat-stressed control (NHSC), was reared in the absence of heat stress (HS) conditions and received the basal diet only. The other three groups (groups 2, 3 and 4) were kept in HS conditions. Group 2, heat-stressed control (HSC), received the basal diet only. The diet supplemented with 75 mg Zn/kg diet either in the inorganic form (Zn sulfate) or in the organic form (Zn picolinate) for groups 3 and 4, respectively. Zn supplementation to rabbits’ diets lowered the heat stress-related increase of serum urea, alanine transaminase and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. These supplementations also increased the concentration of testosterone under HS conditions. Zn picolinate was more effective than Zn sulfate in restoring serum concentrations of urea, testosterone, and MDA. In conclusion, Zn addition to rabbits’ diets from different sources, especially Zn picolinate, exhibits an ameliorative effect against the harmful impact of HS on hematobiochemical parameters and antioxidant status.

Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Periparturient Murrah Buffaloes during Summer and Winter Season: A Study to Assess Seasonal and Transitional Stress

Background: Environmental stress and transition period in buffaloes imposes significant changes in hemato-biochemical parameters. On this background the present study was attempted to evaluate biochemical parameters in transition buffaloes during summer and winter seasons. Methods: Thirty six advanced pregnant and non-pregnant Murrah buffaloes of around 5 years of age were randomly selected. Whole blood was collected from twelve buffaloes each in their transition period during winter and summer season for a period of five weeks and six non pregnant buffaloes for each season served as control. Haematological, biochemical parameters were estimated and THI was calculated in both the seasons. Result: The mean THI, TEC, Hb, MCH, MCHC, SOD activity and MDA levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in summer compared to winter, while MCV and GSH activity was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in winter compared to summer. No significant (p greater than 0.05) difference between seasons was observed with respect to TLC, monocyte and lymphocyte per cent. Moreover, Hb, SOD, GSH and MDA concentration differed significantly (p less than 0.05) throughout the transition period during summer and winter seasons, while TEC, MCV, MCH and MCV concentration did not change (p greater than 0.05) with transition period in both the seasons. The present study indicated that summer season had profound effect on hemato-biochemical parameters. While SOD, GSH and MDA could be used as markers of transitional stress in Murrah buffaloes.

Assessment of haematological and biochemical alterations in recumbent buffaloes

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken on adult recumbent buffaloes (n = 63), which were clustered into six groups based on the history and tentative diagnosis viz., infectious, metabolic, traumatic, abdominal dysfunction, intoxication, and musculoskeletal and nervine. An additional group of 10 adult healthy control buffaloes was also included in the study. The blood, serum, and faecal samples were collected on zero day to perform haematological, blood smear, serum biochemical, and faecal examination, respectively. Also, the similar samples were collected on 5 days post treatment (DPT) in recovered and control animals. Genomic DNA from individual blood samples was isolated and subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR for exploring Trypanosoma evansi and Bovine Herpes Virus-1 infections, respectively. The detailed history of recumbent buffaloes revealed the mean age as 5.53 ± 0.34 years and duration of recumbency as 2.61 ± 0.38 days. Younger animals (3.92 ± 0.31 years) having ~14 hours of recumbency period showed recovery and good prognosis. On comparison of serum biochemical parameters of recovered and non-recovered recumbent animals, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), creatinine phosphokinase, phosphorus, sodium, and chloride showed significant difference between them (p < 0.05); thus, indicating their suitability for being prognostic indicators. Out of 63 recumbent animals, 10 (15.87%) showed recovery from recumbency after 5 DPT. The present study recognized the alterations in haemato-biochemical parameters in recumbent buffaloes for the first time.

Evaluation of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for experimental full-thickness cutaneous wounds in a diabetic rat model

ABSTRACT Background The wound healing potential of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was evaluated in the excisional wound of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Research design and methods Xenogenic BMSCs were collected aseptically from the iliac crest of healthy canine donors under general anesthesia. Full-thickness experimental wounds (20 × 20 mm2) on the dorsum of forty-eight adult healthy Wistar white rats. The wounds were assigned randomly to three treatment groups: PBS (Group A) or BMSCs (Group B) injected into the wound margins on days 0, 7, and 14 or BMSCs (Group C) injected into the wound margins on days 7, 14, and 21 post-wounding. The degree of wound healing was evaluated based on macroscopical, hemato-biochemical, histopathological, and histochemical parameters. Results The results indicated granulation tissue formation with reduced exudation and peripheral swelling in the treatment groups compared to the control group A. Similarly, the degree of wound contraction was significantly higher in groups B and C animals than group A on days 14 and 21 post-wounding. The transplantation of BMSCs resulted in early drying of wounds, granulation tissue appearance, and enhanced cosmetic appearance. Conclusion The histopathological, histochemical, and gross findings suggested the therapeutic potential of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy in managing diabetic wounds. Abbreviations BMSCs-bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, PBS-phosphate-buffered saline, MSCs-mesenchymal stem cells, FBS-fetal bovine serum, ECM-extracellular matrix

Dietary lysine modulates growth performance, haemato‐biochemical indices, non‐specific immune response, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant properties of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings

The experimental trial was conducted to assess the appropriate utilization of dietary lysine (Lys) required for Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. Six isonitrogenous (450 g/kg CP) and isoenergetic (20.90 kj/g GE) casein–gelatine based diets supplemented with varying concentrations of dietary Lys (14.0, 16.5, 19.0, 21.5, 24.0. and 26.5 g/kg, dry diet) were formulated. For each incremental level, all diets were randomly distributed in triplicate groups of 20 fish (1.79 ± 0.06 g/fish; 5.70 ± 0.42 cm/fish) and were fed in the morning and evening time (08:00 and 17:00 h) at the rate of 5% BW day−1. After the end of the trial, maximum live weight gain (355.21), protein efficiency ratio (1.69 g/kg), better-feed conversion ratio (1.31) and maximum body protein deposition were recorded at 21.50 g/kg increment of Lys in the diet. Highest body protein, lowest moisture and intermediate fat contents were noted in the fish fed 21.50 g/kg of dietary Lys containing diet, while body ash values did not show any significant (p ˃ .05) changes at each increment of Lys in the diets, except at lower increments, where highest ash content was observed. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) value was noted lowest in the fish fed with diets containing 21.50 g/kg Lys level, while haematological variables also exhibit considerable changes with the addition of each Lys inclusion level. Maximum haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct) and red blood cell (RBC) count were also noted at 21.50 g/kg Lys fed diet. Significant variations (p < .05) in plasma variables, non-specific immune system, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant status were also observed in the fish fed with varying dietary Lys containing diets. However, cholesterol, triglycerides, amylase, lipase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not show any differences with respect to Lys inclusion levels. Our findings suggest that 21.60 g/kg dietary Lys, corresponding to 48.0 g/kg of dietary protein should be incorporated in the diet of rainbow trout for better growth and efficient nutrient conversion of this species, and also for the improvement in fish health. Collectively, this study indicated that an appropriate amount of Lys improve fish growth, haemato-biochemical parameters, immune response and digestive ability, and also up-regulate the antioxidant status.

Haemato-biochemical Alterations in Obstructive and Non-obstructive Renal Diseases

Background: Diseases involving urinary system are very common in dogs causing significant morbidity and mortality in dogs. Renal failure and urinary obstruction are frequently encountered in clinical cases. Early diagnosis and treatment increase the survival rate and decreases the chances of complications related to renal failure. The present study was conducted to evaluate haemato-biochemical alterations in dogs having urinary system dysfunction. Methods: The study was conducted on 38 dogs to observe the haemato-biochemical parameter changes in dogs suffering from obstructive and non-obstructive renal system affections as compared to healthy dogs. Various haemato-biochemical parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, TP, albumin and A:G ratio were evaluated. Qualitative analysis of urine was done using Multistix dip stick method. Result: In the present study the values of various haemato-biochemical parameters showed different pattern in both obstructive and non-obstructive renal diseases. Significant haematobiochemical changes reported in renal failure dogs were anemia, azotemia, increased alkaline phosphatase and AST values and decreased A:G ratio and in dogs with urinary obstruction the significant changes were uremia and leukocytosis. The results of the study suggested that the evaluation of various haemato-biochemical parameters help in diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of a renal disease.

Clinical, haemato-biochemical, and ultrasonographic findings of abomasal impaction and abomasal ulcers in buffaloes

The current study evaluated the clinical, ruminal, haemato-biochemical, and ultrasonographic findings of abomasal disorders' affected buffaloes grouped as abomasal impaction (n = 18) and abomasal ulcers (n = 15). The abomasal disorders' screening was based on clinical examination and confirmed by ultrasonography. The most common clinical findings of the buffaloes affected with abomasal disorders include depressed demeanour (96.97%), absence of rumination (87.88%), abdominal guarding (87.88%), sunken eye balls (81.82%), tachycardia (78.79%), tachypnea (72.73%), and kyphosis (63.64%). The average rumen motility, respiratory rate, and pulse rate for abomasal impaction and abomasal ulcers were 0.28, 33.37, and 83.44, and 0.33, 35.87, and 92.60, respectively. The faecal occult blood test (benzidine test) revealed the presence of melena in all the buffaloes diagnosed with abomasal ulcers (100%). The ultrasonographic examination of the abomasal impaction group revealed increased abomasal size with no movement of the abomasal contents. The ultrasonographic imaging of abomasal ulcer-affected buffaloes showed irregularity in the abomasal wall-outline with moderately echogenic abomasal contents and a layer of fibrin at the affected area. Nine buffaloes had ultrasonographic evidence of peritonitis. The abomasal contents of buffaloes with positive benzidine test (n = 15) were screened for Clostridium perfringens by a polymerase chain reaction and were found positive for cpa toxin yielding 900-bp length. The rumen protozoal count was higher in healthy buffaloes, while the sedimentation test, (time) methylene blue reduction test, (time) and chloride levels were higher (P < 0.01) in the buffaloes affected with abomasal disorders. Haematological findings revealed a higher haematocrit, total leucocyte count, neutrophils, and eosinophil proportion and lower haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, and lymphocyte proportion without affecting the fractions of monocytes and basophils. Furthermore, the buffaloes affected with abomasal disorders showed lower albumin, phosphorus, and potassium and higher aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine kinase, creatinine, and chloride concentrations. The present study projects clinical signs, ruminal parameters, and haemato-biochemical parameters as better indicators of abomasal disorders; however, ultrasonography is the sole diagnostic aid for the confirmation of abomasal disorders in buffaloes.

Dietary valine improved growth, immunity, enzymatic activities and expression of TOR signaling cascade genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary valine (Val) on growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, immunity, enzymatic activities, antioxidant status and expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and 4E-BP genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (1.57 ± 0.03 g; 5.10 ± 0.34 cm). Six isonitrogenous (450 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (20.90 kJ 100 g−1, gross energy) diets were designed to represent varied Val levels (10.5, 13.0, 15.5, 18.0, 20.5 and 23.0 g kg−1 dry diet basis). Growth parameters improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the amelioration of dietary Val level up to 18.0 g kg−1. Highest (P < 0.05) body protein content was noted at 18.0 g kg−1 dietary Val. Significant differences in hematological, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant parameters were noted. However, plasma variables did not show any significant differences except aspartate transaminase and uric acid. Total protein content increased significantly, while the albumin and globulin content did not show any significant (P > 0.05) difference. Moreover expression of TOR mRNA and elF4E-binding protein (4E-BP) was observed higher (P < 0.05) at 18.0 g kg−1 Val. On the basis of results, optimum dietary Val requirement for maximal growth of rainbow trout was determined to be 18.19 g kg−1 of dry diet, corresponding to 40.42 g kg−1 of dietary protein.

Dietary Zinc in Association with Vitamin E Promotes Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia.

Zinc (Zn) and vitamin E (VE) are essential micro-nutrients that contribute a pivotal role in the physiology and nutrition of fish. An experiment was designed to know the effects of Zn and VE addition in the diet on growth and feed utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four diets containing Zn (80mg/kg), VE (50mg/kg), Zn (80mg/kg) + VE (50mg/kg), and without Zn and VE (control) were fed to Nile tilapia in aquaria with triplicate groups for 6weeks. Survival, growth parameters (weight gain, WG; %WG; specific growth rate, SGR), and feed utilization (protein efficiency ratio, PER; feed conversion ratio, FCR) were calculated at the end of the feeding trial. Several hemato-biochemical parameters (hemoglobin, Hb; red blood cell, RBC; white blood cell, WBC, and glucose) and morphology of muscle were analyzed. The growth parameters (WG, %WG, and SGR) and feed utilization (FCR and PER) improved significantly in the fish fed with Zn, VE, and Zn + VE supplemented diets. There was no significant change in the values of Hb, RBC, WBC, and glucose level among different groups. Significantly improved diameter of muscle fiber, reduced distance between muscle fiber, and increased number of the nucleus and hyperplastic muscle fiber were observed in the fish fed with Zn, VE, and Zn + VE supplemented diets. These results suggested that Zn and VE can be effectively incorporated into the diets of Nile tilapia for better growth with maximum feed utilization.

Effects of apple cider vinegar on haemato-biochemical parameters of gestating rats and morphometric indices of their pups at delivery

Effects of apple cider vinegar on haemato-biochemical parameters of gestating rats and morphometric indices of their pups at delivery

The protective role of lycopene against toxic effects induced by the herbicide Harness® and its active ingredient acetochlor on the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).

The effects of Harness® toxicity on fish health are little known. So, current work aimed to study the impact of sub-lethal doses of Harness® (an acetochlor-based herbicide) on the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and also investigated the potential role of lycopene (LYCO) administration in alleviating Harness® negative effects. Fish were divided into five groups in triplicates as follows: group 1 (control) received no treatment, group 2 was exposed to 10 μm Harness®/L, group 3 was orally administered 10 mg LYCO/kg body weight and exposed to 10 μm Harness®/L, group 4 was exposed to 100 μm Harness®/L, and group 5 was orally administered 10 mg LYCO/kg body weight and exposed to 100 μm Harness®/L for 2 weeks. Some hemato-biochemical parameters, genotoxicity, and histopathological changes were assessed at the end of this period. Sub-lethal doses of Harness® altered the shape of erythrocytes in contrast to the control sample. Also, hematological parameters of exposed fish exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the values of red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), and platelets (PL), as well as an insignificant (P > 0.05) drop in mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Harness® was also found to cause genotoxicity as well as histopathological alterations. LYCO administration decreased hemato-biochemical changes and returned them to near-normal levels. The findings showed that LYCO administration (10 mg LYCO/kg body weight) decreased Harness® toxicity in C. gariepinus and alleviated its destructive effects.

Recovery of E. coli From Liver and Spleen of Broiler Birds and the Effects of Induced High Ammonia Level on Haematobiochemical Parameters and Its Amelioration by Different Modifiers.

The poultry sector is one of the most vibrant segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. In addition to different infections, ammonia (NH3) production from litter material of broiler is the most harmful pollutant and causes serious threats for the environment. To overcome this problem, different methods are proposed assuring poultry bird’s health and production. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of toxic levels of NH3 on the haematology and serum proteins of broiler birds and its amelioration by using different modifiers. The recovery of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from liver and spleen of broiler birds was also carried out. A total of 100 birds were divided into 5 separate groups (groups A–D). The groups C, D and E were treated with potassium aluminium sulphate, aluminium silicate and Yucca schidigera plant extract, respectively. Blood and tissue samples were collected after slaughtering the birds at 42 days of age. This study revealed increased RBC, total leucocyte count, Hb and heterophils percentage. Serum proteins were decreased in Yucca-treated and potassium aluminium sulphate–treated groups. This study concluded that NH3 production was reduced by the application of different modifiers, and these modifiers also neutralized the changes in blood parameters induced by NH3.

Molecular Characterization and Assessment of Hematobiochemical and Oxidative Indices in Dog Naturally Infected with Babesia canis vogeli

Background: The study was aimed at molecular detection and assessment of important biomarkers in the natural cases of canine babesiosis. Methods: Blood samples of 239 dogs were examined in PCR by targeting 18S rRNA gene. Hematobiochemical, oxidant-antioxidant and plasma cortisol parameters were estimated in the dogs on the day of presentation. Result: The 18S rRNA gene sequence showed 100% homology with Babesia canis vogeli and phylogram formed a tight cluster of B. canis vogeli originated from India/other countries. Higher prevalence rate (P less than 0.05) was noted in the PCR (7.95%) than the cytological technique (3.76%). Hemogram of infected dogs showed decrease (P less than 0.05) in the mean value of hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, HCT, whereas an increase in MCHC, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and thrombocytes. The ALT (49.29±1.53 U/L), AST (48.33±2.93 U/L), total protein (10.56±0.60 g/dL), creatinine (1.41±0.10 mg/dL) and urea (19.32±0.97 mg/dL) showed significant (P less than 0.005) increase, whereas decrease in the levels of serum glucose (82.76±2.78 mg/dL) in the infected dogs. Activity of MDA and SOD was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased (7.50±7.08 nmole/µL blood) and decreased (0.015±3.91 nmole/µL blood) in the diseased dogs, respectively. Plasma cortisol concentration was 11.10±7.84 nmol/L and 2.77±5.78 nmol/L (P less than 0.01) in the infected and uninfected dogs, respectively.

Immunosuppressant-Responsive Enteropathy and Non-Responsive Enteropathy in Dogs: Prognostic Factors, Short- and Long-Term Follow Up.

Simple SummaryChronic intestinal inflammation in dogs is a challenging disease to manage. Most studies about prognostic factors and follow-up data are only available for small populations or with short-term follow-up. The aim of this study of 165 dogs with chronic intestinal inflammation was to identify clinical and haematological factors associated with mortality, clinical response and relapse, with long-term follow-up. Nine per cent of dogs did not respond to therapy at 1 month follow-up. Most dogs with chronic intestinal inflammation had a good clinical course in most cases, and the non-response or relapse rate was 9–11%. A reduction of body condition (loss of weight), lower serum albumin concentration and presence of lacteal dilatation on intestinal histology at diagnosis were identified as factors associated with a decreased response rate, higher mortality and lower chance of achieving long-term remission.A multicentre prospective study was performed to assess whether clinical, hematobiochemical, endoscopic and histopathological parameters were associated with mortality, clinical response and relapse of disease in short- and long-term follow-up of a total of 165 dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy, of which 150 had immunosuppressant responsive enteropathy (IRE), and 15 had non-responsive enteropathy (NRE) dogs. Clinical severity (CCECAI) was evaluated from presentation (T0) to 18 months (T18) from diagnosis. T0 body condition score (BCS), selected haematological parameters and endoscopic and histopathological scores were evaluated. Presence/absence of histopathological duodenal lesions was recorded. Responders were evaluated using CCECAI at T1. Relapse was evaluated from T3 to T18. Long-term responders included dogs who responded at T1 and showed no relapse. Dogs were divided into responders/non-responders, survivors/non-survivors and relapsed/non-relapsed. At T1, 15/165 dogs (9%) were considered NRE. Sixteen dogs (11%) were considered relapsed at T3, 8% at T6 and 10% at T12, and none of 96 dogs relapsed at T18. NREs showed significantly lower BCS than IREs. Non-survivors showed a significantly lower serum albumin concentration and BCS than survivors. Non-responders, relapsed or non-survivors had higher presence of lacteal dilatation compared to long-term responders. Dogs with IRE showed a good clinical course with a low relapse rate, with only a few dogs in the NRE group. Reduction of BCS, albumin and lacteal dilatation at diagnosis may be considered negative prognostic factors for response, mortality and long-term disease remission.

Effects of dietary leucine levels on growth performance, hematobiochemical parameters, liver profile, intestinal enzyme activities and target of rapamycin signalling pathway related gene expression in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykissfingerlings

A study was designed to investigate the influence of leucine (Leu) levels on growth performance, enzyme activities and relative expression of TOR and 4E-BP genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (average initial body weight: 1.60 ± 0.25 g/fish; average initial length 5.20 ± 0.30 cm/fish). Six isonitrogenous (450 g/kg) and energetic (20.90 kJ 100 g−1, gross energy) experimental diets in gradation of 2.5 g/kg of dry diets were formulated to contain graded Leu levels (10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5 g/kg, drymatter basis). 20 fish were stocked in triplicate groups in 75 L trough connected with flow-through system (2–2.5 L/min) and were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00 hours) at 5% BW day−1. Quadratic regression analysis of live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body protein deposition (BPD) data indicated Leu requirement at 17.70, 17.42, 17.25 and 17.57 g/kg dry diet, respectively. Highest (p < .05) protein, lowest moisture and intermediate fat contents were noted at 17.5 g/kg Leu fed diet. Significant variation in haematological parameters was also observed. While no significant (p ˃ .05) differences in plasma total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin and globulin were noted. However, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), glucose, urea and uric acid levels produced significant differences. Except amylase, higher enzymatic activities were observed at 17.5 g/kg Leu diet. Higher relative expression level of target of rapamycin (TOR) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP) mRNA was observed at 17.5 and 15.0 g/kg Leu fed diets. Based on the above data, it is recommended that 17.45 g/kg Leu, corresponding to 38.77 g/kg of dietary protein would be useful for optimum growth and also regulates relative gene expression of TOR and 4E-BP signalling pathway.

Menthol as anesthetic for juvenile Lophiosilurus alexandri: Induction and recovery time, ventilatory frequency, hematology and blood biochemistry

Anesthesia is an indispensable procedure during the handling of fish. This work evaluated the effects of menthol as anesthetic for juvenile Lophiosilurus alexandri. Menthol concentrations of 0 (control), 25, 50, 150, 300 and 450 mg L−1 were tested using 14 animals for each concentration, with each fish being a replicate. Blood was sampled from seven of the juveniles in each group shortly after anesthetic induction and from the other seven at 24 h post-anesthesia and procedures to collect biometric measures, i.e., handling and air exposure. Induction time showed a linear response plateau effect (LRP) with an inflection point of 142 mg L−1, while a dose-response relationship was observed among concentrations for recovery time. Ventilatory frequency (VF) during anesthetic induction had a LRP effect with an inflection point of 127 mg L−1, while during recovery it had a quadratic effect with a maximum point of 305.45 mg L−1. Fish anesthetized with 50 mg L−1 of menthol had the lowest hematocrit values (P < 0.05), while those exposed to 450 mg L−1 had the lowest erythrocyte values (P < 0.001). Other changes in hemato-biochemical parameters are discussed. Concentrations between 50 and 300 mg L−1 of menthol were able to induce deep anesthesia in juvenile L. alexandri with induction and recovery times considered ideal for fish. The use of 50 mg L−1 of menthol was able to reduce VF during induction and recovery and also prevent increased plasma glucose, with little influence on hematological and biochemical parameters after handling.

Effects of Propofol and Ketamine as Induction Agent to Isoflurane and as Continuous Rate Infusion on Haematobiochemical Parameters in Dogs Premedicated with Glycopyrrolate, Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol

Background: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of propofol and ketamine as induction agent to isoflurane and as continuous rate infusion on haematobiochemical parameters in dogs premedicated with glycopyrrolate, dexmedetomidine and butorphenol. Methods: Twenty four animals were randomly divided into four Groups (A, B, C and D) comprising six animals in each. All the animals were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol. Induction was done with propofol in group A and B and with ketamine in group C and D. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in group A and C and with propofol and ketamine continuous rate infusion in group B and D, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0(before premedication), 20, 40 and 60 min (during maintenance) to evaluate different haematobiochmical parameters. Result: The haemoglobin levels decreased in all the groups but significantly in Group C and Group D. The total erythrocyte count decreased in all the groups with significant change in Group D. The TLC, PCV, platelet, lymphocyte and monocyte count decreased non-significantly. The neutrophil, granulocyte count in all the groups increased non-significantly over the different observation period. The serum glucose and LDH increased significantly in all the groups. The GGT, alkaline phosphatise, BUN and serum creatinine increased non-significantly in all the groups.

↵​Clinical and Haemato-biochemical Studies on Gastro-intestinal Colic in Horses

Background: Colic is an important disease of horses. It is a multifactorial and complex disorder. Colic remains one of the common causes of death in horses therefore in present investigation, clinical and haemato-biochemical changes associated with GI colic in horses were studied. Methods: Total 105 horses were examined to study the clinical and haemato-biochemical parameters in colicky horses in southern part of Rajasthan. Result: Mean respiration rate, pulse rate and capillary refill time was found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control animals (P less than 0.05). In haematological indices, mean packed cell volume was significantly increased in colic affected horses (P less than 0.05) whereas mean total platelet count and mean lymphocyte count was found to be significantly decreased (P less than 0.05). In serum biochemical indices, serum aspartate amino transferase, serum alanine amino transferase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum glucose, serum albumin, serum total protein, serum alkaline phosphate and blood lactate were found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control group (P less than 0.05).

Effect of dietary Andrographis paniculata leaf extract on growth, immunity, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Pangasianodon hypopthalmus

ABSTRACT Aeromonas hydrophila severely hampers the farmed catfish production. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract on growth, immunomodulation, and disease outbreak against A. hydrophila in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. A total of 180 juveniles of P. hypophthalmus (avg. wt. 123.33 ± 1.8 g) were distributed randomly in four groups following a completely randomized design in triplicate. Four experimental diets—C (no extract), T1 (1%), T2 (2%), and T3 (4%)—were prepared and fed twice daily. Growth metrics were calculated after 45 days and challenged with A. hydrophila. Relative percentage survival (RPS) was recorded over 15 days postchallenge. Results indicated that A. paniculata extract has a positive effect on hematobiochemical parameters and immune response. The highest (P < 0.05) pre- and postchallenge serum lysozyme activity, respiratory burst activity, and globulin level were found in the T2 group and lowest in the T0 group. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage weight gain and SGR and lowest FCR were found in the T2 group than in the other groups. RPS was highest (P < 0.05) in the T2 group, followed by the T1 and T3 groups, compared to the control. Results suggest that A. paniculata leaf extract at a level of 2% could improve growth, immunity, and disease resistance against A. hydrophila by enhancing innate immunity in P. hypophthalmus.

Effects of dietary oak (Quercus aegilops L.) acorn on growth performance, somatic indices, and hemato-biochemical responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., at different stocking densities

ABSTRACT The present study was done to assess the effects of dietary oak (Quercus aegilops L.) acorn powder (OAP) on the growth performance, somatic indices, and hemato-biochemical responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., reared at different stocking density conditions. For this purpose, fish (~55 g) were distributed into sixteen 70-L tanks at a density of 3 g/L (LSD) or 10 g/L (HSD) and fed diets supplemented with 0.0 (control) or 10 g OAP/kg for 6 weeks. The results showed significant increase in the performance of fish fed with the OAP additive at both stocking densities, but it was retarded at the control-HSD level. Fulton’s condition (K) factor as well as hepatic, gonads, and kidney somatic indices remained constant after the experimental period, but viscera and spleen somatic indices were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary OAP and stocking density. The dietary OAP caused significant increases in counts of white blood cells and red blood cells as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit values in LSD conditions, while the control-HSD fish showed their lowest values. Additionally, the dietary OAP and stocking density were significantly modulated by the biochemical variables. In the control-HSD fish, higher glucose levels accompanied with lower levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin were observed. Fish reared under the control-HSD conditions showed highest levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, creatinine, and uric acid, while their lowest values were recorded with the OAP-LSD fish. The control-HSD fish had highest levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides among the experimental groups. The dietary supplementation of OAP to the fish in HSD conditions induced significant (P < 0.05) decreases in total cholesterol and triglycerides than the control-HSD fish group, and their lowest levels were obtained at the OAP-LSD fish. Levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) were significantly (P > 0.05) modulated by dietary OAP and stocking density. The highest level of LDL was recorded in the control fish at both densities, while the highest level of HDL was obtained in the control-LSD fish. The dietary supplementation of OAP enhanced the hemato-biochemical parameters of the control fish at HSD conditions to be similar to the control-LSD fish. In conclusion, a dietary level of 10 g OAP/kg diet was confirmed as a natural feed additive to improve aquaculture and welfare of common carp, especially under high stocking density conditions.