Helter Skelter Research Articles

Survey of the Peace Economics Literature: Recent Key Contributions and a Comprehensive Coverage Up to 1992 (Part II)

In this part we wish to present a short, but compact survey of the main strands of thought in the literature on peace economics up to 1992. A more detailed and thorough survey requires a book-length manuscript currently being written. There are many ways in which this survey can be organized. One way would address first the question of why there is conflict, proceed to the identification of specific economic factors generating or lying behind conflicts, hone into the consequent phenomena of military expenditures and arms races, perhaps then investigate the interplay of economic factors in specific conflicts (including those leading to major unrest, wars, revolutions and terrorism), examine the basis for arms control, and finally at all stages probe into the manifold direct and indirect effects (the impact) of arms escalation, control and disarmament. To proceed in this way, however, is not very useful. The literature on peace economics is "helter skelter," appearing in diverse journals and books without adhering to any semblance of organization. Hence we choose to present first some general conceptual materials to help identify the myriad of forces and problems that have been encountered. Then we proceed to survey the literature, for the most part on operational models and hypothesis testing, following the four approaches suggested by economic reasoning that Arrow (chapter 2) uses in treating the economic effects of arms reduction. These are: standard resource allocation theory, macroeconomic stability analysis, modern growth theory, and political economy thinking. We find examination of the literature in this manner at least as good if not better than any other that has been proposed. However, we discuss writings on arms race models and arms control which are the outgrowth of the standard resource allocation problem in a separate section. Also since there are extensive writings on sectoral and regional impacts of military expenditures which employ models derived from both standard resource allocation theory and macroeconomic stability analysis, we add a section on these impacts after the discussion of macroeconomic stability analysis. Finally, we end up with a section on conflict management analysis and procedures, a topic of concern to all social sciences and many professions, and one on which economists have made notable contributions.

Mutations in new cell cycle genes that fail to complement a multiply mutant third chromosome of Drosophila.

We have simultaneously screened for new alleles and second site mutations that fail to complement five cell cycle mutations of Drosphila carried on a single third chromosome (gnu, polo, mgr, asp, stg). Females that are either transheterozygous for scott of the antartic (scant) and polo, or homozygous for scant produce embryos that show mitotic defects. A maternal effect upon embryonic mitoses is also seen in embryos derived from females transheterozygous with helter skelter (hsk) and either mgr or asp. cleopatra (cleo), fails to complement asp but is not uncovered by a deficiency for asp. The mitotic phenotype of larvae heterozygous for cleo and the multiple mutant chromosome is similar to weak alleles of asp, but there are no defects in male meiosis. Mutations that failed to complement stg fell into two complementation groups corresponding to stg and a new gene noose. Three of the new stg alleles are early zygotic lethals, whereas the fourth is a pharate adult lethal allele that affects both mitosis and meiosis. Mutations in noose fully complement a small deficiency that removes stg, but when placed in trans to certain stg alleles, result in late lethality and mitotic abnormalities in larval brains.

Mutations in New Cell Cycle Genes That Fail to Complement a Multiply Mutant Third Chromosome of Drosophila

Abstract We have simultaneously screened for new alleles and second site mutations that fail to complement five cell cycle mutations of Drosophila carried on a single third chromosome (gnu, polo, mgr, asp, stg). Females that are either transheterozygous for scott of the antartic (scant) and polo, or homozygous for scant produce embryos that show mitotic defects. A maternal effect upon embryonic mitoses is also seen in embryos derived from females transheterozygous with helter skelter (hsk) and either mgr or asp. deopatra (cleo), fails to complement asp but is not uncovered by a deficiency for asp. The mitotic phenotype of larvae heterozygous for cleo and the multiple mutant chromosome is similar to weak alleles of asp, but there are no defects in male meiosis. Mutations that failed to complement stgfell into two complementation groups corresponding to stg and a new gene noose. Three of the new stg alleles are early zygotic lethals, whereas the fourth is a pharate adult lethal allele that affects both mitosis and meiosis. Mutations in noose fully complement a small deficiency that removes stg, but when placed in trans to certain stg alleles, result in late lethality and mitotic abnormalities in larval brains.

Teaching ethics using games

Many students find analysis of ethical dilemmas difficult due to the ambiguity and uncertainty they see in these situations. Games have been developed and are used in a wide variety of educational experiences. An ethics game entitled 'Rights: Helter Skelter' has been used with nursing students in their first course focused on ethics and nursing. This game enhances their ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty while they analyse ethical dilemmas.

Helter Skelter. By V. Bugliosi with C. Gentry. (Pp. 623; illustrated; 95p.) Penguin Books: Harmondsworth. 1977.

Helter Skelter. By V. Bugliosi with C. Gentry. (Pp. 623; illustrated; 95p.) Penguin Books: Harmondsworth. 1977.

G. W. F. Hegel: An Introduction to the Science of Wisdom (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 241 think, including how he ought to think qua self-thinker. Thus it is the Logic which provides the context for the ordering and unification of all cognition and expands upon the notion of human freedom as the organizing principle for theoretical activity. Finally, the translation itself is quite good. By and large the philosophical terminology is well chosen and justifiable--surely an improvement over the unsystematic (and incomplete) Abbott translation which, as Hartman and Schwarz note, often renders the same German technical term by different English words, thus making Kant appear less consistent than he is. Yet they do not go to the opposite extreme and insist upon an expanded list of standard equivalences which obscure contextual differences and shifts in meaning. Translators are familiar with this particular Scylla and Charybdis and will appreciate the safe passage with Hartman and Schwarz. Nevertheless, the translation is not flawless. In the first place, there are some decisions, announced matter-of-factly in the "Note on Translation," which could use justification. For example, we are told that for Vorstellung "'Presentation' is preferable to 'representation', repraesentatio notwithstanding," without any indication of why it is preferable and what philosophical issues are involved. Is it that "representation" implies a "double affection" theory, as in Adickes's interpretation? Are there obvious reasons for ruling this out? Can the translators identify some widespread and persistent misunderstanding which has led so many translators, from Norman Kemp Smith to Henry Allison, to choose "representation "? Second, there are occasional inconsistencies. After resolving to translate the generic use of Schluss as "conclusion" (rather than "inference"), they translate the title of the entire section on Schliissen as "Of Inferences." Third, the translators rarely note the original German term, and the corresponding page numbers of the Akademie edition of Kant's works are not given in the margin. However, even after these reservations have been stated, the translation remains an accurate and systematic one. THOMAS AUXTER University of Florida G. W F Hegel: An Introduction to the Science of Wisdom. By Stanley Rosen. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974. Pp. xxi + 302. $12.50) Were I to judge Rosen's exposition of Hegel in terms of his own standard, that it is "primarily for the English speaking philosopher with little or no knowledge of Hegel" (p. xi), I should judge it mostly a failure. And, indeed, even for a philosopher with knowledge of Hegel, it is by no means an unqualified success. The work suffers from infuriating faults. These faults I shall dispense with first, in part to put the reader off (as I think he should be), but in part to acknowledge that the qualified success of Rosen's analysis deserves the ultimate or at least the penultimate word. One fault is Rosen's often murky style. Take this unpropitious sentence on Fichte as by no means exceptional: "The pure spontaneous activity of the self-conscious synthetic unity of apperception takes the original (self-concealing) form (= image) of a reciprocally determining ego and non-ego, the borders of which vary from case to case" (p. 102). Combine the murky style with Rosen's tendency merely to touch on themes, and we have the following paragraph as representative of a weakness frequent to Rosen's explication, especially of Hegel's Phenomenology. We start with a fairly straightforward statement and then, helter skelter, go on and on. Were this a summary passage it might be acceptable, but it constitutes part of the substance of Rosen's analysis. As such it can satisfy neither the philosopher who has knowledge of Hegel nor the philosopher who has little or none. The former will recognize the themes in the Phenomenology but will long for the more elaborate and careful Hegelian exposition which gives them significance. The latter, I suspect, will conclude that Hegel is absurd. 242 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY The Stoic identifies his interior daydreaming with the Whole. This Whole, however, is at once solipsistic and contradicted by the dreams of other solipsists.The Stoic, in asserting or "positing" himself, at once negates himself. He splits apart like an unstable atom into a multiplicity of equal duplications of the original Whole, and the result is...

Chapter Five: The Docks Return to the Embrace of the People

Abstract In the spring of 1949 the War of Liberation was winning victory after victory. The Chiang bandits were disintegrating, fleeing helter skelter. On May 27 the Chinese People's Liberation Army liberated all of Shanghai. From then on, the dock workers of Shanghai Harbor, along with all the laboring people of the city, were able to clear away the mists and see the sun. They stood up straight and began brand-new lives. However, in the first period of the liberation, the workers still encountered many difficulties that were fairly serious. To begin with, as those altogether vicious reactionaries fled, they had committed innumerable evil acts and had carried out terrible destruction throughout Shanghai Harbor's entrance and docks. For instance, quite a few boats had been stolen, and many docks had been burned or knocked down. Next, as the War of Liberation continued through the south, the enemy, who was entrenched on the islands up and down the coast, still had not been completely subdued. Mines were strung out outside the mouth of the Yangtze River, and the American-Chiang planes still carried out repeated harassment bombings of Shanghai. They recklessly tried to block the harbor and hinder the restoration of communications and transport. Accordingly, to a certain degree this affected the effort to normalize transport to the harbor and the loading and unloading work. In addition to this, after so many years under the heel of the Japanese and American imperialists and the Kuomintang reactionaries, the whole country's fundamental nature had been greatly injured, and the economy was decrepit. In the first days of the liberation, production could not be immediately restored in all phases. Because of this, commerce in Shanghai Harbor could not avoid suffering some bad effects. There was comparatively little loading and unloading work in the harbor. This set of circumstances forced the dock workers, who had just been liberated from a hard and bitter situation in the old society, to contend with great problems in their new lives.