Helpful Coping Strategies Research Articles

Coping in Parkinson's disease: an examination of the coping inventory for stressful situations

Parkinson's disease (PD) brings with it a range of stresses and challenges with which a patient must cope. The type of coping strategies employed can impact upon well-being, although findings from coping studies in PD remain inconsistent. The variety of coping scales used without validation in PD has been cited as a possible cause of this inconsistency. The present study sought to examine the validity of the coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS) in a sample of patients with PD. Five hundred and twenty-five patients with PD were recruited as part of a longitudinal investigation of mood states in PD. Four hundred and seventy-one participants completed the CISS. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to explore the structural validity of the scale. Internal reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity were assessed using Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlations and Pearson's correlations. Both three and four factor solutions were examined. The four factor model was found to provide a better fit of the data than the three factor model. The internal reliability, discriminant validity, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability of the CISS scales were shown to be good. Use of emotion-focused coping was associated with greater depression and anxiety whilst, task-oriented coping was associated with better psychological well-being. The results provide support for the validity and reliability of the CISS as a measure of coping in patients with PD. Further research into the relationship between coping and well-being is warranted. The identification of helpful and unhelpful coping strategies may guide the development of evidence-based therapies to improve well-being in patients with PD.

Coping strategies of adolescents living with HIV: disease-specific stressors and responses

This study examined disease-specific stressors and coping responses employed by youth with HIV. Data were analyzed from Adolescent Impact, a multi-site study of 166 adolescents infected with HIV in three major US cities. Participants identified HIV-related stressors during a face-to-face interview. Coping strategies were measured using the adolescent version of the Kidcope. Emotional and behavioral functioning were assessed with the Youth or Adult Self Report symptom checklists. Medication-related stressors were most common (30%) and reported more often by perinatally infected youth, whereas youth infected through risk behaviors reported more disclosure-related stressors. Passive emotional regulation was perceived as the most used and most helpful coping strategy overall. Youth reporting medication adherence-related stressors used resignation most frequently. A two-factor model (Passive and Active Coping) emerged. The Passive Coping factor included strategies that do not directly approach the problem, whereas Active Coping included strategies that involve an active approach. Youth with moderately advanced disease (CD4 200–500 cells/mm3) used a Passive Coping style more often than healthier youth (CD4 > 500 cells/mm3). Additionally, Passive Coping was associated with greater emotional and behavioral problems. Youth infected with HIV may benefit from interventions promoting adaptive coping responses to HIV-specific stressors, particularly medication adherence.

Siblings' Coping Strategies and Mental Health Services: A National Study of Siblings of Persons With Schizophrenia

This study examined the helpfulness of coping strategies and the relative importance of mental health services in coping with schizophrenia from the perspective of siblings. This article presents selected survey data from a national study of 746 respondents that investigated the impact of schizophrenia on siblings' lives. The authors developed the Friedrich-Lively Instrument to Assess the Impact of Schizophrenia on Siblings (FLIISS), a closed-ended questionnaire that included questions about coping strategies and mental health services. Respondents identified services for the ill sibling, including symptom control, adequate housing, and long-term planning, as more important than direct services for themselves. The top-ranked coping strategies were education about schizophrenia, a supportive family, and seeing the ill sibling suffer less because symptoms were controlled. Understanding that families were not to blame for schizophrenia was the most helpful coping strategy for nearly three-fourths of siblings. Siblings had little contact with providers in the past; yet the majority of siblings wanted providers to be available to answer questions and clarify their role in future care. At the time of the study, respondents provided social support and helped with crises, but few coordinated the total care. Siblings identified multiple ways that providers can support and assist them in coping with the impact of schizophrenia. Education and support for siblings without schizophrenia and services for their ill siblings will become increasingly important for the well-being of siblings as they are faced with the responsibility of being the primary caregivers in the future.

Stressors and Coping Strategies Among Female Cancer Survivors After Treatments

Although cancer survivors often face stressors and experience psychologic symptoms and distress, research on the particular stressors and coping strategies upon finishing cancer treatments is rare. The study purposes were to identify the stressors experienced and the strategies used by women cancer survivors at this phase of survivorship. The specific aims were to describe the stressors at the end of primary cancer treatments and delineate coping strategies that were used and helpful. Using a longitudinal design, interviews were conducted within 4 weeks and 3 to 4 months after treatment. Participants (N = 51) were women aged 34 to 77, and had radiation and/or chemotherapy for primary breast or gynecologic cancers. Participants' primary stressors at the end of treatment included feelings of uncertainty about treatment, follow-up, and symptoms; physical concerns; difficulty concentrating, attitudes about body, and dealing with mortality. Participants used acceptance, religion, and distraction as primary coping strategies. These strategies also were rated highly as helpful coping strategies. Clinicians can provide anticipatory guidance, based upon previous survivors' strategies, as well as assess and address particular stressors at this phase. Nurses can design and test patient-centered interventions that address women's specific stressors and promote effective coping strategies among women at this phase of survivorship.

Grief and bereavement: Coping with loss of a spouse

In part two of this article, Nancy Hamilton describes the consequences for an older person of the death of a loved one and offers helpful coping strategies. Implications for nursing practice are also explored.

Coping strategies of family carers for older relatives in Finland.

As the population continues to age, it is important that older people and their family carers get all the help and support they need with coping. This requires knowledge and understanding of the factors that foster and promote coping strategies, and on the other hand that complicate coping. Conducted as part of a major international research project on carers' work and coping in four countries, the purpose of this study was to explore the coping strategies of family carers looking after older relatives in their own home and to identify related factors. A survey involving 290 family carers from three towns in Finland. The data were collected with a questionnaire including the Carers' Assessment of Managing Index developed by Nolan et al. (1995). The most helpful coping strategy was to establish one's priorities and concentrate on them. Other strategies that over 80% of the respondents regarded as helpful were believing in oneself and one's ability to handle the situation, taking life 1 day at a time, looking for positive things in each situation and relying on one's own expertise and experience. The 10 most helpful coping methods included five problem-solving strategies, four emotional-cognitive strategies and one managing stress strategy. The age and gender of the family carers were found to correlate with the results. Our findings lend further support to earlier results according to which there are both similarities and differences in the coping strategies of family carers in different countries. Nurses who meet family carers of ageing individuals in their work will be able to use these results in assessing how these carers are coping and whether they need support, as well as in developing services for family carers.

Impact and Influences on Caregiver Outcomes at One Year Post-Stroke

Background and Purpose: Four outcome measures of carer stress and coping at one year post-stroke were identified: carer general health, anxiety, depression and perception of stress. Methods: Each outcome was assessed using valid and reliable instruments. In addition, we collected demographic data from both carers and patients which could reasonably be expected to influence carer stress and coping (e.g. age, deprivation levels) as well as information specific to the caring role. Results: Carers were found to be more anxious than previously reported. Neither satisfaction with caring nor the adoption of helpful coping strategies were associated with positive carer outcomes but, nevertheless, carers were not reluctant to care. The SF-36 is a useful predictor of carer stress, in particular the vitality score. Conclusions: Patient data are not sufficient to predict carer general health at one year. At one year, both patients and carers are more anxious than depressed. And there may be a group of patients and carers who can be characterised as borderline anxious and/or depressed and who warrant specific attention to prevent carer burnout.

Fatigue experience in advanced cancer: a phenomenological approach

This study describes the experience of fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. A phenomenological approach was adopted to allow a fuller expression of the phenomenon of fatigue in the sample of six patients. Five major themes were identified. These were physical, psychological, social and spiritual consequences of fatigue, and helpful and unhelpful coping strategies. The themes demonstrate the complexity of fatigue, which had an all-encompassing effect on patients' lives. The themes were interconnected and cannot be viewed independently. For these patients with advanced cancer the meaning of fatigue was intertwined with the process of adjusting to living with a terminal illness and ultimately death. It was impossible for them to separate the two. Coping strategies that would normally be of use to fatigued individuals were shown to have little or no benefit. Sensitive communication about fatigue and its meaning to the patient may assist adjustment and generate hope.

Coping with Family Conflict and Economic Strain: The Adolescent Perspective

This study tested two models of family economic problems and adolescent psychological adjustment. Using adolescents’ survey data and information regarding school lunch program enrollment, the associations among family SES, perceived economic strain, family conflict, and coping responses were examined in a sample of 364 adolescents from rural New England. Two theoretical models were tested using structural equation modeling — one tested coping as a mediator of the stress – psychopathology relation and the other tested coping as a moderator. Results revealed that family economic hardship was related to aggression and anxiety/depression primarily through two proximal stressors: perceived economic strain and conflict among family members. Family conflict partially mediated the relation between economic strain and adolescent adjustment, and coping further mediated the relation between family conflict and adjustment. These analyses identified two types of coping that were associated with fewer anxiety/depression and aggression problems in the face of these stressors — primary and secondary control coping. Although primary and secondary control coping were associated with fewer adjustment problems, youth who were experiencing higher amounts of stress tended to use less of these potentially helpful coping strategies and used more of the potentially detrimental disengagement coping. The models did not differ according to the age or gender of the adolescents, nor whether they lived with two parents or fewer. No support was found for coping as a moderator of stress. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research involving coping with economic stressors are reviewed.

Using music during childbirth.

The application of music in pain management has become popular in the past two decades. This article describes the responses of primiparas to the use of music therapy during the births of their children. Eleven women who attended childbirth education classes in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, volunteered to participate in a music therapy exercise. During pregnancy each participant selected preferred music, listened to it daily, and received instruction about focused listening. Within 72 hours after birth they were interviewed about their use of music as a coping strategy during labor. Women selected the combination of music and labor support as a helpful coping strategy during labor. All women used the music during labor to help distract them from the pain or their current situation. The planned use of music by mothers and caregivers can be an aid to prenatal preparation and an important adjunct in pain and stress management during labor and birth.

Maternal Health-Related Coping Patterns and Health and Adjustment Outcomes in Children With Type 1 Diabetes

Parental coping patterns can influence health outcomes of a child with a chronic illness. As part of a longitudinal study of 8- to 13-year-old children with newly diagnosed diabetes, we examined the relation between maternal health-related coping strategies and rehospitalizations and psychopathology in the child with diabetes. Forty-two pairs of children and their mothers were evaluated separately by means of a comprehensive assessment battery including a semistructured psychiatric interview, self-rated questionnaires, and overall diabetes course and management. Although results of this study suggest that mothers' coping patterns have no detectable impact on short-term health outcomes of children with diabetes, mothers considered maintaining family integration and understanding the medical situation as very helpful coping strategies. Suggestions for research using a longer follow-up period and implications for health care providers are discussed.

Patients' Perceptions of Asthma Control and Impact on Attitudes and Self-Management

The objective of this work was to describe the incidence of chronic breathing problems, particularly asthma-related breathing problems, in a cross-section of the United States population and to assess the perceived impact of these problems on daily living. An initial screening survey was used in a nationwide panel of 30,000 households; an in-depth follow-up questionnaire was sent to a random sample of respondents who reported a breathing problem. A sample (n = 2685) of respondents who reported persistent cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing within the previous 2 years were sent a newly developed questionnaire. A subsample (n = 723) of respondents reported a primary diagnosis of asthma and of these, 59.4% were female and 90.2% were white. Their mean age was 37.4 years. Respondents (n = 723) characterized their level of perceived asthma control as completely controlled, well controlled, somewhat controlled, or poorly/not controlled. At least 31% of those with a perception of some control and 59% of those with a perception of poor/no control reported their breathing problems had increased in the last year. Those who perceived their asthma-related breathing problems as poorly controlled reported significantly greater symptom frequency, activity restriction, fears and concerns about their breathing difficulties, less helpful coping strategies, and less confidence in their doctor's ability to care for them. Responses to many of the questions indicated that the worst levels of disease control were associated with poorer quality of life and a more negative perception of the disease and its effects on daily living. A significant portion of the U.S. population appears to suffer from chronic breathing problems; this requires confirmation and further exploration to reduce the potential mortality and morbidity due to asthma in the United States.

Parenthood transition for parents of an infant diagnosed with a congenital heart condition

This purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between caregiving demands, family system demands, and parental coping behavior in 71 families who had an infant 1 year of age or younger diagnosed with a congenital heart defect. Data for this descriptive correlational study were collected in the parents' homes. Mothers spent the most caregiving time attending to their infants' physical needs, and fathers spent the most time attending to infants' emotional and developmental needs. Fathers of younger infants reported higher infant caregiving demands and more helpful coping strategies related to the family, self, and the health care situation. Unexpectedly, no significant relationships were found between family system demands, infant caregiving demands, and mothers' coping strategies. Parents of later-born infants with a congenital heart defect experienced higher levels of family system demands than did first-time parents.

Caring for chronically ill children at home: factors that influence parents' coping.

This study examined 29 parents' perceptions of the stressfulness of copying with their chronically ill child's home care. The parents were primarily responsible for care regimes that represented a continuous range of caregiving burden. Data were obtained using the Clinician's Overall Burden Index (COBI) (Stein & Jessop, 1982), the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) (McCubbin & Patterson, 1981), visual analogue scales, and home interviews with parents. Parents described many dimensions of caregiving burden. Increased caregiving burden was associated with greater stressfulness and the use of fewer helpful coping strategies. Three clusters of coping strategies were most helpful: (a) using family support, (b) maintaining a positive outlook, and (c) ensuring that care was performed. The need for a reconceptualization of caregiving burden is discussed.

Surviving and Coping With Loneliness

Content analysis of 526 verbatim reports of loneliness revealed both helpful and nonhelpful coping strategies. The helpful strategies were grouped into three clusters that represent three distinct phases of the coping process. Eleven factors were subsumed under the three clusters. Four additional factors comprised the cluster of destructive and nonbeneficial coping strategies. The present study highlights the complexity and variety of coping strategies as well as the frequency with which they are used and their utility in helping people to survive loneliness and alienation.

Stress Management: Ways to Cope

Stress management practices help you cope with stress. Coping is what you do to deal with the pressure ofstressors and stay steady. Coping is a natural process we do throughout our lives. Some ways of coping are more helpful than others. In this series we talk about the helpful coping strategies. This publication focuses on ways you can think about problems that will help you overcome stress. This document is FCS2078, one of a series of the Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. First Publication: June 1989 as FCS2081. Reviewed: August 1999. Revised: January 2003.
 FCS2078/FY517: Stress Management: Ways to Cope (ufl.edu)