Helpful Behaviors Research Articles

Altruistic Attitude of Medical University Graduates as a Predictor of Orientations in Difficult Situations of Assistance

On a sample of 367 graduates of the Medical Academy (Me = 25; IQR (24; 26); male – 30%, female – 70%), a study was conducted aimed at solving the problem of determining factors of helping behavior in socially significant fields of activity and helping professions. The hypothesis of the study was the assumption that an altruistic attitude with a variability of attitudes and the severity of components has an effect on orientation in difficult situations of assistance with increased resource control of behavior to achieve the subject's goal. Based on the results of the study, a theoretical model of the socio-psychological determination of helping behavior in difficult situations of assistance has been constructed and empirically confirmed. The mechanism of predicting helpful behavior in difficult situations is determined: the altruistic attitude of the individual is a predictor of orientations in difficult situations, that is, it determines a conscious choice of orientations with increased anticipatory activity, manifested in the selectivity of coping resources and regulation of behavior in achieving the goal. It has been empirically revealed that an altruistic attitude based on the variability of relationships and the severity of components has an effect on the orientation in difficult situations of assistance and the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping: 1) the attitude to true altruism focuses on rapprochement with difficult situations of providing assistance for self-improvement and obtaining positive emotions, actualizing the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping; 2) the attitude to pragmatic assistance focuses on optimal efforts in difficult situations of providing assistance for profit, actualizing the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping; 3) the attitude to avoiding helping others focuses on selective rapprochement with difficult situations of assistance, inhibiting the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping; 4) the attitude to inactive egocentrism focuses on distance from difficult situations providing assistance to conserve resources and minimize efforts by inhibiting the anticipatory activity of the coping subject.

Social capital and board gender diversity

AbstractResearch question/issueThis study explores the relationship between the level of social capital in the location of a firm's headquarter and the presence of female board directors. We measure local social capital by civic norms (i.e., voter turnout and census participation) and density of social networks (i.e., community, professional, church, and sports). We hypothesize that greater levels of local social capital will increase the share of female directors on local firms' boards, including women attaining a critical mass presence as well as member and chair roles on the board's audit, compensation, and nomination committees.Research findings/insightsUsing 53,671 observations from U.S. public companies from 2000 to 2018, we find that firms headquartered in counties with higher levels of social capital have higher percentages of women directors. The results are robust to the inclusion of local female labor participation rate, religiosity, and other county‐level demographics as well as instrumental variable and propensity score matching models. We also find that female directors in firms located in high social capital counties are more likely to achieve a critical mass; attain membership of audit, compensation, and/or nomination committees; and serve as chair of audit and nomination committees than female directors in firms located in low social capital counties. A robustness check with an international sample reveals similar results.Theoretical/academic implicationsWe build on institutional theory to highlight that the informal institution of social capital, in the form of U.S. county‐level civic norms and social networks, shapes gender composition of local firms' boards. We build institutional theory at two levels of the quest for “fit” to the environment: firms seeking “fit” by creating more leadership opportunities for women, and individuals pursuing “fit” by moving up in corporate careers. We outline theoretical mechanisms including underlying informal societal norms of greater trust, tolerance for gender equality, respect for civil liberties, cooperative and helpful behavior, transparency, external monitoring, and less discrimination and information asymmetry.Practitioner/policy implicationsOur findings offer insights to policymakers and practitioners interested in how local social capital shapes firm and individual actions. Our policy‐related findings suggest that communities with greater civic norms are characterized by greater individual commitment to and trust in communities, equality, helpful behavior, and external monitoring, and less cynicism, and this context enables women to reach corporations' highest echelons. To maximize career prospects, women can attain leadership and other skills through local societal associations and build and strengthen ties in counties with higher levels of social capital. Firms should actively support community associations and direct philanthropy towards building social fabric in local communities.

Helpful Behavior and the Durability of Collaborative Ties

Long-term collaborations are crucial in many creative domains. Although there is ample research on why people collaborate, our knowledge about what drives some collaborations to persist and others to decay is still emerging. In this paper, we extend theory on third-party effects and collaborative persistence to study this question. We specifically consider the role that a third party’s helpful behavior plays in shaping tie durability. We propose that when third parties facilitate helpfulness among their group, the collaboration is stronger, and it persists even in the third’s absence. In contrast, collaborations with third parties that are nonhelpful are unstable and dissolve in their absence. We use a unique data set comprising scientific collaborations among pairs of research immunologists who lost a third coauthor to unexpected death. Using this quasi-random loss as a source of exogenous variation, we separately identify the effect of third parties’ traditional role as an active agent of collaborative stability and the enduring effect of their helpful behavior—as measured by acknowledgments—on the persistence of the remaining authors’ collaboration. We find support for our hypotheses and find evidence that one mechanism driving our effect is that helpful thirds make their coauthors more helpful.

Long term outcome of Multi-Disciplinary Interventions within a Positive Behaviour Support Pathway in a Community Learning Disability Team

If you have a learning disability, Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) might be used to support you.PBS is intended to teach helpful behaviours in place of unhelpful ones, and increase your quality of life. It should be available for your whole life in everywhere you might be.We followed up on 16 people who had PBS intervention that ended in 2018.As a group, their scores on our main measure (HoNOS-LD) were still better than when we first met them.Two people had died (12 per cent), 10 people still showed challenging behaviours (62 per cent), and 4 (25 per cent) did not. The four that did not weren’t receiving PBS any more.

Identifying and cultivating voluntary helpful employee behavior

PurposeThis essay is practitioner-focused and aims to provide the manager or supervisor with a summary of critical information regarding voluntary, employee helpful behavior or organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The summary helps explain motivation and predispositions per OCB, as well as explicit advice regarding ways to encourage and, perhaps, recognize this desired behavior.Design/methodology/approachMethodology is grounded on two elements. First, a literature review of empirical and other research on OCB, pro-social behavior, extra-role behavior, and contextual performance. Second, based on review and brief analysis of features of the behavior to include: definitions, motivation/predispositions, and employee performance, explicit guidance is offered for managers.FindingsCritical information is provided about OCB and voluntary helpful behavior. The objective is to identify important aspects of the behavior and place it in a format that is accessible to the typical manager or supervisor. This approach can assist the manager to create appropriate means to identify the desired behavior as well as to encourage it.Practical implicationsVirtually all of the empirical research on OCB and other forms of voluntary helpful behavior make the case that such behavior is most desirable for the organization, manager, and co-workers. The research also points out that not all employees who engage in the behavior have expectations of recognition or any form of reward for their actions. This essay gives the practitioner information regarding observation of the behavior and its motivation. In addition, advice is provided to assist in stimulating the desired behavior.Originality/valueCurrently, nearly all of the expressions of OCB and voluntary helpful employee behavior are found in academic journals and related literature. Typically, these sources of information are not readily available to practicing managers. This condition is what prompts an essay aimed at practitioners that captures the essential aspects of the voluntary, desirable employee behavior as well as practical advice.

Impact of Prosocial Video Games on Violent and Prosocial Behaviour

For long video games have been looked down upon by parents and guardians because of the common stereotype that they lead to aggression, apathy, violent behaviour in children and adolescents. Investigations conducted by social psychologists often agreed that children model the violent behaviour present in the game and behave in line with it, thus resulting in violent and apathetic behaviour. But with the launch of interactional and moral decision-based games, the recent research has yielded surprising results in relation to empathy and prosocial behaviour in the player. Numerous other researches have also suggested that video games can enhance emotional regulation, social interaction with others, it can influence one’s emotional intelligence, promote positive youth development, increase cooperation and reduce in-group bias. Through the means of secondary research this paper aims to understand the impact of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviour. The objective of this paper is to contribute towards breaking down the common myths and stereotypes around video games and bring a new perspective to the audience regarding the benefits of this leisure activity. This paper hypothesises that playing prosocial video games will decrease aggression and increase helpful behaviour. The population in focus is mostly children, adolescents and young adults.

Organizational Justice: The Way it Works

Organizational justice has the potential to work in order to extract benefits for organizations and employees alike. If it implemented in full spirit will eventually improve commitment level improved job performance, more helpful citizenship behaviors, improved customer satisfaction, and diminished conflict. We demonstrate the management of organizational justice with some suggestions for building fairness into widely used managerial activities. These include hiring, performance appraisal, reward systems, conflict management, and downsizing.

Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi, Budaya Organisasi, Karakteristik Individu Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Organizational Citizenship Behavior is not well known, but basically employees in a company or organization have sometimes implemented OCB in their work. OCB is reflected in the behavior of helping others, volunteering for extra tasks, obeying the rules and procedures in the workplace. This behavior illustrates the added value of employees which is a form of prosocial behavior, namely positive, constructive and helpful social behavior. The research object is the employees of PT Jatidiri Primaraya in Pasuruan. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Organizational Commitment, Organizational Culture, and Individual Characteristics on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The results prove that organizational commitment, organizational culture and individual characteristics partially influence OCB, where the organizational culture variable (X2) has a dominant influence with the largest beta value, namely 0.464. This research is supported by previous research, namely Fuad, Ahmad, et.al (2020), Novariani, Indri, et.al (2016), and Nasichudin, et.al (2016).

Teacher’s Behaviours Classroom Culture and Self-Esteem of Students

This research article highlights the impact of teacher’s Behaviours and Classroom culture on Self-Esteem of under graduate students. Teacher’s behaviours and Classroom culture can play a crucial role in improving the self – esteem of students, which further affects their academic performance and eventual achievements in life. The study was carried on undergraduate students of Delhi University. The data was collected online through Google-forms. The questionnaire included questions based on five- point Likert scale and open ended questions in order to achieve the objectives of the research. Around 250 questionnaires were distributed out of which 152 students responded, for in-depth understanding – Informal Interactions were held at individual and at group level, Group discussions were carried out within the classrooms. The results indicated that Classroom culture comprising free interaction between students and the teacher where students feel free to express their view point without fear of being judged , Teacher’s behaviours projecting a sense of acceptance towards students and reflecting unbiased and fair attitude, where students don’t feel marginalized , all the students get equal and fair opportunity ,Teacher’s motivation and helpful behaviours also affect the classroom culture which also helps students in building their self-esteem which eventually affects their performance and achievements . The findings of this study suggest that there is a significant relationship between behaviour of teacher and self- esteem of students.

Reaching Out for Inaccessible Food Is a Potential Begging Signal in Cooperating Wild-Type Norway Rats, Rattus norvegicus.

Begging is widespread in juvenile animals. It typically induces helpful behaviours in parents and brood care helpers. However, begging is sometimes also shown by adults towards unrelated social partners. Adult Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) display a sequence of different behaviours in a reciprocal food provisioning task that have been interpreted as such signals of need. The first behaviour in this sequence represents reaching out for a food item the animal cannot obtain independently. This may reflect either an attempt to grasp the food object by itself, or a signal to the social partner communicating the need for help. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we tested in female wild-type Norway rats if the amount of reaching performed by a food-deprived rat changes with the presence/absence of food and a social partner. Focal rats displayed significantly more reaching behaviour, both in terms of number and total duration of events, when food and a potentially helpful partner were present compared to when either was missing. Our findings hence support the hypothesis that rats use reaching behaviour to signal need to social partners that can help them to obtain food.

The crisis “Archetypogram” – of prisoners, soldiers, sages and jesters

Introduction: Archetypes in psychology are complete models of behaviours, thoughts and feelings, representative of universal experiences. From Plato’s description of Forms to Jung’s analytical introduction to archetypes in psychology, to common use of Moore’s masculine archetypes in popular culture, we use such “complete representations” to enable change. Methods: In examining psychologically driven responses to the recent and ongoing pandemic crisis, the use of a graphic representation of interacting archetypes is proposed—the ‘archetypogram’. Results: Drawing on concepts from psychodynamic therapy practise, including Transactional Analysis and Jungian theory, four main archetypes are proposed for their interdependence—the prisoner, the soldier, the sage and the jester/trickster, and a model describing their interactions is presented with the intention of enabling helpful behaviours in response to crisis. The model further proposes positive and negative positions within each archetype, labelled as ‘creating’ and ‘consuming’ behaviours respectively. The ‘archetypogram’ thus is a visual representation of three main components - the four archetypes, creating vs consuming behaviours, and movement between the various positions. Use of the ‘archetypogram’ is aimed at enabling individuals in crisis to move from consuming to creating behaviours. Conclusion: The ‘archetypogram’ is a model of change which may be applied to persons distressed in crisis, and is able to move behaviours towards positive and creating self-states.

가맹점의 순응을 이끌어내는 본부의 전략: 결과 중심 vs 과정 중심, 어느 쪽이 효과적인가?*

This study provides insight into the control methods that the franchisor applies in franchise system to elicit franchisee’s compliance. Especially the study analyzes which control method increases compliance more effectively between outcome control and behavior control and how the relationship between control method and compliance changes depending on the level of relational knowledge. Meanwhile, compliance is analyzed in two different dimensions. This study derives the result that perfunctory compliance and consummate compliance occur in different directions depending on the control method of the franchisor. First of all, the outcome control has a negative effect on perfunctory compliance which is typically conceptualized as compliance but greatly increase consummate compliance which is voluntary compliance. On the other hand, the behavior control has a positive effect on the both perfunctory compliance and consummate compliance. Meanwhile, the higher level of the franchisee’s relational knowledge makes the positive relationship between outcome control and consummate compliance stronger but the positive relationship between behavior control and consummate weaker. These results present some insights. Both control methods, the outcome control values the performance rather than the process, and behavior control manages the franchisee steadily from process to process rather than performance, are a great strategy for the franchisor. Consequential, outcome control may be preferable from franchisor’s perfective if other conditions are the same. Apart from the fact that outcome control has the negative effect on the perfunctory compliance, increasing consummate compliance which is ultimate purpose of franchisor is far greater than behavior control. Nevertheless, it is desirable for the franchisor to apply different control methods depending on the level of relational knowledge. For franchisee with low relational knowledge, the practically helpful behavior control, such as know-how transfer and feedback, can lead to consummate compliance rather than outcome control that requires only performance without any support. On the other hand, in situations where relational knowledge is higher, outcome control which guarantees autonomy is more effective because expertise and skills has been sufficiently accumulated.

SUBSISTENSI BUDAYA: STRATEGI SURVIVAL MASYARAKAT TERDAMPAK KEBIJAKAN SOCIAL DISTANCING DI PERBATASAN INDONESIA-MALAYSIA

This research is intended to reveal the survival strategy of communities affected by the social distancing policy in border areas, especially Sambas Regency. The study was conducted using qualitative method, and field data collection with interviews and field observations (observations). The goal was to be able to explain the object of research intensively and precisely, namely the survival strategy taken by people on Sambas region border in facing pandemic, especially with their local culture. The subjects of research were Sambas people, especially workers, both local and migrant workers, as well as several related stakeholders. The results of study indicate that the survival strategy taken is a subsistence approach, generally manifested into: (1) subsistence bonds, in the form of forming and maintaining communal cohesiveness and kinship, (2) subsistence ethics, which is strengthening helpful behavior or solidarity, and (3) subsistence production in the form of productivity in the consumptive sector, the result of which is for their own use.

Perceptions of African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes on Family Support: Type, Quality, and Recommendations.

The overall purpose of the study was to explore perceptions of family support in diabetes self-management among African American adults with type 2 diabetes. A qualitative study using focus group methodology and individual interviews was conducted. Thirty-seven African American adults with type 2 diabetes were recruited in the Midwest, United States. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Themes emerged from the perspectives of the social interdependence theory. Positive family support included emotional support, instrumental support, and specific information or advice on diabetes management strategies. Positivity, family communication, and healthy eating/meal planning were perceived as helpful family behaviors. Negative support was perceived as intentional or unintentional behaviors. Family members' help in decision-making included goal setting with family member(s) and help in making decisions on diet and exercise. Recommendations included exercise and nutritional programs, support groups, family involvement, and materials and resources. Motivations for attending diabetes programs included involving family members, sharing success stories, seeing positive results, encouraging and caring, and providing incentives. Intervention programs for African Americans should specifically target challenges in family support, healthy eating, and physical activity at an interpersonal level. Health care providers should assess family roles and family support to facilitate diabetes self-management for African Americans.

The Impact of Police Behavior During Death Notifications on Mental Health of the Bereaved: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The delivery of death notifications may affect the mental health of bereaved individuals. Police officers are often the first people with whom the bereaved have contact in this exceptional situation. Therefore, it is essential to assess the behavior of police officers and the impact on the bereaved. We examined the experiences of 86 individuals who received the notification through the police and assessed symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The interaction with police was associated with posttraumatic avoidance behavior and the presence of another supporting person was associated with higher scores of depression. Handing out information material and staying with the bereaved was related to a positive evaluation of police behavior. It appears important to identify helpful and problematic behavior for a better understanding and for an adaptation of existing guidelines.

Introduction to "Subnational COVID-19 Politics and Policy".

Introduction to "Subnational COVID-19 Politics and Policy".

Molecular Interactions and Thermophysical Properties of 1, 4 Dioxane with Bromo benzene, Ethyl benzene at various Temperatures via Nonlinear Model

Viscosities and densities of 1,4 dioxane with hydrocarbon bromo benzene, ethyl benzene was measured over the entire mole fractions at temperatures ranging from 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15K. From these experimental results, excess molar volume VE and viscosity deviation ∆η was calculated. The VE and Δη exhibited positive and negative values, respectively, over the entire composition range in the order of 1,4 dioxane+ bromo benzene and < 1,4 dioxane +ethyl benzene systems. The outcomes indicated the weak interactions present in the mixtures. It exists mainly because of the number and position of methyl groups in these aromatic hydrocarbons. The molecular dynamics simulation studies for both the mixtures show no phase separation. The volume occupied by 1,4 dioxane + bromo benzene is lesser than 1,4 dioxane + ethyl benzene substantiating the experimental results of VE and Δη. Standard deviations from the Jouyban–Acree model between the fitting outcomes, and the calculated data are helpful deliberate mixing behavior of the binary mixtures. The molecular interactions existing between the components and comparison of liquid mixtures were also discussed.

The Impact of Employee Engagement on Organization’s Productivity on United Methods on Relief Services

Employee engagement has arisen as a widespread organizational perception in current years. It is the level of strength of mental and emotional connection employees feel toward their workplaces and its values and beliefs. When employees are engaged and aware of the business framework and work as a team to improve performance within the job for the advantage of the organization. Employee engagement resourcefulness has a straight effect on the organization's level of production. Every company/ organization requires their workers to be engaged in their respective work. Employee engagement is linked to customer satisfaction which is connected to an organization's financial success. Engagement arises when adequate individuals give attention to performing good work and care concerned about what the company is thriving to attain and in what way it is an accomplishment. This helpful mentality and behavior only arise once people get satisfied with their jobs they do and are convinced that the organization supports them, with an effective HR manager. This paper covers a literature review from several study findings and practices employed by the use of an expressive research method. It schemes the effect of worker’s engagement on the productivity of the organization. It also showcased the factors affecting the worker’s assignation and organizational results.

CHILDREN’S SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL AND ACADEMIC BEHAVIOR DURING SECOND WAVE OF COVID-19: A PERCEPTION OF SOUTH ASIAN PARENTS


 
 The study explores the perception of parents about their children’s social, emotional, and academic behavior during the pandemic, moreover explores the change in parenting style throughout the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia. A phenomenological survey was used in the study. 171 parents from South Asia were selected through convenience and purposive sampling technique. An electronic selfdeveloped phenomenological survey questionnaire was distributed through Whatsapp/Email, Moreover 10 parents were also interviewed for triangulation. Descriptive data was analyzed on SPSS-24 and qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis. It is found that during the first wave of pandemic COVID-19 lockdown, children were very happy, excited, and active. However, due to long-term school closure, now they are not as much happy but frustrated and they become bored as well. The parents also observed friendly, respectful, and helpful behavior in the children. It is also found that the children love to play, to spend time watching T.V. and on social media, but they didn’t show much interest in online study. Parents are also not satisfied with the online classes as the children do not understand content properly. However, this COVID-19 lockdown polished parents’ technical skills, and they spend their quality time with children by discussing education and social wellbeing. Findings suggest that children sleeping timing have changed as before lockdown, children used to sleep around 10 p.m. to 11 p.m., but during the lockdown, this routine has changed, and they are sleeping around midnight. The study recommends that adults must be provided with correct information and advice about how their personal well-being and children's well-being can be impacted by this stressful situation.
 
 
 
 

Designing a Model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior from a Social Perspective in the Iranian Red Crescent Society

INTRODUCTION: A good organizational citizen is a thought and idea that includes various behaviors of employees such as accepting and assuming additional duties and responsibilities, following organizational rules and procedures, maintaining and developing a positive attitude, being patient, and tolerating dissatisfaction and problems in the workplace. The increase in the level of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in the organization makes the organization an attractive environment for work. In other words, the desired level of OCBs affects the improvement of the performance of employees and, in general, the organization. The Iranian Red Crescent Society is one of the human-centered organizations, and observing the indicators of citizenship behavior is one of the effective factors in the success of its performance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the OCB from a social perspective in the Iranian Red Crescent Society. METHODS: The present applied study was conducted based on an exploratory qualitative approach. The statistical population of this study consisted of all managers and employees of the Iranian Red Crescent Society. The required data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews, which reached saturation after holding 14 interviews. To analyze the data, content analysis, meta-synthesis, and fuzzy Delphi methods using grounded theory were applied. The MAXQDA software (version 10) was used in the theory analysis process. FINDINGS: In this study, the results were classified into 78 concepts, 14 sub-criteria, and 2 main criteria, including the dimensions of citizenship behavior and the consequences of citizenship behavior. The most important dimensions of OCB consisted of the categories of helpful behaviors, individual creativity, organizational obedience, organizational loyalty, chivalry, civic virtue, and personal growth. CONCLUSION: The results of data analysis showed that the categories of increasing performance productivity and effectiveness, promoting positive relationships among employees, boosting efficiency in resource allocation, reducing maintenance costs, creating the necessary flexibility for innovation, improving customer service, using rare resources effectively were the most important consequences of observing OCB from a social perspective in the IRCS.