Help Of Vernier Caliper Research Articles

TESTICULAR VOLUME

Objective: To determinate that male fertility influenced by testicular volumein albino rats. Study Design: Experimental. Place and Duration of study: Institute of BasicMedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 10 months (November 2009to August 2010). Methodology: Sixty four adult albino rats were obtained from animal houseJinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre for the study and divided into 2 groups. Group A receivedinjection normal saline 1 cc intraperitoneally (IP) daily for 8 weeks. Group B received leadchloride in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight IP daily. On the day of completion of treatmentthe animals were sacrificed testes along with epididymis removed and place in Petri dish. Thelength, breath and width of testes were measured with help of vernier caliper. The spermatozoawere obtained from cauda epididymis. Results: The mean ± SEM of volume testes in groupA and B after eight week of treatment were 0.77142 ± 0.04778 cm3 & 0.11768 ± 0.01673 cm3respectively. The volume of testes of group B was significantly decreased as compare to groupB (P = 0.000). Mean ±. The mean ± SEM number of sperm cells million / ml in groups A andB after eight week of treatment was 7.65 ± 186706.553 & 1.84 ± 132792.770 respectively.Number of sperms in group B were significantly decreased as compared to group A (P =0.000). Conclusion: There was relationship between volume of testes and male fertility.

English

Objective: To determinate that male fertility influenced by testicular volumein albino rats. Study Design: Experimental. Place and Duration of study: Institute of BasicMedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 10 months (November 2009to August 2010). Methodology: Sixty four adult albino rats were obtained from animal houseJinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre for the study and divided into 2 groups. Group A receivedinjection normal saline 1 cc intraperitoneally (IP) daily for 8 weeks. Group B received leadchloride in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight IP daily. On the day of completion of treatmentthe animals were sacrificed testes along with epididymis removed and place in Petri dish. Thelength, breath and width of testes were measured with help of vernier caliper. The spermatozoawere obtained from cauda epididymis. Results: The mean ± SEM of volume testes in groupA and B after eight week of treatment were 0.77142 ± 0.04778 cm3 & 0.11768 ± 0.01673 cm3respectively. The volume of testes of group B was significantly decreased as compare to groupB (P = 0.000). Mean ±. The mean ± SEM number of sperm cells million / ml in groups A andB after eight week of treatment was 7.65 ± 186706.553 & 1.84 ± 132792.770 respectively.Number of sperms in group B were significantly decreased as compared to group A (P =0.000). Conclusion: There was relationship between volume of testes and male fertility.

MORPHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN DRY HUMAN SKULLS

The foramen magnum is an important landmark in the posterior part of the cranial base, which is largely formed by the occipital bone. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it. We studied thirty six dry human skulls of known sex and measured anteroposterior and transverse diameters with the help of Vernier caliper. Additionally, surface area and Index of foramen magnum were also calculated. Oval shape is the main type of morphological variant found in this study. The transverse diameter of the foramen magnum was in a range of 25.75-34.25mm in males, whereas it was between 26-31.75mm in females. The anteroposterior diameter was in a range of 35 to 39.75mm in males while it was 29.5 to 34.75mm in females. The mean area of foramen magnum in males was 876.88±88.83mm whereas it was 776.87±68.51mm in females. In contrast to the area, the mean foramen magnum index was higher in females (89.01±6.84mm) compared to males (81.75±5.99mm) and this difference was also statistically significant (p<0.01). The prospective study will help surgeon for reference value for determining feasibility of transcondylar surgical approach, which are being done in an increasing trend in recent times for brain stem lesion.

Sacral Hiatus Study in Dry Human Sacra

Background and objectives: The sacral hiatus is the site for caudal epidural anaesthesia during perineal surgery and also for a painless delivery. It is also used for three dimensional colour visualization of lumbosacral epidural space in orthopaedic practice for diagnosis and treatment. Work on the morphometrical study of the sacral hiatus is limited, especially in south indian population. So this study is carried to examine, measure and record the morphometry of sacral hiatus in order to study the anatomical variations which will be useful for caudal epidural anaesthesia. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Prathima Institute of Medical Science, Naganur, Andhra Pradesh. 93 dry sacra with complete sacral hiatus were taken for the study. The shape of the sacral hiatus was noted by naked eye. Level of the apex and base of the sacral hiatus was noted with respect to the sacral vertebra. The length of sacral hiatus was measured from apex to the midpoint of base, the anteroposterior depth of sacral hiatus at the apex was measured with the help of vernier calipers. The transverse width of sacral hiatus at the base was measured between the inner aspects of inferior limit of the sacral cornu with the help of divider and then adjusted, and calculated with vernier caliper. Results: In 47 (50.53 %) sacra the shape was Inverted-U and in 25 (26.9 %) sacra Inverted-V. The irregular shaped of sacral hiatus was observed in 11 (11.8 %) cases. A “Dumbbell” shaped sacral hiatus was observed in 5 (5.4%) cases with a nodular bony growth projecting medially from both margins. The dorsal wall of sacral canal was entirely absence in 4 (4.3%) cases. Absence of sacral hiatus, a rare phenomenon, was observed in 1 (1%) specimens only. Conclusion: In the present study, elongated hiatus and narrowing of the sacral canal at apex of sacral hiatus was found in a significant percentage, which should be kept in mind while giving the caudal anaesthesia in Andhra Pradesh region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v2i1.11391 Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2014) Vol. 2 (1): 17-22

ANGULI PRAMAAN OF UDAR (ABDOMEN) IN STHAULYA (OBESE) PERSON AND BODY MASS INDEX: COMPARATIVE STUDY

The principle of Anguli Pramaan ancient but must have definite scientific value which is new to be evaluated today. It is of great signif icance as it helps to determine the life expectancy of an individual and it proves the individualistic approach of Ayurveda. The concept of anguli pramaan mentioned in Ayurveda and BMI of modern science these two methods are different from each other but t heir utility is going to asses’ health of person. Calculation of Anguli Pramaan was done with the help of Vernier calliper measuring of breadth between parvasandhi and panital sandhi of both hands were taken it put in the formula and get the measurement of Swanguli Pramaan in centimeter. Measurement of Aayaam, Vistaar, Parinaah of the Udar was taken by the centimeter Simultaneously in proper position of examinee with the help of measuring tape then convert the obtained reading in the anguli pramaan by divis ion for one anguli in centimeter. For Calculation of BMI (Body Mass Index) - weight of examiner was taken with help of weighing machine. Already measured height in centimeter was converted in meter BMI taken by formula as mention in material and method. He re the selected 75 person were taken with the help of BMI person were divided into the 5 groups and comparative study was done by statistical analysis.

Morphometric study of Foramen Magnum at the base of human skull in South Gujarat

The foramen Magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because vital structures passing through it may endure compression such as in cases of foramen magnum herniation, foramen Magnum meningiomas and foramen magnum achondroplasia. We studied one hundred dry, adult human skull of unknown sex and measured antero- posterior and transverse diameter with the help of vernier caliper. Additionally surface area of foramen magnum was also calculated. The mean antero-posterior diameter of the foramen magnum was 40.2mm(range 26-40mm) and the transverse diameter was 28.29mm(range 21.5-33.5mm). The mean surface area of foramen magnum was 755.37mm.The knowledge of dimensions of foramen magnum will be helpful radiological diagnostic procedures and neurosurgical procedures to approach in the region of Foramen Magnum. Considering above mentioned importance, this study is worthwhile. The foramen Magnum(FM) (Latin: 'great hole') is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium. Its transverse diameter is rather less than one third of the distance between the mastoid processes. The anterior border of the foramen magnum is formed by basilar process of the occipital bone, the lateral border by the left and right ex- occipitalis and posterior border is formed by the

Morphometric study of the styloid process of temporal bone.

Styloid process of temporal bone is clinically important, because variations in length, as well as the angulations of styloid process are associated with the symptoms of stylalgia (Eagle's syndrome) and the surgical excision of the process could alleviate neck and cervicofacial pain in patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the length, angulation and distance between bases and tips of the styloid process. We studied 114 dry skull bones with intact styloid processes. The length of styloid process and distance between bases and tips of the styloid process were measured with the help of vernier calipers. The angulation (anterior and medial angles) of the styloid process was measured directly from the digital images by the image analysis using Adobe Photoshop 7.0 and Image Tool 3.0 Program. A styloid process longer than 3 cm was identified as an elongated styloid process. The means of length of styloid process, distance between bases and tips of styloid process were 2.58 cm, 6.80 cm and 4.65 cm respectively, while means of anterior and medial angles were 62.45(o) and 74.15(o), respectively. Significant statistical difference was seen in anterior angles between groups with normal and elongated styloid processes (p>0.001). Anterior angulation and distance between bases and tips decreased in elongated styloid processes while medial angulation showed no significant change. Our findings highlight the importance of the examination of styloid process in patients with symptoms of stylalgia.

Morphometric Study of Sacral Hiatus with Significance in Interventional Clinical Procedure

Introduction: The sacral hiatus is an important portal for interventional clinical procedure. Identification of sacral hiatus is usually easy but sometime it becomes difficult particularly in obese person. Aim of present study was to identify additional anatomical landmarks to increase the success rate of trans-sacral hiatal procedure. Methodology: The morphometric study was conducted on 31undamaged adult sacra. The measurements were done with the help of Vernier caliper and goniometer. Results : The posterior superior iliac spines impose upon upper part of lateral sacral crest (superolateral crest). The distance between two superolateral crests was considered as the base and distance from two superolateral crests to apex of sacral hiatus as two sides of the triangle. The base, right side and left side of the triangle were 65.81 mm ± 4.00mm, 66.74 mm ± 6.18 mm and 66.84mm ± 6.07m respectively. The mean depth (AP diameter) of sacral canal at the apex of sacral hiatus was 4.17 mm ± 1.18 mm. An additional important landmark, the mean distance from the level of sacral cornua to the level of S2 foramina was 59.23mm ± 4.77mm. Conclusion: The triangle formed by the two superolateral crests and apex of the sacral hiatus was an equilateral triangle in most of the sacra and this is very important parameter in localization of sacral apex in transacral hiatal procedures. The AP diameter of sacral canal at the apex was adequate for passage of needle and endoscope in most of the specimens.

Classification of suprascapular notch according to anatomical measurements in human scapulae.

The objective of this study was to measure the maximum superior and inferior lengths of the suprascapular notch with the help of a Vernier caliper and to classify the notches accordingly into four types. This is an observational study, conducted from January to December 2009 at Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi. Two hundred and fifty dried human scapulae were procured and measured irrespective of age, gender, race, and sidedness. The maximum superior and inferior lengths were calculated with the help of Vernier caliper. The percentage of notches with greater maximum superior length as compared to inferior length was the highest i.e. 68% (type-III); percentage of notches with equal superior and inferior length was 14% (type-II) absence of notch was noted in 10% of scapulae (type-I) and notches with greater maximum superior length as compared to inferior length was 8% (type-IV). Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be associated with a specific type of suprascapular notch.

MANDIBULAR CANINE INDEX (MCI)

Introduction: Dental evidence is valuable in identification of individuals, especially following mass disasters; estimation of age at death of skeletonised remains and establishing guilt in cases of criminal injury by biting. Mandibular canines are found to exhibit the greatest sexual dimorphism amongst all teeth. Objective: To investigate the accuracy with which gender can be differentiated by using the mandibular canine index in the Punjabi – Pakistani population. Setting: Independent Medical College and Punjab Medical College, aisalabad. Period: Dec. 2008 to Dec. 2009. Material and Methods: The present study was performed on 200 students, between the age group of 18-25 years, randomly sampled with informed consent (Through 3rd party). Mandibular canine width and intercanine distance were measured with the help of Vernier caliper after observing aseptic conditions. Mandibular canine index was calculated and the observed MCI was compared with the standard MCI value. The data was then analyzed using student’s “t” test. Results: No significant statistical difference was noted between the right and left mandibular canines amongst males and females (same sex) but when comparing between males and females, there was highly statistical significant difference (P &lt; 0.001). The calculated standard MCI for canines of males and females found to be 0.2504. With these calculations we could predict sex correctly at 75.97% in this study (Male: 71.67% and Female: 78.72%). Conclusion: MCI is a quick and reliable method for sexual identification when a standard for the population is available. With these calculations, we could predict the sex correctly at 75.97 % in this study. This method can be used as adjunct to other available tools for sex determination. DNA studies can reveal sex accurately.Availability of comprehensive database with “NADRA” can also be used as adjunct to “MCI” to enhance the accuracy in determination of sex and identity of the person in Pakistan.

Anatomical dimensions of larynx, epiglottis and cricoid cartilage in foetuses and their relationship with crown rump length

Advances in perinatal care and increased use of diagnostic and interventional procedures on foetal airway demand a clear understanding of their normal anatomy and development. This study is aimed at determining the normal dimensions of larynx, cricoid cartilage and epiglottis and their correlation to age and crown rump length (CRL). After approval from institutional ethics committee and written parental informed consent, laryngeal measurements were taken from 79 foetuses of varying CRL from 30 to 299 mm. The entire larynx from the tip of epiglottis to lowest extension of thyroid gland was isolated and preserved. In small foetuses (30-165 mm) the measurements were taken under a dissecting microscope. In foetuses above the CRL of 165 mm, the measurements were taken with help of Vernier Calliper. Foetuses were analysed for dimensions based on CRL. The length of the larynx significantly increased in comparison to CRL (P < 0.001). Similar measurements were observed for transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameter and inter-cartilaginous distance of larynx, the anterior height of arch and posterior height of lamina of cricoid cartilage and the length and breadth of epiglottis. The internal anteroposterior and transverse diameter of cricoid cartilage showed no correlation with CRL. All the measured parameters of larynx, epiglottis and cricoid cartilage showed positive correlation with the CRL except the internal diameters of cricoid.

Morphology of liver

Liver size is related to body surface area. The present study was conducted to assess liver size and to find its relationship with body parameters. Also, the external surface of liver was studied for presence of fissures, which may demarcate the vascular segments and the blood vessels beneath them and may help the surgeon for resection of liver segment. Apparently normal liver specimens were obtained from 50 cadavers aged 19-65 years. Measurements of liver diameters were taken with the help of Vernier Calipers. Volume of liver was taken by water displacement method. Means and standard deviation of data were calculated and liver dimensions were co-related with body parameters. The mean maximum transverse diameter was 199.4 + 24.5 mm and maximum vertical diameter was 149.5 + 18.7 mm. Significant correlations were observed between Maximum anteroposterior diameter and body mass index (p < 0.05);Vertical diameter at falciform ligament and body weight (p < 0.01);Highly significant correlation was seen between liver volume and body surface area (P < 0.001). The fissures showed underlying veins draining into the inferior vena cava in 40% cases. A significant increase in the body parameters with a corresponding increase in the liver dimensions was found. Study of morphology of liver can help the surgeons to dissect in proper planes to make the resection safe. The surface of liver showed 1-3 fissures distributed on all lobes in 70% specimens demarcating the vascular segments, which may help the surgeon during resection of liver.