Shoe Height Research Articles

A pedagogical example of second-order arithmetic sequences applied to the construction of computer passwords by upper elementary grade students

The purpose of this paper is (1) to present how general education elementary school age students constructed computer passwords using digital root sums and second-order arithmetic sequences, (2) argue that computer password construction can be used as an engaging introduction to generate interest in elementary school students to study mathematics related to computer science, and (3) share additional mathematical ideas accessible to elementary school students that can be used to create computer passwords. This paper serves to fill a current gap in the literature regarding the integration of mathematical content accessible to upper elementary school students and aspects of computer science in general, and computer password construction in particular. In addition, the protocols presented here can serve as a hook to generate further interest in mathematics and computer science. Students learned to create a random-looking computer password by using biometric measurements of their shoe size, height, and age in months and to create a second-order arithmetic sequence, then converted the resulting numbers into characters that become their computer passwords. This password protocol can be used to introduce students to good computer password habits that can serve a foundation for a life-long awareness of data security. A refinement of the password protocol is also presented.

Can Outer Sole Height of Running Shoes Induce Landing of Midfoot Strike?

Can Outer Sole Height of Running Shoes Induce Landing of Midfoot Strike?

The effect of various heights of high‐heeled shoes on foot arch deformation: Finite element analysis

Women are interested to wear high-heeled shoes to increase their attractiveness. High-heeled shoes might create harmful effects on the musculoskeletal system. Besides earlier studies proved that the function of foot and lower extremity will change due to wearing high-heeled shoes [1,2]. Because of limitations of the experimental methods, direct measurements of internal strains and stresses of the foot are inconceivable or invasive [3]. In this research the comparison of the effect of 3 different sizes of height of high-heeled shoes on foot bones and plantar fascia is the main objective. Von-Misses stresses, strain, and arch deformation of the foot during balanced standing in women are the parameters which are investigated in this research. The output of this research is describing the effect of increasing of heel height on foot bones stresses. Mimics and ABAQUS software are employed to create a finite element (FE) model of the human ankle. MIMICS used as the segmentation software and ABAQUS used for finite element analysis (FEA). A CT (Computed Topography) scan images from the right foot of a normal female subject was imported into MIMICS. The segmented surfaces were then imported into SolidWorks CAD (Computer aided design) system to create model assembly. In order to creating tetrahedral finite element meshes the solid models of foot bones and encapsulated soft tissue structures models established in MIMICS software is imported into ABAQUS. Contact interactions among the major joints were prescribed to allow relative bone movements. The soft tissue and orthotic material were defined as hyper elastic while other tissues were idealized as homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. The ground reaction and extrinsic muscles forces for simulating the stance phase of gait were applied at the inferior ground support as a boundary condition and at their corresponding points of insertion by defining contraction forces via axial connector elements. During the balance standing condition, on half of body weight is transferred from each foot to the ground [4]. The result of this study on the shoes with heel height 1.5 inches, 2.5 inches, and 3.5 inches shows that an increase in shoe heel height resulted in a decrease in arch deformation (Figure ​(Figure1).1). There was a common rise in a peak Von-Mises stress of foot bones with increasing shoe heel height (Figure ​(Figure2).2). With 2.5 inches high-heeled shoe, the strain and the total tensional force in the plantar fascia was minimum (Figure ​(Figure33). Figure 1 Foot arch deformations during balanced standing Figure 2 Von-Mises stress of foot bones for 3 different sizes of shoe heel heights Figure 3 Average of strain in plantar fascia

Research on Heel Height of Women's Shoes Based on Walking Analysis

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the difierent heel heights of women’s shoes in∞uence walking according to walking analysis flndings. Identifying heel heights that do not impair walking comfort were also investigated. Ten female university students were chosen as subjects and asked to wear sample pumps with heel heights of 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, and 8.5 cm. The walking experiments focused on walking movements, muscular activities of the lower limbs, and ground reaction at the point of impact. A questionnaire was then used to determine comfort levels while walking. The analysis discovered that the height of the heel was positively correlated with vertical movement, and that the subsequent change in walking movements resulted in an increase in muscular activities and ground reaction, and a corresponding increase walking discomfort. It was also found that poor ratings were given for each measurement item when a heel height of 8.5 cm was used, leading us to conclude that comfort during walking is compromised when the heel height increases beyond 6 cm.

Influence of the instrumented force shoe on gait pattern in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is associated with alterations in gait. As an alternative to force plates, instrumented force shoes (IFSs) can be used to measure ground reaction forces. This study evaluated the influence of IFS on gait pattern in patients with knee OA. Twenty patients with knee OA walked in a gait laboratory on IFS and control shoes (CSs). An optoelectronic system and force plate were used to perform 3D gait analyses. A comparison of temporal-spatial gait parameters, kinematics, and kinetics was made between IFS and CS. Patients wearing IFS showed a decrease in walking velocity and cadence (8%), unchanged stride length, an increase in stance time (13%), stride time (11%) and step width (14%). No differences were found in knee adduction moment or knee kinematics. Small differences were found in foot and ankle kinematics (2-5°), knee transverse moments (5%), ankle frontal (3%) and sagittal moments (1%) and ground reaction force (1-6%). The gait of patients with knee OA was only mildly influenced by the IFS, due to increased shoe height and weight and a change in sole stiffness. The changes were small compared to normal variation and clinically relevant differences. Importantly, in OA patients no effect was found on the knee adduction moment.

Application of Electric Utility Workers' Anthropometry to Clearance between Vehicle Pedals and Adjacent Structures

Many electric utility fleet vehicles—notably pickups and vans—have limited clearance between the accelerator and brake pedal for workers who wear larger shoe sizes and even larger boots. The objectives of this study were to establish a analysis protocol for determining safe clearance between pedals and adjacent structures and then apply this protocol to existing utility fleet vehicles to determine which vehicles have adequate clearance for safe driving. Three sources of data were measured:1) detailed dimensions of the cabs of 16 common utility vehicles 2) anthropometric dimensions of 187 male electric utility field and generating station workers, including boot size and 3) width, length, and height of work boots, snow shoes, and rain slickers. Analysis revealed that many common fleet vehicles provide inadequate foot clearance between the pedals and adjacent structures, thus creating an unsafe driving condition. The approach of data collection and analysis of this study can be applied to other types of vehicles in order to determine the safety of pedal design, particularly risk of “unintended acceleration.”

잠수장비 착용 이동 시 신발 뒤굽 높이에 따른 지면반력

The study was to suggest the optimal height of diving shoes` height by investigating GRF(Fx, Fy, Fz) pattern During Gait Loaded SCUBA Apparatus. Participated subject was composed of 5 pro-level divers. In gait pattern of COG in Fx direction, both 0cm and 4cm of height of shoes` heel induced unstable pattern and backward tilting posture but height of 2cm-3cm shoes` heel showed the most stable GRF without backward tilted gait in Fy direction In gait pattern of COG in Fz direction, It showed more stable in height of 2cm-3cm of shoes` heel than that of other height.

Static pelvic obliquity can influence clinical assessment of trunk rotation in idiopathic scoliosis

Materials and methods The ATR was measured in 25 girls with idiopathic scoliosis (study group), age 13 to 19 years (mean 15.6 ± 1.8 years) and in 25 healthy girls (control group), age 12 to 16 years (mean 14.2 ± 0.9 years). In the study group the Cobb angle revealed curves ranging from 35.0° to 92.0° (mean 54.4° ± 18.0°) in the lumbar spine and 38.0° to 93.0° (mean 60.7° ± 17.3°) in the thoracic spine. The Bunnell scoliometer was then used in two positions: sitting and standing, both forward bending positions. The scoliometer readings were noted at four levels of the spine: high thoracic, main thoracic, lumbar and sacral. Then, the measurements were repeated in the same subjects and at the same four levels of the spine, but after leveling the left or the right side of the pelvis using a 1-2 cm thick shoe lift. Results When compared to the classical forward bending position, the ATRs were significantly different after the shoe lifts were applied. Typical patterns of alternatively raised or lowered ATRs within adjacent spinal levels were also identified. The difference depended on the shoe lift height and on the spinal level: the change was 1.5°-4.5° of rotation within the lumbar spine; 1.2° 3.8° of rotation within the thoracolumbar spine, and 0.7° to 2.4° of rotation within the high thoracic spine.

댄스스포츠 구두 굽 유형에 따른 룸바 쿠카라차 동작 변화에 대한 운동학적 분석

This study was to analyze the effect of dancesport heel-shoes heights on Rumba Cucarachas Movement in terms of analysis, and to provide the essential information to decide the proper heel-shoes heights for individual. six female subjects participated in this study. Dependent variables were set and divided into the amount of movement regarding the velocity and angle of the right elbow, pelvis, ankle, and knee. The following conclusion was drawn blow. 1) Angle: We all appeared in 5, 7, 9cm heel height so that we were similar in a knee and elbow angle and no significantly. The plantar flexion appeared greatly as an ankle angle's shoe high and significantly. 2) Velocity: An elbow velocity all appeared in a three shoes so that it was similar. We speed fast speed some in a 7cm heel height. A knee velocity expressed fast speed some in a 5cm heel height. The pelvis velocity in a that it was similar. Generaly, The aspect to be a dancesport competition o'clock and aesthetic is the height. and the muscular strength train after we need the thing to choose suitable to the individual shoe height. It is logical that the decision of heel-shoes heights should be made by anthropometric and sport dynamic analysis in order to maximize the dynamic and aesthetic aspect of dance sport.

The effect of heel elevation in Parkinsonian gait

The effect of heel elevation of shoes in Parkinson's disease was analyzed by using two gait measurement systems. The heel elevation brought about some improvement of walking in the patients with Parkinson's disease with shortening of a stride period, a step period and the transition time of the plantar pressure peak from heel contact to toe off. After measurement study of the gait, all the patients answered the best heel height of shoes was higher than that of their casual footwear or the same. This simple treatment method may be also effective for fall prevention in patients with Parkinson's disease, and further investigation with follow‐up observations should be necessary to verify the effect.

A new predictor of cephalopelvic disproportion?

Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) is a recognised obstetric problem with potential risk to both mother and infant. Identification of those mothers at risk of CPD is difficult and has concentrated in the past on such measurements as maternal shoe size and height. Our objective in this study was to examine new anthropomorphic parameters as indicators of CPD. This was a case controlled study of sixty consecutive women, and their partners, who had caesarean section performed for CPD and 60 case matched controls. Measurements included maternal and paternal head circumference, height, shoe-size, body mass index (BMI), infant weight and head circumference. Parity, gestation at delivery, and mode of onset of labour were recorded. Data were analysed using Stata Release 6. Prognostic factors were tested for association with CPD using conditional logic regression. The most important anthropomorphic risk factors for CPD were maternal head circumference in relation of height ( P < 0.001), and paternal head to height ratio ( P = 0.017). Head to height ratio is taken as the head circumference in centimeters divided by the height in metres. Body mass index was higher in CPD cases (maternal case mean = 27.1, control mean = 25.5; paternal case mean = 27.2, control mean = 26.2). Infant head circumference was not a predictor. Primiparity was an important independent predictor ( P <0.001), regardless of the mode of onset of labour. Maternal or paternal shoe-size, induction of labour and gestation at delivery were not predictors. The risk profile for CPD which emerges is one of a tall father where both mother and father have large head-to-height ratios.

Inversion and Eversion Strengths in the Weightbearing Ankle of Young Women

Maximum isometric ankle inversion and eversion muscle strengths were measured under full unipedal weightbearing in 20 healthy young adult women. When the women wore a low-top shoe, the mean (standard deviation) maximum external eversion moments resisted with the foot in 0 degrees and 32 degrees of ankle plantar flexion were 24.1 (7.6) and 24.1 (8.1) N x m, respectively, while the corresponding values for maximum inversion moments resisted were 14.7 (6.8) and 17.4 (6.4) N x m, respectively. Both shoe height and ankle plantar flexion affected the overall inversion moment resisted by 17% (P = 0.03) at 0 degrees of ankle plantar flexion to 11.9% (P = 0.003) at 32 degrees of ankle plantar flexion. However, neither shoe height nor ankle plantar flexion significantly affected the maximum eversion moment resisted. Although eversion muscle strength of the young women averaged 39% less than the corresponding value found in young men, the sex difference was not significant when ankle strengths were normalized by body size (body weight x height). Thus, when data from healthy young men and women were averaged, eversion and inversion strengths averaged 1.6% and 2.7%, respectively, of body weight x height.

The effect of preventive measures on the incidence of ankle sprains.

To critically review the current data concerning the efficacy of preventive measures described in the literature, on the incidence of lateral ankle ligament injuries. MEDLINE, Sportdiscus, and EMBASE were searched for papers published between 1980 and December 1998. Keywords used in the search were "prevention" in combination with "ankle," "ankle taping," "ankle bracing," "orthosis," "shoes," and "proprioception." Additional references were reviewed from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. A study was included if: 1) the study contained research questions regarding the prevention of lateral ankle ligament injuries; 2) the study was a randomized controlled trial, a controlled trail, or a time intervention; 3) the results of the study contained incidence rates of lateral ankle ligament injuries as study outcome; and 4) the study met the cut-off score set for quality. Two reviewers reviewed relevant studies for strengths and weaknesses in design and methodology, according to a standardized set of predefined criteria. Eight relevant studies met the criteria for inclusion and were analyzed. Overall, all studies reported a significant decrease in incidence of ankle sprains using the studied preventive measure. There was a great variety in methodology and study design between the eight analyzed studies, and every study had one or more drawbacks. Therefore, between studies only general results could be compared. The use of either tape or braces reduces the incidence of ankle sprains. Next to this preventive effect, the use of tape or braces results in less severe ankle sprains. However, braces seem to be more effective in preventing ankle sprains than tape. It is not clear which athletes are to benefit more from the use of preventive measures: those with or those without previous ankle sprains. The efficacy of shoes in preventing ankle sprains is unclear. It is likely the newness of the footwear plays a more important role than shoe height in preventing ankle sprains. Proprioceptive training reduces the incidence of ankle sprains in athletes with recurrent ankle sprains to the same level as subjects without any history of ankle sprains.

The Influence of High Heeled Shoes on Kinematics, Kinetics, and Muscle EMG of Normal Female Gait

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether a graded response in gait kinematics, kinetics, and EMG occurs as shoe heel height increases. Four different shoes, including one flat shoe and three shoes with high heels, were tested in this investigation. The average heel heights of the four shoes were 1.4 cm, 3.7 cm, 5.4 cm, and 8.5 cm. Kinematics, kinetics, and muscle EMG were measured during the stance phase of gait on 13 healthy female subjects while wearing each of these 4 shoes. Systematic increases in the active vertical, propulsive, and braking forces were found as shoe height increased. Ankle and knee flexion and soleus and rectus femoris activity showed a graded response as heel height increased. One surprising result was the behavior of the maximal vertical impact force peak and the maximal loading rate during heel impact. The vertical impact force peaks and the maximal vertical loading rates were highest for the shoe with 3.7 cm heel height and lowest for the flat shoe and the shoe with heel height of 8.5 cm.

Relationship Between Beats Above Baseline Index (BABI) and Physiological Cost Index (PCI) During Walking with Leg Length Discrepancy

The purpose of this study was to assess the criterion-referenced validity of the beats above baseline index (BABI) in relation to physiological cost index (PCI) by having subjects walk with leg length discrepancy and to evaluate the need to supplement shoe height to compensate for leg length discrepancy based on the changes in BABI and PCI in 8 healthy men. The exercise task in the experiments was continuous walking of a 200-m distance along a figure “8”-shaped path, each circle of which was 30 m long. The degree of task difficulty varied among 5 different gaits with leg length discrepancies of 0 cm to 4 cm under two conditions: comfortable walking speed and maximal walking speed. The criterion-referenced validity of BABI in relation to PCI was high at r=0.85-0.89, demonstrating that BABI can be applied to walking tasks. There were no significant differences between time for task completion, walking speed, stride length or cadence at the two walking speeds when leg length discrepancy was no more than 4 cm. At the comfortable walking speed, however, there were significant individual differences between BABI and PCI at differences in leg length of 4 cm and 0 cm, of 4 cm and 1 cm, and of 4 cm and 2 cm. When gait withleg length discrepancies is considered from the standpoint of task difficulty assessed by BABI and energy expenditure assessed by PCI, supplementing shoe height is considered necessary at leg length differences of 4 cm or more