Height Of Lines Research Articles

Rheological effect on screen-printed morphology of thick film silver paste metallization

Up to now the topography of thick film silver paste metallization is still a great challenge to the crystalline silicon solar cell manufacturers due to lack of overall understanding about the dependence of screen-printed morphology on paste rheology. In this article, we demonstrate that both the shear thixotropy and wall slip are primary rheological behaviors of pastes affecting screen-printed morphology. By comparison among three different commercial pastes, the association of screen-printed morphology with apparent viscosity and slip velocity of pastes were investigated. The results from printing finger lines with designed width of 45 μm show clearly that the widening degree of lines is associated with the paste viscosity, and the height and cross-sectional profile of lines mainly rely on the wall slip velocity of paste passing through screen meshes. Briefly, the lower the apparent viscosity, the wider the lines; and the greater the wall slip velocity, the less the line height and more likely the formation of trapezoidal cross-sectional profile with larger area. Our study shows for the first time that the wall slip of pastes may produce significant influence on cell efficiency, since its influence on screen-printed morphology is considerably remarkable and vital.

Study on the hybrid ion‐flow field of HVDC and HVAC transmission lines by the nodal discontinuous Galerkin time‐domain method

The high-voltage direct current (HVDC) and HV alternating current (HVAC) hybrid transmission lines in the same corridor is an effective way to enhance the power transmission capacity of the corridor and save land resource. The transmission lines parameters such as the corridor width, the height of transmission lines, and electromagnetic environment can be analysed and optimised by the calculation of the hybrid ion-flow field. In this study, nodal discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method is for the first time applied to the calculation of the hybrid ion-flow field. Furthermore, corona interactions between the HVDC and HVAC lines are considered in the process of numerical solution. Compared with measured results and previous methods, the proposed approach is verified to be able to obtain wiggle-free numerical solution with significantly reducing the computational burden, and meanwhile, the calculation precision is increased greatly. The ground-level electric field and ion current density of the hybrid lines in time domain are analysed, and then the time-domain characteristic is explored. Finally, the ion-flow fields of the hybrid ±800 kV DC/500 kV AC transmission lines in parallel and on the same tower have been made a comparative analysis and optimisation, which provide theoretical basis for real hybrid towers design.

超高频段PIFA阵列天线的优化设计

随着无线电技术的进步，阵列天线在无线电系统中被广泛应用。平面倒F天线(PIFA)具有成本低，易生产，效率高的特点。本文首先分析了不同弯折线数目、高度对平面倒F天线性能的影响，提出了优化的平面倒F天线，并以此为单元建立了超高频段阵列天线。通过HFSS仿真和实物测试，证明了该天线在超高频段的优秀性能。 With the developing of radio technology, array antenna is widely used in radio system. And planar inverted-F antennas have advantage of low cost, easy production, and high efficiency. In this paper, the influence of the number and height of bending lines on the performance of the planar inverted-F antenna is analyzed. An optimized planar inverted-F antenna is proposed, and an ultra-high frequency array antenna is built up. The HFSS simulation and the physical test prove the excellent performance of the antenna in the UHF band.

Enhancement of Maize Allelic Diversity using Wild Relative Teosinte (Zea mays ssp. Parviglumis)

Teosinte (Zea mays ssp. Parviglumis), a wild relative of maize was assumed to be a potential donor for novel gene(s) for diversification and enhancement of maize germplasm. Subsequently teosinte was crossed with three maize inbred lines Tarun 83, DMRHyd 1284 and Pant 12K 53 followed by one generation of back crossing and two generation of selfing. The teosinte derived BC1F3 lines from all the three crosses were evaluated during spring season 2016. Analysis of variance revealed significant variance for most of the characters in all the three teosinte derived maize lines. Variability parameters revealed low variations for maturity traits namely days to 50% anthesis and silk emergence, days to 50% leaf senescence and anthesis-silking interval. Plant height exhibited wide range of variation and in general plant height of teosinte derived lines was more than the plant height of maize lines. Grain yield/plot was the most responsive trait because of the maximum variance observed in teosinte derived lines. Other traits exhibiting fairly high diversification in teosinte derived lines were cobs/plot followed by tassel branches and flag leaf length. The results, therefore, indicate that teosinte can be used effectively for domestication of wild alleles and diversification of maize germplasm. In the present investigation, only few morphological traits were analysed, however, teosinte can also be used for diversification of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.

Quantitative trait loci for plant height in Maresi\u2009\xd7\u2009CamB barley population and their associations with yield-related traits under different water regimes

High-yielding capacity of the modern barley varieties is mostly dependent on the sources of semi-dwarfness associated with the sdw1/denso locus. The objective of the study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the plant height and yield potential of barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) grown under various soil moisture regimes. The plant material was developed from a hybrid between the Maresi (European cv.) and CamB (Syrian cv.). A total of 103 QTLs affecting analysed traits were detected and 36 of them showed stable effects over environments. In total, ten QTLs were found to be significant only under water shortage conditions. Nine QTLs affecting the length of main stem were detected on 2H-6H chromosomes. In four of the detected QTLs, alleles contributed by Maresi had negative effects on that trait, the most significant being the QLSt-3H.1-1 in the 3H.1 linkage group. The close linkage between QTLs identified around the sdw1/denso locus, with positive alleles contributed by Maresi, indicates that the semi-dwarf cv. Maresi could serve as a donor of favourable traits resulting in grain yield improvement, also under water scarcity. Molecular analyses revealed that the Syrian cv. also contributed alleles which increased the yield potential. Available barley resources of genomic annotations were employed to the biological interpretation of detected QTLs. This approach revealed 26 over-represented Gene Ontology terms. In the projected support intervals of QGWSl-5H.3-2 and QLSt-5H.3 on the chromosome 5H, four genes annotated to ‘response to stress’ were found. It suggests that these QTL-regions may be involved in a response of plant to a wide range of environmental disturbances.

Wideband circularly polarized rectangular DRA fed with dual pair of right-angled microstrip line

In this article, design and development of wideband circularly polarized CP rectangular dielectric resonator antenna RDRA is presented. To generate wideband CP in proposed antenna, different feeding mechanism have been studied. Three antenna configurations based on different feeding have been discussed using single and dual pair of microstrip lines aligned perpendicular to each other to generate orthogonal modes resulting in circular polarization. It has been claimed here that excitation of RHCP/LHCP field and its direction of radiation could be controlled using height of microstrip feed lines. Finally antenna configuration-3 is fabricated and measured which shows 36.8% of input impedance bandwidth 3.48-5.05 GHz and axial ratio bandwidth of 14.46% 3.67-4.24 GHz in broadside direction at i¾?=0i¾?, i¾?=0i¾?. The final proposed structure exhibits consistent far-field characteristics with average LHCP gain of 6.4 dB and almost stable radiation efficiency in entire operational frequency range. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 26:713-723, 2016.

A method to calculate jump height of iced transmission lines after ice-shedding

Based on the energy conservation, stress–sag relation, geometrical relation of spans and dynamic relation of clamps connected with suspension insulators of a multi-span transmission line following ice-shedding, a theoretical method to calculate the maximum jump height of the line is presented. The jump heights of transmission lines with various parameters, including the number of spans, span length, conductor type, ice thickness and suspension insulator length, after ice-shedding are determined by the presented method and the finite element method, and the results obtained by both methods agree well. The method presented in this paper is more accurate than those previously proposed by other authors and more convenient than the finite element method. It is suggested that the presented method be employed to predict the jump height of a transmission line located in an ice zone after ice-shedding, which is a key factor in the design of electric insulation clearance.

Relationship between magnetic field properties and an X-class flare in active region NOAA 9077

The magnetic field plays a key role in producing solar flares, so that the investigation on the relationship between the magnetic field properties and flares is significant. In this paper, based on the magnetic field extrapolated from the photospheric vector magnetograms of the active region NOAA 9077 obtained at Huairou Solar Observing Station, the magnetic field parameters including the height of field lines, force-free factor, free magnetic energy and inclination angle were studied with respect to an X-class flare in this region. We found that the magnetic field lines became lower and the ratio of number of closed field lines to those of open field lines increased after the flare. The force-free factor (α) attained a large value before the flare and then decreased after the flare for the closed field lines, while the open field lines showed the opposite tendency. Free energy reach to maximum before flare, then decrease after flare. The magnetic inclination angles showed opposite change trends after the flare for closed and open field lines. Therefore, we may conclude that non-potential energy released by flare mostly contained in the closed magnetic field lines.

Height Profile Estimation of Power Lines Based on Two-Dimensional CSAR Imagery

In circular synthetic aperture radar (CSAR) mode, a 2-D image contains 3-D spatial information about the imaged targets. This letter describes an attempt to estimate the height profiles of power lines with slightly varying heights based on 2-D CSAR imagery. First, according to the characteristics of a 2-D CSAR image of a power line with constant height, an approximate formula is deduced to calculate the height of the power line. This formula can also be used to calculate the height of several power lines with the same constant height. Second, a three-step processing method is proposed for height profile estimation of power lines with slightly varying heights. The first step is to extract regions of power lines automatically. The second step is to obtain the initial heights of the power lines according to the deduced approximate formula. The third step is to estimate the final height profiles of the power lines. Finally, experimental results have shown that 2-D imaging results of power lines with slightly varying heights are well focused when the height profiles estimated by the proposed three-step method are used.

<b>Effect of Temperature Change and Contact-wire Wear on Current Collection Performance</b>

For electric railways, it is preferable for the tension and height of overhead contact lines to be constant to maintain satisfactory current collection performance. Since overhead contact lines expand and contract according to temperature change, an automatic tension balancer is generally installed at the terminations. However, the tension of overhead contact lines is not always constant because of tension fluctuations in automatic tension balancers and the gradient of the yokes. In addition, contact wire wear causes its mass to decrease. This also affects the contact wire tension and height. The authors performed a theoretical study and a simulation. As the results of them, we clarified the effect of temperature change and contact-wire wear on current collection performance.

Karanis in 3D: Recording, Monitoring, Recontextualizing, and the Representation of Knowledge and Conjecture

Archaeologists tend to express space in two dimensions, drawing maps, plans, and elevations of landscapes or extant architecture. In the human experience, however, space is volume: height, light, color, structure, acoustics, protection, display, obstruction or emphasis of view lines, are all of the greatest importance in how people function in space. Recording and presenting three dimensions can provide important insights into architectural and structural details, and can also be used as a device to monitor changes in a building's condition. Reconstructing three dimensions enables us to present what we actually know or to include conjecture and offer alternative theories of what a building or landscape once looked like, and how it developed over time. Using the Greco-Roman site of Karanis as a case study, we also explore how a three-dimensional virtual reality reconstruction allows us to digitally re-unite objects that have been dispersed over museums worldwide and place them back in their virtually original context.

Over-expression of OsPTR6 in rice increased plant growth at different nitrogen supplies but decreased nitrogen use efficiency at high ammonium supply

Nitrogen (N) plays a critical role in plant growth and productivity and PTR/NRT1 transporters are critical for rice growth. In this study, OsPTR6, a PTR/NRT1 transporter, was over-expressed in the Nipponbare rice cultivar by Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation using the ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter. Three single-copy T2 generation transgenic lines, named OE1, OE5 and OE6, were produced and subjected to hydroponic growth experiments in different nitrogen treatments. The results showed the plant height and biomass of the over-expression lines were increased, and plant N accumulation and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities were enhanced at 5.0mmol/L NH4+ and 2.5mmol/L NH4NO3. The expression of OsATM1 genes in over-expression lines showed that the OsPTR6 over expression increased OsAMT1.1, OsATM1.2 and OsAMT1.3 expression at 0.2 and 5.0mmol/L NH4+ and 2.5mmol/L NH4NO3. However, nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUE) was decreased at 5.0mmol/LNH4+. These data suggest that over-expression of the OsPTR6 gene could increase rice growth through increasing ammonium transporter expression and glutamine synthetase activity (GSA), but decreases nitrogen use efficiency under conditions of high ammonium supply.

Exogenous GA3 application can compensate the morphogenetic effects of the GA-responsive dwarfing gene Rht12 in bread wheat.

The most common dwarfing genes in wheat, Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, classified as gibberellin-insensitive (GAI) dwarfing genes due to their reduced response to exogenous GA, have been verified as encoding negative regulators of gibberellin signaling. In contrast, the response of gibberellin-responsive (GAR) dwarfing genes, such as Rht12, to exogenous GA is still unclear and the role of them, if any, in GA biosynthesis or signaling is unknown. The responses of Rht12 to exogenous GA3 were investigated on seedling vigour, spike phenological development, plant height and other agronomic traits, using F2∶3 and F3∶4 lines derived from a cross between Ningchun45 and Karcagi-12 in three experiments. The application of exogenous GA3 significantly increased coleoptile length and seedling leaf 1 length and area. While there was no significant difference between the dwarf and the tall lines at the seedling stage in the responsiveness to GA3, plant height was significantly increased, by 41 cm (53%) averaged across the three experiments, in the GA3-treated Rht12 dwarf lines. Plant height of the tall lines was not affected significantly by GA3 treatment (<10 cm increased). Plant biomass and seed size of the GA3-treated dwarf lines was significantly increased compared with untreated dwarf plants while there was no such difference in the tall lines. GA3-treated Rht12 dwarf plants with the dominant Vrn-B1 developed faster than untreated plants and reached double ridge stage 57 days, 11 days and 50 days earlier and finally flowered earlier by almost 7 days while the GA3-treated tall lines flowering only 1–2 days earlier than the untreated tall lines. Thus, it is clear that exogenous GA3 can break the masking effect of Rht12 on Vrn-B1 and also restore other characters of Rht12 to normal. It suggested that Rht12 mutants may be deficient in GA biosynthesis rather than in GA signal transduction like the GA-insensitive dwarfs.

Assessment of growth and seed oil composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) germplasm

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics and fatty acid composition among 15 kenaf mutants derived from the kenaf germplasm C14 and 15 kenaf accessions originating from Russia, India, China, Iran, and Italy. The overall growth performance (plant height, stem diameter, flowering date, leaf, and flower size) of the stem color mutant lines derived from C14 are similar to those of the original variety. However, the flower color mutant lines derived from C14 showed flowering to occur 10 days later when compared with the original variety and showed smaller leaf sizes than the original variety. Late-ripened kenaf accessions (Jinju, Auxu, and Jnagdae) can yield more bio-mass compared with early or medium-maturing germplasm. The late maturity kenaf (Auxu, Jinju, and Jangdae) has a higher oil percentage than the early maturity germplasm. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids were the predominant fatty acids in all kenaf seeds. The stem color mutant lines significantly surpassed the parental means of all saturated fatty acids. In addition, the flower color mutant lines showed broad ranges of variation in oleic acid. The 15 accessions showed a wide range of fatty acid compositions, spanning from 29.75 to 38.30% saturated fatty acids and 61.70 to 70.24% total unsaturated fatty acids, and the late maturity kenaf has a higher linoleic acid percentage than the early maturity germplasm. The flowering period was highly positively (P ≤ 0.01) correlated with the plant height, stem diameter, oil percent, and linolenic acid (C18:3), and it was significantly negatively (P ≤ 0.01) correlated with stearic acid (C18:0). These results will provide valuable information to assist the parental selection of kenaf breeding.

TBM 철도터널 단면선정을 위한 공기역학적 특성 분석

유럽 등 해외에서는 TBM 굴착방식을 이용한 터널이 다수 건설되고 있지만, 국내에서는 거의 적용되고 있지 않다. TBM 철도터널의 적용성을 높이기 위해서는 토목적 설계요소와 공기역학적 영향을 고려한 최적단면을 선정할 필요가 있다. 이러한 최적단면의 선정시에는 터널 연장, 열차 속도, 전차선 높이, 공동규 규격 등 토목적인 설계요소에 대한 고려와 함께 공기역학적 영향을 검토하여 적정 단면 계획의 수립이 필요하다. 공기역학적 검토시에는 최근 철도터널의 고속화를 고려하고 적절한 분석기준의 수립이 필요하지만 현재 국내에서는 관련기준이 없어 터널마다 상이한 공기압 분석기준이 적용되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내외 이명감 및 미기압 분석기준에 대하여 검토하고, TBM 터널단면별 공기역학적 분석을 통해서 TBM 철도터널의 단면선정시 공기역학적 영향과의 상관관계에 대해 분석하였다. Although the TBM method is mainly adopted in overseas market including the Europe, etc, the method scarcely adopted in domestic market. For highly enhancing applications of the TBM method for railway, It is needed to select the optimal cross-section considering design elements of civil engineering and aerodynamic effects. Also, it is needed to establish plan of proper section as well as reviewing aerodynamic effects and consideration about civil engineering elements such as length of tunnel, speed of railway, height of whole lines and size of utility tunnel, etc. Even though it should be recently considered high-speed railway tunnels and required to be standard establishments in aerodynamic reviews, it is being applied to be criteria of inconsistent pneumatic analysis owing to be not related with domestic standards. In this study, therefore, we are willing to establishment of domestic and foreign aerodynamic standards and investigate correlation between optimal cross-section and aerodynamic effects of TBM railway tunnels.

Genetic Correlations among Haploids, Doubled Haploids, and Testcrosses in Maize

ABSTRACTDoubled haploid (DH) lines produced via in vivo haploid induction have become an indispensable tool in maize (Zea mays L.) breeding and research. To determine the predictive value of the per se performance of haploid and DH lines in population and hybrid breeding, genetically balanced sets of haploid and DH lines along with testcrosses of the DH lines were evaluated in field trials across four locations over 2 yr in Germany. Suitable material sets were provided by three collaborating breeders. Each set comprised 54 to 58 DH lines developed from a proprietary elite dent single cross. These DH lines were crossed with one or two flint testers and subjected to haploid induction for production of corresponding haploid versions. Haploid lines, DH lines, and testcrosses were grown in separate but adjacent blocks. Haploid lines were surrounded by a mixture of inbred lines functioning as pollen source. Most haploid plants were male sterile but showed a certain degree of female fertility. Highly significant genetic variation reflected by high heritability coefficients existed in all material sets for all traits. Genetic correlations between haploid and DH lines were moderate to strong (0.5 &lt; genetic correlation coefficient [rg] &lt; 0.9) for early vigor, silking date, plant height, and stover weight per plant. Correlations between DH lines and testcrosses varied from nonsignificant to moderately strong for grain yield but were strong for silking date, plant height, stover yield, and grain moisture content. Silking date, early vigor, and plant height of haploid lines were moderately but significantly associated with grain yield of testcrosses. Somewhat higher estimates were obtained for the corresponding correlations between DH lines and testcrosses. In conclusion, selection for silking date, early vigor, plant height, and stover weight at the haploid level is expected to result in positive correlated genetic gain for various traits not only at the DH but also at the testcross level. Likewise, selection at the DH level may substantially speed up progress in combining ability.

New Methodology of On-Line Monitoring for Transmission Line Galloping

When the overhead transmission line is galloping, a variety of natural disasters occur on the role of the natural conditions, the vibration of conductor is one of the more serious harm to the power system. Over the past decade, as the construction of EHV and UHV, wire cross-section, tension, suspension height and span of overhead transmission lines are increasing, and hence the number of conductor vibration is significantly increased. Vibration in a large scale will led to frequent tripping or even broken line or tower collapses, which cause large area power failures and impact security and stability operation. Online monitoring method for overhead transmission line dancing is mostly needed to add additional equipment, however, once situated on the route environment overlying ice or high winds and other inclement weather, online monitoring is difficult to achieve. This paper presents a method, which is made correlation analysis based on the voltage and current acquired from both ends of the transmission lines, online monitoring of line galloping can be achieved.

The determination of the Fe content in natural sphalerites by means of Raman spectroscopy

Natural sphalerite samples collected from the Baia Sprie ore deposit (Romania) were analyzed through Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDX and XRD. The most intense Raman lines at 300, 331 and 350cm−1 were used to improve iron determination method from sphalerites by Raman spectroscopy. It is well known that the iron content of synthetic sphalerite can be quantified by measuring the height of Raman lines (h1,h3). By using the new h2/h3 and (h1+h2)/h3 ratios and two additional linear equations, this method is improved and becomes suitable to natural sphalerites. The results are in good agreement with the SEM-EDX data.

Numerical Simulation Study on Jump Height of Iced Transmission Lines After Ice Shedding

The numerical modeling method of ice load and ice-shedding load on a transmission line is presented. The dynamic responses of multispan transmission lines with different structural parameters, including span length, number of spans, elevation difference between two suspension ends of the ice-shedding span, length of suspension insulator strings, and number of subconductors in a bundle conductor and conductor type, after ice shedding with different rates are investigated by means of the ABAQUS software. Based on the numerical results, it is discovered that the maximum vertical jump height of a transmission line after ice shedding, which determines the phase-to-phase and phase-to-tower insulation clearances, relates linearly to the sag difference of the conductor in the two static states before and after ice shedding. A simple formula to determine the jump height of a transmission line after ice shedding is suggested for the design of transmission lines in ice zones.

Evaluation of ink-jet printed current collecting grids and busbars for ITO-free organic solar cells

ITO-free organic solar cells with ink-jet printed current collecting grids and high conducting PEDOT:PSS as a composite anode are demonstrated. Inkjet printed current collecting grids with different cross-sectional areas have been investigated. The effect of the width and height of the grid lines and busbars has been measured and modeled by direct current (DC) simulations. The electrical potential in devices with different grid profiles have been calculated and reveal critical bottlenecks in the grid electrode geometry, as the ability of the busbar to collect all the current. Experimentally, the upper limit of the conductivity of the ink-jet printed current collecting grids is limited by the topology of the grids and shadow losses in the solar cells.