Male Height Research Articles

Stature Estimation using Tibia Length in Young Adults of Urhobo Ethnic Group, in South-south, Nigeria

Introduction: Estimating stature is an essential part of the identification of human skeletal remains or body parts. The purpose of this study was to estimate stature using tibia length among young Urhobo Adults.
 Materials and method: 350 subjects (144 males and 206 females) were utilized for the study. Stature was measured using a stadiometer and tibia length was measured using a digital Vernier calliper. The independent and paired samples t-test, Pearson's correlation test and linear regression equations were employed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
 Results: The mean height in males was 174.22cm and females was 163.97cm, the mean Right tibia length was 40.48cm in males and 37.67cm in females while the left tibia length was 40.41cm and 37.63cm in males and females respectively. There was significant difference between right and left tibia length in males and the general population (p<0.001). However, females showed no significant difference (p>0.05). There was a strong positive significant association between stature and bone lengths (r>0.8, p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the estimated and actual stature for subjects using the general and group-specific regression formulas (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: The study showed that males have significantly higher mean values of parameters measured than females. Right tibia length was significantly longer than the left in males and total population. Groupspecific formula gave more accurate results than the general formula making them better suited to estimate stature in forensic cases. Hence, tibia length can be used as an important tool in forensic examination as they provide elements of accuracy in stature determination.

The Relationships among Exercise Behavior, Body Composition and Perceived Health Levels in University Students

Aim and Scope: Increasing physical activity level is important for public health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between regular physical activity level, body composition and perceived health levels of university students. Methods: Participants of this study were consisted of 331 university students including 158 females and 173 males. The mean ages were 21.85 years for females and 22.94 years for males, respectively. The Exercise Behavior Stages of Change Questionnaire was used to determine the physical activity level. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare two genders while Spearman rank order correlation was performed to test the relationship among variables. Findings: Results of our study showed that there are significant differences between males and females in all variables except age and exercise behavior stages. While the exercise behavior stages and perceived health level of those who exercise in females are significantly different from those of sedentary, height and exercise behavior level in males are more statistically significant in favor of those who exercise. While the health level in females is positively related to the age variable and negatively related to the BMI, there was no significant difference between the health and exercise level and other variables in males. Conclusion: As a result, it can be concluded that male and female university students do not engage in regular physical activity at a level that will affect their perceived health levels.

Secular change in heights of rural adults in west-central poland between 1986 and 2016: The transition from pre- to post-communism

Secular change in the heights of adult men and women resident in ten rural communities in west-central Poland in four decennial surveys between 1986 and 2016 is considered. The adults were parents of children attending schools in rural communities in the province of Poznań. During each survey, parents of school children were asked to complete a questionnaire which requested their ages, heights and completed levels of education. Ages were reported in whole years. The self-reported heights were adjusted for the tendency of individuals to overestimate height. Height loss among of individuals 35+ years was estimated with sex-specific equations and was added to the adjusted heights. Secular gains in heights of adult males across the 30 year interval, and across the 1986–1996 and 2006–2016 surveys were, on average, larger than corresponding gains in heights of adult females; the sex difference between 1996 and 2006 surveys was negligible. When heights were regressed on year of birth, heights of males and females born before 1950 (prior to World War II and shortly after) showed minimal and non-significant secular changes, while heights of those born post-1950 showed larger and significant secular gains, more so in males than in females. The results highlight significant secular trends in the heights of rural adults over a 30-year interval. Consistent with other studies in Poland, the positive trends likely reflected political, educational and socio-economic changes and by inference improved nutritional and health conditions across generations.

Regional variation in body size and estimated secular change among adult Indian males born in the 1890s-1950s.

Regional variation in the body size of Indian men 18-84 years of age (birth years 1891-1957) was considered. Heights, weights, and BMIs of Indian males from four regions of the country - North, East-Northeast, Central, and West were compared. Heights of men 35+ years of age were adjusted for estimated height loss with age; the estimate was added to observed height to provide an estimate of maximum height. Linear regressions of measured height and estimated maximum height on year of birth were used to evaluate secular change by region. Differences in measured and estimated maximum heights and weight among regions were significant in all age groups, while differences in the BMI were significant in all age groups except 55+ years. Men from the North region were tallest and those from the East-Northeast region were shortest, while body weight and the BMI varied among regions. Regression analyses of year of birth on measured and estimated maximum heights indicated small differences in estimates of secular change among regions but suggested a decline in estimated maximum heights with age among men in the four regions born in 1891 through the 1930s, and small but variable estimates of secular change in heights among men born in the 1930s through 1957. The variation likely reflected socio-economic disparities and ecological differences among regions, and by inference nutritional status though data are limited.

Repetitive temporal interference stimulation improves jump performance but not the postural stability in young healthy males: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTemporal interference (TI) stimulation, an innovative non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has the potential to activate neurons in deep brain regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of repetitive TI stimulation targeting the lower limb motor control area (i.e., the M1 leg area) on lower limb motor function in healthy individuals, which could provide evidence for further translational application of non-invasive deep brain stimulation.MethodsIn this randomized, double-blinded, parallel-controlled trial, 46 healthy male adults were randomly divided into the TI or sham group. The TI group received 2 mA (peak-to-peak) TI stimulation targeting the M1 leg area with a 20 Hz frequency difference (2 kHz and 2.02 kHz). Stimulation parameters of the sham group were consistent with those of the TI group but the current input lasted only 1 min (30 s ramp-up and ramp-down). Both groups received stimulation twice daily for five consecutive days. The vertical jump test (countermovement jump [CMJ], squat jump [SJ], and continuous jump [CJ]) and Y-balance test were performed before and after the total intervention session. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (group × time) was performed to evaluate the effects of TI stimulation on lower limb motor function.ResultsForty participants completed all scheduled study visits. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed significant group × time interaction effects for CMJ height (F = 8.858, p = 0.005) and SJ height (F = 6.523, p = 0.015). The interaction effect of the average CJ height of the first 15 s was marginally significant (F = 3.550, p = 0.067). However, there was no significant interaction effect on the Y balance (p > 0.05). Further within-group comparisons showed a significant post-intervention increase in the height of the CMJ (p = 0.004), SJ (p = 0.010) and the average CJ height of the first 15 s (p = 0.004) in the TI group.ConclusionRepetitive TI stimulation targeting the lower limb motor control area effectively increased vertical jump height in healthy adult males but had no significant effect on dynamic postural stability.

The relationship between explosive power, elbow angle, and jump height with smash accuracy in volleyball games; correlational studies

Background. Smash is synonymous with powerful punches and swift dives. Accuracy stands as the primary factor that holds significant importance.
 Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the independent variables, namely explosive power, elbow angle, and jump height, and the dependent variable, which is smash accuracy.
 Methods. Descriptive research design with correlational methods. This research involved a group of 15 male student athletes, whose age (M ± SD = 21.27 ± 1.163 years) and height (M ± SD = 167.67 ± 1.877 cm) were recorded. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, with certain criteria. Prerequisite tests such as normality test and linearity test were conducted, followed by hypothesis testing. The data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0.
 The results. The results demonstrate a significant and simultaneous asscosiation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, as indicated by the observed significance value of 0.015 <0.05. The data output reveals a simultaneous correlation coefficient of R = 0.776, with a determination coefficient of Rsquare = 0.601, indicating that 60.1% of the variation in the dependent variable can be explained by the independent variables. The remaining 39.9% is attributed to and explained by factors other than the independent variables.
 Conclusions. The findings and discussion of the research demonstrate a noteworthy association between explosive power, elbow angle, and jump height, and the accuracy of smashes in volleyball. As a result, this study presents substantial evidence supporting the significant contributions of explosive power, elbow angle, and jump height to smash accuracy.

CBCT ANALYSIS OF PULP CHAMBER THICKNESS AND MORPHOLOGY IN PRIMARY MOLARS: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Objective: To evaluate the thickness of pulp chamber and morphologic characteristics in order to plan the treatment ofdeciduous molars using cone beam computed tomography. Material and Methods: Cross-Sectional study is done with CBCT images of primary teeth of children. Evaluation of Pulp chamber thickness and morphology of each maxillary right primary second molar was done through CBCT. Data were analyzed and sent for statistical analysis. Results: Total 50 teeth i.e., right maxillary primary second molars of children age group 4-10 years were analyzed. Male shows the horizontal and vertical Mean (SD) values 4.5 (0.76) and 1.7(0.58) respectively greater than females. Mesial and Distal pulp horns were also greater in height for males with Mean (SD) 3.1(0.51) and 2.5(0.52) respectively. Conclusion:General variations might be involved however, when preparing a course of treatment for a childit is important to take note of gender differences in the mesiobuccal pulp horn. Even small restorations have a significant effect on pulp size. Probably it becomes exposed when the cavity is being prepared.

Maxillary Sinus Measurements in Different Age Groups of Human Cadavers

The maxillary air sinus is the largest air sinus among the four air paranasal sinuses, which is a cavity in the body of maxilla. It is pyramidal in shape co nsisting of base, apex and four sides; its base comprises the thin lateral wall of nasal cavity. This study carried out at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Baghdad and the Forensic Medicine Unit in Tikrit Teaching Hospital during the period from January 2010 to July 2011. A randomized sample of 110 human cadavers that arranged in four different age groups and dissected to study the three dimensions of both maxillary sinuses in both sexes by using a standard flexible tape measure or vernier caliper. The mean v alue of the maxillary sinus length in males was (36.4 ± 4.6 mm) and in females was (33.9 ± 4.2 mm); from these results, the mean value of males was significantly greater than that of females. On the other side, the mean value of the maxillary sinus width in males was (27.4 ± 4 mm) and in females was (25.3 ± 3.9 mm); therefore, these results demonstrate that the maxillary sinuses were wider in males than females. For males, the mean value of the maxillary sinus height was (35.1 ± 3.9 mm) and for females was (30.8 ± 3.6 mm). From these findings, a higher significant difference between the mean values was found; also there was a high significant difference between the two genders because the mean value of the maxillary sinus height for males was significantly higher than that for females. According to age groups of the present study, group 1 of maxillary sinus found to be still in growing state and not reaching its full size. Group 2 showing an extensive growth in maxillary sinus length and width, especially on the right side. Group 3 might partly showing growth in maxillary sinus length and height, which indicates that at this age the maxillary sinus reaches its full height. Finally, group 4 might partly indicates that the maxillary sinus reaches its full growth if it fails to reach it in group 3. The findings of the present study disagree with that done by Parks who mademeasurements for the maxillary sinuses on normal Korean adults using computed tomography, since these differences were may be due to ethnic variations. Also due to race differences, this study disagree with Fernandes (2) who studied the maxillary sinus in European and Zulu using computed tomography.

Study of peak expiratory flow rate in male and female young adults with respect to their weight status

Background: Young adults are more attracted toward fast food, alcohol, and sedentary lifestyles. Previous study shows that peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) correlates better with height in males and weight in females. Body mass index (BMI) is one of the main factor that affect PEFR values. PEFR, a pulmonary function test is routinely used to confirm the diagnosis of the respiratory disease. Aim and Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate PEFR values in male and female young adults in underweight, normal, overweight, and obese categories of weight status. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in four groups. 40 participants in each group, includes males (20) and female (20) young adults. The groups were divided according to BMI values, underweight (<18.5), normal (18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), and obese (>30). Data were taken and calculated 2 h post lunch after relaxing for 15 min in the afternoon. In the sitting position, at the same time of the day, PEFR values were measured using Wright’s Peak Flow Meter. Results: We found significantly high PEFR values in males as compare to females in the category of underweight (<0.01), normal (<0.05) and overweight (<0.05). The study also shows positive correlation between BMI and PEFR in underweight male and females, normal males, overweight females, and obese females, which is statistically non-significant, except in obese males. Conclusion: We concluded that male have high PEFR values than female as there are differences in their body build-up and low PEFR values in underweight and obese young adults as they have low body fat and reduced expansion of lungs, respectively.

Observational study on diet compliance in hospitalized patients diagnosed with liver disease

Background: Malnutrition is very common in patients suffering with liver disorders and it is also proven to deteriorate the patient’s prognosis. Various types of liver disorders are linked with many nutrient deficiencies. Chronic liver disease patients generally exhibit fat malabsorption and decreased albumin levels. These physiological derangements lead to malnutrition in liver patients. These patients can undergo liver transplant, therefore improved nutritional status prior to transplant can improve their prognosis after transplant. Therefore, it is crucial to identify malnutrition in these patients in order to treat it and to achieve and maintain ideal body weight, improve their response to treatment and reduce complications. This study aimed to determine the nutritional status and dietary intake of CLD patients. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on the patients who were suffering from chronic liver disease, among which 50 subjects were studied, between 19 to 59 years of age. Duration of the study was 3 months. Nutritional status of the patients was assessed using Subjective global assessment (SGA) that was based on anthropometry, biochemical reports, clinical examination and dietary intake of patients. Results: On the basis of results obtained from the present study it can be concluded that majority of patients were males, the mean height of males was 163 cm and for females, it was 155 cm. The mean weight of males and females was 72 kg and 61 kg respectively. The majority of the patients showed Body Mass Index in the normal range. The majority (34%) of patients were suffering from Chronic liver disease, Alcoholic liver disease, with symptoms of jaundice, ascites, portal hypertension and diabetes. Diet intake data depicted that 54% patients had moderately lower energy and protein intake (60-79%) of their requirements Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that Chronic liver disease and treatment of Chronic liver disease both put the patients at nutritional risk by causing malnutrition, increased nutritional needs and decreased food intake. It can be prevented by timely or early detection of nutritional status or requirements, so that timely decision can be taken for right nutritional intervention for them

Differences between male and female height in Early Neolithic Europe are likely to have been driven by culture.

Differences between male and female height in Early Neolithic Europe are likely to have been driven by culture.

Effects of different therapy regimens to increase final adult height in males at advanced bone age with idiopathic short stature

BackgroundThis retrospective study explored the effect on adult height of a combination of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs), or rhGH and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa), and compared their effects with rhGH alone in males at advanced bone age with idiopathic short stature (ISS).MethodsIn this retrospective study, rhGH or rhGH combined with GnRHa or rhGH combined with AI therapy was given to males with advanced bone age (13–15 years) and diagnosed with ISS. The patients were followed to assess their adult height.Results(1) A total of 68 patients were reviewed; 22 males were treated with rhGH for 24.9 ± 4.47 months, 22 males were treated with GnRHa + rhGH for 34.1 ± 3.36 months, and 24 males were treated with AI + RHGH for 22.7 ± 2.49 months. (2) Before treatment, the HtSDS-CA for the three groups were -1.04 ± 0.95, -1.23 ± 1.06, and -0.85 ± 0.98, respectively, and the HtSDS-BA were -2.14 ± 0.29, -2.14 ± 0.21, and-2.26 ± 0.31, respectively. The target heights for each group were 169.7 ± 4.0 cm, 169.7 ± 3.9 cm, and 169.1 ± 3.9 cm, respectively. The predicted adult heights were 161.7 ± 3.35 cm, 162.3 ± 1.75 cm, and 161.6 ± 2.89 cm, respectively. (3) After treatment, the HtSDS-CA for the rhGH group increased by 1.30 ± 0.58, and the HtSDS-BA increased by 2.00 ± 0.27. For the GnRHa + rhGH group, the HtSDS-CA and HtSDS-BA increased by1.42 ± 0.73and 2.74 ± 0.28, respectively. The AI + RHGH group increased by1.39 ± 0.64 and 2.76 ± 0.31, respectively. (4) There was no significant difference between the adult height (170.9 ± 0.7 cm) and target height for the rhGH group (P > 0.05), but the adult heights for the GnRHa + rhGH and AI + RHGH groups (173.2 ± 1.5 cm and 173.5 ± 1.0 cm, respectively, P > 0.05) were higher than the target height (P < 0.05). (5) Compared with the predicted adult height, the adult heights for the three groups improved significantly (P < 0.05). (6) No severe adverse reactions during the treatment occurred in any of the children. However, the total incidence of side effects in the three groups was significant (χ2 = 20.433, P = 0.00).ConclusionDifferent therapeutic approaches have been investigated to improve the final adult height of males at advanced bone ages with ISS, and the optimal strategy remains controversial. In children at advanced bone ages with ISS, clinicians should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages prior to treatment.

Three-dimensional analysis of the alveolar ridge profiles of maxillary central incisors in children for autotransplantation

BackgroundSufficient alveolar housing is fundamental to ensure the favorable prognosis of autotransplanted teeth. However, little is known about the alveolar ridge profiles of the anterior maxilla in children. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the alveolar ridge profiles of the anterior maxilla in growing children. MethodsA total of 169 Korean children aged 10–13 years old were included in this retrospective study. Demographic data and cone-beam computed tomography scans of 244 maxillary central incisors were collected. For each tooth, the alveolar ridge thickness was determined at 1-, 3-, and 5-mm levels below the cemento-enamel junction. The alveolar process height and labial concavity were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate differences according to age and sex. ResultsThe alveolar ridge thickness did not differ according to age. The alveolar ridge thickness in males was significantly greater than that in females among those aged 10 and 11 years. The average alveolar process height was 17.43 ± 2.22 mm. The alveolar process height hardly changed with age from 10–13 years, whereas the alveolar process height of males was significantly greater compared with that of females among those aged 10 years. The labial concavity was approximately 150˚, with no significant differences between age and sex. ConclusionsWithin the limits of this study, the anatomy of the alveolar ridge in the maxillary central incisors showed sufficient capacity as a recipient site for autotransplantation using mandibular premolars, especially in males. These findings serve as a valuable resource for facilitating autotransplantation in children.

Factors associated with pubertal growth outcomes in cystic fibrosis: Early Growth and Puberty in CF

BackgroundPubertal delays in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have historically been common. It is unclear to what degree puberty is affected in the new era of CF care or the role of early nutritional status. We hypothesized that more favorable early growth trajectories are associated with improved pubertal growth outcomes. MethodsWe used data from the United States CF Foundation Patient Registry to analyze associations between early weight-for-length/body mass index (WFL-BMI) growth trajectories and pubertal outcomes, using peak height velocity (PHV) and age at PHV (APHV) as proxy measures for puberty in addition to adult height (defined as height at age 18 years). Our analysis consisted of shape invariant mixed modeling and multivariable linear regression. ResultsOur sample consisted of 9,186 people with CF aged 18 to 21 years between 2010-2019. APHV was earliest and PHV/adult height were highest in those with WFL-BMI always >50th percentile from 0-6 years. However, there was no difference after adjusting for key covariates. Receiving CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy in childhood was associated with being taller at 18 years, by 0.92 cm in males (p=0.048) and 1.02 cm in females (p=0.010) in adjusted models. Higher height z-score at 2 years was associated with improved APHV and PHV for males and improved adult height for both males and females (p<0.001) in adjusted models. ConclusionsEarly height, but not early WFL-BMI trajectories, may be associated with pubertal growth outcomes. CFTR modulator therapy shows the potential to improve pubertal growth outcomes, but further research is necessary.

Cephalometric radiograph-based approach for sex determination using maxillary sinus index in Surabaya, Indonesia

Accurate sex determination is a critical aspect of individual identification in various fields, including anthropology, forensic science, and archaeology. Various parameters from the skull, mandible, pelvis, and long bones are commonly utilized for this purpose. Recently, the potential of the maxillary sinus as a sex-discriminatory parameter has been studied by Khaitan et al. through the analysis of lateral cephalometric radiography. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the sex determination formula devised by Khaitan et al. for the adult population of Surabaya, Indonesia. For this purpose, 130 digital cephalometric radiographs of outpatients in the DHDC Dental Office in Surabaya, Indonesia, were assessed. The maxillary sinus height and width were measured to derive the maxillary sinus index (MSI) and calculate the discriminant score (D) for sex identification. This study revealed that the maxillary sinus’s average height in males was 37.111+5.13 mm, while in females, it was 34.538+4.36 mm. Males had an average maxillary sinus width of 44.152+4.11 mm, while in females it was of 38.849+3.33 mm. The MSI values for males (1.204±0.14) were higher than for females (1.135±0.10). The discriminant scores showed notable variations between males and females, with an 86% success rate for females and 27.8% for males. The present study provides evidence that the Khaitan formula can serve as a valuable complementary approach for sex determination in females. Sex determination based on the MSI is thought to be a population-dependent parameter in forensic sciences and requires careful interpretation in its application.

The Effects of Potato Presentation on Vegetable Intake in School-Aged Children: A Cross-Over Study.

Vegetables are an essential component of a healthy dietary pattern in children; however, their consumption is often insufficient due to lack of preference. To address this, the influence of combining vegetables (mixed peas and carrots-MPACs) with potatoes, a generally liked food, on overall vegetable consumption among children aged 7-13 years was explored. The research involved a cross-over study design with 65 participants who completed five lunchtime meal conditions, each with different combinations of MPACs and potatoes versus a control (MPACs with a wheat roll). The meals were provided in a cafeteria setting, and plate waste was used to measure vegetable consumption. Anthropometric data and other variables were also measured. Notably, self-reported hunger did not significantly differ between conditions. Meal condition was a significant predictor of MPACs (F = 5.20; p = 0.0005), with MPAC consumption highest when combined with shaped potato faces in the same bowl (+8.77 g compared to serving MPACs and shaped potato faces in separate bowls) and lowest when combined with diced potatoes in the same bowl (-2.85 g compared to serving MPACs and diced potatoes in separate bowls). The overall model for MPAC consumption was influenced by age, height z-score, body fat percentage z-score, and condition (likelihood ratio = 49.1; p < 0.0001). Age had the strongest correlation with vegetable consumption (r = 0.38), followed by male gender, height z-score (r = 0.30), and body fat z-score (r = -0.15). The results highlight the positive impact of combining potatoes with vegetables in school meals, particularly when using shaped potato faces. These findings emphasize the potential of potatoes as a valuable vegetable option in promoting healthier eating habits among children. Additionally, future research could explore the impact of different potato combinations and investigate other factors influencing meal consumption in school settings.

Gender Dimorphism of Skeletal Measurements and Dental Angle Classification in Orthodontic Patients.

The present study aimed to evaluate gender dimorphism of the skeletal and dental angles and measurements among different types of malocclusions in the Population of Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Cephalometric data were retrieved from the archived records of 272 dental patients, comprising 134 males and 138 females. Skeletal and dental malocclusions in both the sub-groups were digitally studied. The measurement reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to evaluate the difference in skeletal and dental parameters between genders. The Chi-square test was done to determine the difference in malocclusion patterns amongst the gender. Statistical significance was noted in dental malocclusion (p-value = 0.003) and facial height, with females having a steeper mandible plan than males. The Sella-nasion-Nasion-Vertical line angles were reported high in females with no statistical significance. Linear cephalometric values were measured higher in males than females, whereas angular values and facial height parameters were lower in females than male. Within the limitation of this study, it could be concluded that there is a prominent difference measured in facial profiles of males and females with higher facial height in males. Clinical significance and limitations: These clinical outcomes will help orthodontists to analyze the accurate base angles and points to draft proper treatment plans considering the variation in the profile of males and females.

SPECIFIC FORCE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF LEG EXTENSORS IN ELITE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BOTH GENDER IN SERBIA

Adequate preparation of the leg extensors is highly important especially in sports which involve several jumping techniques. Information on force-time characteristics of the certain muscle group is the basic information on athlete ability which are gathered with intention to control the athlete`s physical preparation. The aim of this paper was to determine descriptive and sexual dimorphism of different specific isometric characteristics of force-time model related to leg extensors in elite volleyball Serbian players. Nineteen male (height=199.21±4.94 cm, mass=91.05±6.95 kg, age=22.58±2.97 years) and twenty female (height=184.65±7.00 cm, mass=70.65±6.15 kg, age=22.92±3.73 years) elite volleyball players performed a standardized “isometric leg press” test in order to assess the characteristics of isometric force from their leg extensors. The measurement range was defined by 8 variables according to 4 different dimensions – 1) the level of achieved force, 2) rate of force development, 3) the time necessary for reaching the certain level of force, 4) different index parameters; covering the space of basic, specific and special characteristics of leg extensors muscle force. MANOVA established that there is a significant difference of p 0.05 in all contractile characteristics among observed sub-samples at the level of Wilks´ Lambda 0.098, F = 25.814, p = 0.000. The present findings demonstrated that the male volleyball players produce higher values than the female players in all contractile characteristics of covering the space of specific and special characteristics of leg extensors muscle force. It is highly likely that these differences cannot be explained only on the basis of sexual differences, but on the basis of overall intensity and volume and/or type of power and strength training during the training process as well, factors which deserves attention in work with athletes. The obtained data can be used as a reverse information on characteristics of a certain leg extensors contractile ability in elite volleyball players in order to follow fitness profile of athletes, to control and optimize training process.

Response of some maize genotypes traits (Zea mays L.) to Nano NPK fertilizer

A factorial experiment was conducted through fall season 2022 in the Bani Magan area belonging to the Directorate of Agriculture of Chamchamal and affiliated to the General Directorate of Agriculture of Sulaymaniyah using randomized complete block design in split plot system with three replication, to know the effect of three concentrations (0, 2, and 4) g.L-1 of nano-sama NPK and the response of seven genotypes of maize crop to some growth traits and total yield, and the following results were obtained: The concentration of 4g L-1 NPK nano-compound fertilizer was significantly surpassed for the characteristics of the duration from sowing up to 50% of male flowering, plant height, ear height, and total grain yield. The two genotypes (Yugoslavian and DKC6664) were significantly surpassed for period from sowing to 50% male flowering, and the genotype (DKC6664) was significantly surpassed for the period from sowing to 50% female flowering (day(.The two genotypes (Babylon and Bahia) were significantly surpassed for plant height, the genotype (Bahia) for ear height, the genotypes (Sangunto, Bahia and Babel) for leaf area, and the two genotypes (DKC6664 and Erbil 215481) for grain yield Total and the effect of combination between, treatment 2g.L-1. and genotype (Yugoslav) had the least number of days 50% of the female flowering, and the combination between the fertilizer level 2 and 4 g.L-1 and genotype (DKC6664) had the least number of days 50% of the female flowering, and the combination between the fertilizer level was 4 g. L-1 with genotype (Babylon) significant in plant height and fertilizer level 4g. L-1 with genotype (Bahia) in ear height character and control treatment. The level of fertilizer is 2 and 0 g.l-1 with genotypes (Bahia) in the characteristic of leaf area, and the level of fertilizer is 4 g.l-1 with genotype (Erbil 215481) in total grain yield.

Correlation of anthropometric parameters with semitendinosus tendon length in anterior cruciate ligament injured patients

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery is now a common procedure performed following a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. The length of the harvested hamstring tendon is critical to the outcome of the surgery as it may influence the final length and thickness of the graft. The goal of this study was to attempt to establish a relation- ship between the height, weight and body mass index and the harvested length of the semitendinosus tendon of patients having ACLR surgery. This was a retrospective study. The weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) of patients for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were noted. The average length of the tendon was noted. The correla- tion between each of these anthropometric parameters and the tendon length was estimated. The range of values for the semitendinosus length, height and weight in males and females respectively were 24-39cm (31.26 +/- 2.93) and 26-35cm (29.26 +/- 2.08); 1.6-1.96 m and 1.65-1.8m; and 52-110kg and 60-106kg. Only the height revealed a moderate correlation with the length of the harvested tendon among the male patients. Linear regression analyses yielded the equation Sem- itendinosus tendon length = 23.25xheight-10.28 at a p-value of 0.002. Patient height could be predictive of the length of the harvested semitendinosus tendon.