Height Of Children Research Articles

Height development trends among 7-18-year-old school-age children in central plains of China between 2000 and 2019: A serial cross-sectional surveillance study in China.

The aim of this study was to analyze changes in height of 7-18-year-old school-age children in China during the year of 2000-2019. We used the survey data from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in Henan Province for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2019. Data were categorized into subgroups based on geographic location, gender, and age; mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to analyze trends in height change among children and adolescents and the correlation between socioeconomic indicators and height change. The height of children and adolescents in Henan has shown a continuous upward trend. The height difference between urban and rural areas has gradually narrowed but has not disappeared. The correlation of height development trends between neighbouring urban areas was higher than in other areas. The level of medical care was significantly associated with the change in height for both boys (r = 0.950, p = 0.013) and girls (r = 0.897, p = 0.039); GDP per capita (r = 0.940，p = 0.018) was significantly associated with the change in height for boys only. The height of Chinese children and adolescents will continue to maintain a positive growth trend, but we need to pay attention to the health status and nutritional intake of children and adolescents in economically disadvantaged areas in order to narrow the height disparity between different socio-economic groups.

Associations of early life body size and pubertal timing with breast density and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: A mediation analysis.

Whether breast density mediates associations between early life body size and pubertal timing with postmenopausal breast cancer is underexplored. We studied 33,939 Danish women attending the Capital Mammography Screening Program at ages 50-69 years. Early life anthropometry and pubertal timing information came from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. Postmenopausal breast cancer information came from the Danish Breast Cancer Group database (n = 833). Breast density (BI-RADS) was categorized as low (n = 25,464; 75 %) or high. Risk ratios (RR) and hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using generalized linear regression and Cox proportional hazards analyses. Counterfactual mediation analyses were conducted. Evidence was limited for associations between birthweight and pubertal timing with breast density or breast cancer. Childhood BMI was inversely associated with high breast density (age 13y, RR=0.77 [0.72-0.81] for a z-score of 0.6 versus 0) and breast cancer (HR=0.90 [0.83-0.96] per z-score). Breast density mediated 37 % (17-170 %) of this association. Although childhood height was associated with breast density and breast cancer, there were few indications of mediation by breast density. Breast density may partially explain the inverse association between childhood BMI and postmenopausal breast cancer, but not the positive association between childhood height and postmenopausal breast cancer.

Foetal Achondroplasia: Prenatal Diagnosis, Outcome and Perspectives

BackgroundAchondroplasia, due to a specific pathogenic variant in FGFR3, is the most common viable skeletal dysplasia and the diagnosis is mostly done in the prenatal period. Since 2021, the use of Vosoritide, a specific treatment for achondroplasia, validated in phase 3 placebo-controlled trials, has been recommended to significantly increase the height of children and infants. In the light of these new therapeutic prospects, a complete understanding of the pathophysiology of skeletal damages occurring from foetal life is required. ObjectivesTo describe foetal imaging and the antenatal and postnatal management of pregnancies complicated by a diagnosis of foetal achondroplasia. MethodsA retrospective and descriptive study, including all pregnant women with a prenatal diagnosis of achondroplasia, was conducted in the prenatal unit of Necker Hospital (Paris, France) between 2009 to 2022. Maternal and obstetric characteristics and foetal imaging (ultrasound and bone CT) were collected. Pregnancy outcomes, paediatric follow-up in the case of live births, and post-mortem examination (PME) data in the case of termination of pregnancy were reported. In addition, we have prospectively developed a specific research protocol using foetal brain MRI to assess the anatomy of the foramen magnum, following the same approach currently recommended in the postnatal period. Results29 cases of achondroplasia were included. Median gestational age at referral was 31+2 weeks’, about 1 week after the suspected diagnosis on routine ultrasound. Shortening of the femoral length and of all the other long bones, macrocephaly, facial abnormalities, increased metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle and tapering of the proximal femoral bone were the five most prevalent ultrasound signs. Foetal diagnosis was done by the identification of the foetal FGFR3 mutation and/or by CT scans (n=15) where specific abnormalities of the long bones, platyspondyly and abnormal profile have been described in 100% of cases. PME revealed: i) on external examinations (n=7) that all fetuses had very short long bones, moderate platyspondyly, small iliac wings with internal spines, macrocrania, and narrow thorax, ii) on internal examination (n=5) all had severe abnormalities in the growth plate and particularities in the temporal cortex and hippocampal region. One foetal MRI was performed at 33 weeks’ and revealed tight stenosis of the foramen magnum and compression of the spinal cord. Of the live-born infants for whom follow-up was known (n=6), 2/6 (including the case who had a foetal MRI) required neurosurgical intervention in the first few months of life for spinal cord compression due to severe stenosis of the foramen magnum. ConclusionA complete mapping of the skeletal features present in fetuses with achondroplasia is reported here, providing a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition. New tools such as foetal MRI, to assess the risk of postnatal severe neurological complications, could help improve the care pathway of the affected neonates.

The relationship between birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding on the height of toddlers aged 1-5 years in Mekanderejo village, Kedungpring district, Lamongan regency

Background: The occurrence of stunting or height that is not appropriate for age in children under five is a health issue that needs attention in Indonesia. Stunting can cause growth failure, delays in cognitive and motor development, metabolic disorders, and reduced intellectual capacity. This study aims to analyze the relationship between birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding with the height of children aged 1-5 years in Mekanderejo Village. Methods: This type of research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. Data collection was conducted using primary data through questionnaires containing the characteristics of mothers and children and secondary data from the respondents' MCH books. Data analysis used the Chi-Square test. Results: The results of the study showed that there were still 8 (10.96%) children born with low birth weight, 28 (38.36%) children with a history of not being exclusively breastfed, and 6 (8.22%) children with very short height. The bivariate Chi-Square test results showed a p-value of 0.035 (<0.05), indicating a significant relationship between birth weight and child height, and a p-value of 0.047 (<0.05), indicating a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and child height. Conclusion: These data indicate a relationship between birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding with the height of children aged 1-5 years in Mekanderejo Village.

Causal associations between childhood obesity and delayed puberty or height: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Childhood obesity is thought to influence pubertal development, according to observational studies. However, the exact causal relationship remains unclear due to the complexity of factors affecting pubertal development. To explore the association between exposure (childhood obesity) and outcome (delayed puberty, height), we utilized various methods, including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, weighted mode, and MR Egger regression. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were conducted using MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, Cochran's Q, and leave-one-out techniques to ensure the robustness of the results. Additionally, reverse MR analysis was conducted to explore potential reverse causation. The IVW analysis revealed no significant genetic causal link between childhood obesity and delayed puberty or height (all P>0.05). In the reverse analysis, height had a causal association with childhood obesity (OR=0.85, 95 % CI=0.76-0.96). The Cochran's Q test highlighted heterogeneity in the results concerning childhood obesity and height (p<0.05). But the MR-Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO test confirmed no impact the results pleiotropic bias, supported by leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Our study found no significant genetic causal association between childhood obesity and delayed puberty or height. However, height was causally associated with childhood obesity. Future research should utilize advanced analytical methods to better understand the determinants of pubertal development.

Parent-Reported Feeding Practices Associated With Children's Observed Willingness-to-Try-New-Foods in Childcare.

Feeding behaviours are established early in life, with lifelong influences on children's appetite, growth and health, emphasizing the importance of understanding how parent-child feeding interactions relate to children's eating and growth patterns. The objective was to examine reciprocity between parent-reported feeding practices and children's observed willingness-to-try-new-foods in childcare settings without parental presence, thereby assessing independence from context and parental influence. The sample included parent-child dyads (n = 436) recruited from 51 childcare centres across 10 counties. Parent-reported feeding practices, children's observed willingness-to-try-new-foods and children's height and weight were measured using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ), a food tasting activity and standardized anthropometric protocols, respectively. Logistic and linear regression models assessed associations between parent-reported feeding practices and children's observed willingness-to-try-new-foods, as well as body mass index z-score (BMIz), respectively. All models adjusted for potential confounders, including clustering within childcare centres. Children's observed willingness-to-try-new-foods was positively associated with parent-reported restriction for weight control, suggesting independence from context. A child-driven interpretation suggests parental perceptions of children's high food responsivity or concerns about excess weight gain and a parent-driven interpretation suggests that children exhibit higher willingness-to-try-new-foods in response to parental weight-related restriction. Children's observed willingness-to-try-new-foods was not related to other parent-reported feeding practices. Child BMIz was positively associated with parent-reported restriction for weight and health and negatively associated with pressuring and giving children control over food intake. Future research is needed to determine factors associated with child and parent-driven interpretations of feeding practices and effective strategies to promote responsive parent feeding practices.

Thickness of Subcutaneous Fat as a Proxy for BMI in Non-ambulatory Patients With Neuromuscular Scoliosis Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion

Background: Posterior spinal fusion in neuromuscular scoliosis patients carries a significant risk of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI). Body mass index has been associated with increased risk of surgical site infections, but it is difficult to obtain an accurate height of non-ambulatory children with severe neuromuscular scoliosis. Subcutaneous fat thickness has been associated with increased rates of surgical site infections in other surgeries; however, current literature has not elucidated a relationship between subcutaneous fat thickness and surgical site infections in this patient population. Methods: A retrospective chart review analyzed non-ambulatory patients with neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent posterior spinal fusion. Patients were stratified into 3 groups (underweight, normal weight, and overweight/obese) based on BMI-for-age percentiles. Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured in both the sagittal and coronal planes at 24 landmarks. Comparisons of categorical data were analyzed using χ2 tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to isolate independent factors associated with surgical site infections. Results: A total of 109 patients were analyzed. Thirty-four patients were underweight, 55 patients were normal weight, and 20 were overweight/obese. Twelve patients developed surgical site infections, with only 1 of them requiring an unplanned return to the operating room. Patients in the overweight/obese category had an increased risk of surgical site infection when compared with those in the normal weight and underweight categories (P=0.027). Of the 24 measurements taken, subcutaneous fat thickness to total distance from skin ratios at L2 spinous process (P=0.031), L3 spinous process (P=0.42), and averages of L2, L3, and L4 ratios (P=0.028) were all found to be associated with increased risk of surgical site infection. Conclusion: In this study population of patients with neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent posterior spinal fusion, increased BMI was associated with increased risk of SSI. Furthermore, 3 radiographic measurements of subcutaneous fat thickness associated with a higher risk of surgical site infections were identified. This knowledge could contribute to devising preoperative strategies to mitigate surgical risk and postoperative complications. Level of Evidence: Level III—a retrospective study

Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Vosoritide in Children with Achondroplasia: French Early Access Program.

Vosoritide is the first approved treatment for achondroplasia, a rare genetic disorder that results in disproportionate short stature. In clinical trials, vosoritide has shown a positive safety profile and increased height in children with achondroplasia. This paper shares the organizational structure, initiation, follow-up protocol, and findings of a vosoritide early access program (EAP) conducted in France. Participants aged ≥5 years with achondroplasia and open epiphyses were eligible for enrollment in the EAP, conducted by six centers within the French national rare disease reference center for constitutional bone diseases network, from 24 June 2021 to 13 December 2022. Treatment consisted of once daily subcutaneous vosoritide 15 μg/kg. Safety and effectiveness (height, height Z-score, annualized growth velocity [AGV]) data over a 12-month follow-up period were collected. Among 62 enrolled participants, 57 started treatment with vosoritide within the EAP period with 38 completing at least 6 months and 22 at least 12 months of treatment. After 12 months of treatment, participants achieved a mean AGV of 6.0 cm/year, absolute gain in height of 6.2 cm, and increase in height Z-score referenced to the average stature population of 0.38. All adverse events were mild (mainly injection site reactions) and there were no discontinuations related to vosoritide treatment. In this first use of vosoritide in a real-world setting, vosoritide had a positive benefit-risk ratio similar to that observed in vosoritide clinical trials. The French EAP provides a model that may be adapted and adopted for use in other countries.

Associations Between Coparenting Quality, the Home Food Environment, and Child's Body Mass Index.

Background: Although positive coparenting, or how parents relate during childrearing, is known to support children's socioemotional development, the role of coparenting in supporting children's healthy eating and growth is poorly understood. This study examined associations between coparenting quality, the home food environment, and young children's body mass index (BMI). Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 290 mothers and their 3-year-old children who participated in the Sprout study. Mothers who indicated they had a coparent in their household completed surveys to assess coparenting quality, food parenting practices, family mealtime routines and structure, and home food availability. Mothers also reported the foods served at two typical meals, and a healthy meal index (HMI) score was calculated to assess the nutritional quality of meals. Children's height and weight were measured and used to calculate BMI z-scores (BMIz). Results: Mothers who reported more positive coparenting also reported providing children more guidance for healthy eating (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), less use of food to control children's emotions (β = -0.15, p < 0.01), less use of food as a reward (β = -0.27, p < 0.01), more structured mealtimes (β = 0.22, p < 0.001), and more household availability of fruits and vegetables (β = 0.11, p < 0.01). Mothers who reported greater coparent agreement on childrearing also had children with lower BMIz (β = -0.11, p = 0.03). Mothers who reported greater endorsement of their partner's childrearing competency had a higher mean HMI score (β = 1.82, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Among dual-parent, highly resourced families with young children, stronger coparenting practices were associated with several food-related parenting practices that support healthy eating and weight among young children.

Feasibility of engaging parents attending an adult weight management programme with child weight management support: a mixed methods study

ObjectiveTo explore whether parents’ attendance at a commercial adult weight management programme (WMP) offers an opportunity to identify and signpost families to child weight management support, if appropriate to a...

Perspective: Can Growth Monitoring and Promotion Accurately Diagnose or Screen for Inadequate Growth of Individual Children? ACritical Review of the Epidemiologic Foundations.

Growth monitoring and promotion (GMP), the process of periodic anthropometric measurements to assess the adequacy of individual child growth, is implemented across low-income and middle-income countries. The epidemiologic foundations of GMP (i.e., that GMP can accurately diagnose or screen for inadequate growth) have never been critically reviewed. We first assessed growth patterns of individual healthy children. Using longitudinal data from low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries, we evaluated whether commonly used GMP criteria can be used for diagnosis and screening; i.e., whether they accurately identify current, or predict subsequent, inadequate growth in individual children. The growth of individual healthy children does not track along a specific growth curve, which challenges the notion that growth measurements alone can be used to distinguish between healthy and inadequate growth. We demonstrated that GMP criteria do not provide meaningful diagnostic information and that GMP is not a meaningful screening activity: commonly used GMP criteria are inaccurate predictors of (inadequate) growth later in childhood, and collecting individual children's weight and height does not help to identify who needs support or who will benefit. Our results do not undermine the importance of dedicated programs to diagnose wasting in individual children nor do they challenge the need for well-child care to support parents and to ensure children's optimal nutrition, health, and development. Our findings, however, highlight the need to carefully reconsider the current design of GMP in low-income and middle-income countries.

Factors of Acute Malnutrition among Under Five Years Children in Northern Bangladesh

Background: The developmental, medical, economic and social impacts of acute malnutrition in children are serious and long lasting for individuals, families, communities and countries. Malnutrition in childhood damages a child’s both physical and cognitive development and this damage is largely irreversible. These ultimately perpetuate illness, poverty and inequality. Childhood acute malnutrition is multifactorial in origin and majority of them are preventable. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors of acute malnutrition among under five years children in northern Bangladesh. Methods: This case-control study was carried out in Chapainawabganj general hospitals, Chapainawabganj. Total 180 children aged 6-59 months (90 cases-WHZ &lt; -2 and 90 control-WHZ ≥ -2) were included for this study based on selection criteria. Informed written consent was taken from the guardians of all children. Data were recorded by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Height and weight of children and their parents were measured by measuring tape and weight machine. BMI of children and parents, and weight-for-height Z scores of children were calculated. Collected data were analyzed by the SPSS 23. Chi-squared (ꭓ2) test and unpaired t-test were performed to compare the frequencies and means between the groups. Results: The mean age of the acute malnourished children was 25.84±15.09 months with slight male predominance (male female ratio 1.14:1). The mean weight for height Z score of the cases was -2.93±0.41. Monthly family income &lt;10000 BDT, younger mother (age ≤20 years), younger father (age ≤20 years), less educated mother (Illiterate or upto primary), less educated father (Illiterate or up to primary), undernourished mother (BMI &lt;18.50 kg/m2) and predominant breast feeding stop before 4 months had found to be significantly associated with acute malnourishment (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Acute malnutrition was found to be significantly associated with low monthly family income, younger mother and father, less educated mother and father, undernourished mother and early stop of predominant breast feeding. EWMCJ Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2025: 35-42

Study on the association between different feeding methods during the first six months after birth and physical growth of children aged 3 to 5 years based on the Taicang and Wuqiang mother-child cohort study in China

Objective: To explore the association between different feeding methods during the first six months after birth and the physical growth of children aged 3 to 5 years. Methods: Data were from the "Taicang and Wuqiang mother-child cohort study"(TAWS) in China. Children were enrolled at birth between November 2016 and September 2020 and followed up at 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months, as well as at ages 3 to 5 years. Based on feeding methods within six months of age, children were categorized into an "exclusive breastfeeding group" and a "formula-feeding group". Birth-related information and feeding practices between 8 and 24 months were collected, alongside dietary habits, physical activity, and illness during preschool years. Height and weight of preschool children were measured to calculate height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), body mass index-for-age Z-score (BAZ), and the rates of stunting, underweight, wasting, overweight, and obesity. After adjusting for demographic factors, birth-related information, feeding practices between 8 to 24 months, preschool dietary habits, physical activity, and health status, multiple linear regression and logistic regression were adopted to analyze the influence of feeding methods within six months of age on the physical growth of children aged 3 to 5 years. Results: A total of 1 233 children were included, comprising 629 boys and 604 girls. The number of children aged 3, 4, and 5 years was 436, 406, and 391, respectively. About 754 children were categorized into the exclusive breastfeeding group and 479 into the formula-feeding group. Children who were introduced to formula milk within six months of age had higher HAZ (0.09±0.99), WAZ (0.24±1.07) and BAZ (0.26±1.11) scores at ages 3 to 5 compared to the exclusive breastfeeding group [HAZ, WAZ, and BAZ were (-0.04±0.92), (0.06±1.02) and (0.11±1.08), respectively]. After adjusting for confounding factors, multiple linear regression analysis showed that the β (95%CI) values for HAZ, WAZ and BAZ in the formula-feeding group were 0.16 (0.06-0.25), 0.17 (0.06-0.29) and 0.15 (0.02-0.27), respectively, compared to the exclusive breastfeeding group. After adjusting for confounding factors, the results of the multivariate logistic regression model indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the risks of stunting, underweight, wasting, overweight, and obesity during the preschool years between the exclusive breastfeeding group and the formula-feeding group, with OR (95%CI) values of 1.04 (0.41-2.62), 0.99 (0.27-3.57), 1.63 (0.53-4.95), 1.08 (0.66-1.74), and 1.58 (0.70-3.60), respectively. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding within six months of age does not increase the risk of undernutrition (including stunting, underweight or wasting) during preschool years. However, the introduction of formula feeding within six months of age significantly increases the physical growth level of the preschool stage.

Growth Hormone Treatment Response: Associated Factors and Stimulated Growth Hormone Secretion Indices in Prepubertal Children with Idiopathic GH Deficiency.

This study aimed to examine the correlation between the growth response in prepubertal children with idiopathic growth hormone (GH) deficiency after 1 year of treatment with GH to the initial clinical and biochemical parameters. Additionally, the secretion dynamics of GH was also studied by analyzing the GH stimulation test profiles in relation to the GH treatment response. This retrospective study included 84 prepubertal children (47 males and 37 females) with a definitive diagnosis of GH deficiency. The GH secretory indexes GHmax, GH secretion rate, and GH secretion volume were analyzed in relation to the response to recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment as defined by the index of responsiveness (IoR). Correlation and regression models were used to identify the best clinical and biochemical predictors to rhGH treatment. ResultsIoR was negatively correlated with the age (r=-0.607, p<0.01) and positively with the distance of child's height from its midparental height (MPH) r=0.466 (p<0.01) and pretreatment growth velocity (r=0.247, p<0.05). GH secretory indexes were correlated, and the highest association was observed between GHmax and GH secretion volume (r=0.883, p<0.01). Among the GH secretory indexes, GHmax was the best predictor of IoR (β coef. = -0.514, p<0.001) followed by the GH secretion volume (β coef. = -0.47, p<0.001) and GH secretion rate (β coef. = -0.367 p<0.001). The age and the distance of child's height from its MPH are major predictors of GH treatment response in children with idiopathic GH deficiency. The calculation of the other GH secretory indexes GHSR and GHSV are not better predictors of response to GH than GHmax. The combination of clinical and biochemical indexes may improve the pretreatment assessment of response to rhGH treatment.

Long-Term Time in Target Range for Systolic Blood Pressure Since Childhood and Midlife Arterial Stiffness.

Elevated blood pressure (BP) in childhood is associated with adult hypertension and arterial stiffness. However, the effect of long-term time in target range (TTR) for BP since childhood on the risk of arterial stiffness in midlife remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the independent association of TTR for systolic blood pressure (SBP) from childhood to midlife with arterial stiffness in adulthood. This study used data from the ongoing cohort of the Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Study. SBP-TTR was assessed over 36 years, with the target ranges of SBP defined as the 90th to 95th percentile of SBP for age, sex, and height in childhood, and 110 to 130mmHg in adulthood. Arterial stiffness was defined as brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity >1,400cm/s. Of the total 1,959 participants, 55.5% (1,088 of 1,959) were men, and the mean age was 49 years. The risk of arterial stiffness exhibited a gradual decrease with increasing SBP-TTR over the 36-year follow-up. Compared with the participants in the lowest quartile of SBP-TTR from childhood to midlife, those in the highest quartile showed significantly reduced arterial stiffness risk in midlife. This association persisted even after adjusting for mean SBP and SBP variability. Furthermore, men in the highest quartile of SBP-TTR demonstrated a markedly lower arterial stiffness risk than those in the lowest quartile, whereas this effect was not observed in women. Higher long-term SBP-TTR from childhood to midlife is associated with a reduced risk of arterial stiffness in midlife, regardless of the mean SBP or SBP variability.

Using Multiple Anthropomorphic Measures to Estimate Height in Muscular Dystrophies and Its Impact on Lung Function.

An accurate height estimate is important for assessing pulmonary function, and body mass index. If a patient cannot stand, an accurate standing height cannot be directly measured. Knee-heel length, arm span, ulnar length, and tibial length have been studied in otherwise healthy populations as single measurements for height estimation. To determine the relation of ulnar length, tibial length, arm span, and knee-heel length to standing height in children with neuromuscular diseases. Children and adolescents with neuromuscular diseases were recruited for participation. Knee-heel length, ulnar length, tibial length, arm span, and standing height (in those who could stand) were measured. Height estimation models were built using multivariate regression with backward elimination with criteria to eliminate as p > 0.20. Our results were compared to other published height estimation models. We enrolled 28 children with a neuromuscular diagnosis who were able to stand. Models for standing height that combined arm span, ulnar length, and tibia length provided the best estimates, yielding an adjusted R square of 0.95 and a mean difference from measured height of 2.7 cm for a 5% difference in predicted forced vital capacity (FVC). Other models yielded a 5-7 cm difference between estimated and standing height for an 8.5%-12% difference in predicted FVC. We enrolled 30 children not able to stand. The mean ratios of anthropomorphic measures were similar in those who could not stand compared to those who could stand. A model combining three measurements of arm span, ulnar length, and tibial length together provided the best height estimation for patients with neuromuscular disease. Final height estimation model: (arm span [cm] × 0.457) + (ulnar length [cm] × 1.292) + (tibial length [cm] × 0.902) + 17.745 = Standing Height.

Reference growth charts for height and weight, for the UAE, the UAEMCGS 2 study

Background Growth charts are the most commonly used tool for evaluating the development and nutrition of children. The UAE had its first chart produced 30 years ago. Aim The goal of the present study was to derive updated growth charts based on the current UAE child population. A national cross-sectional study involving children in all the seven Emirates that comprise the UAE was undertaken (UAEMCGS 2 study- the United Arab Emirates Multi-Centre Growth Study 2). Subjects and methods Anthropometric measurements (height/length and weight) were made on 20,998 children of both sexes from birth to 18 years of age. Growth charts were constructed using the LMS method and are presented. Results On comparing the 1992 and the 2021 UAE growth charts it was found that there was a significant increase in the height of Emirati children at ages 4 and 5 years in 2021. Conclusion The children’s heights and weights in this study were generally larger than those of the UAE children measured in 1992, and the countries in the WHO study, but were generally smaller than those of USA children as seen from the CDC charts.

Effectiveness of Implementing the Stunting Prevention Program in East Sambirejo Village, Percut Sei Tuan District

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children under five whose height is much shorter than the height of children their age due to malnutrition. Stunting prevention is one of the areas of focus in health development because growth at an early age is an important thing to pay attention to. Because one of the causes of stunting can arise from environmental factors, as well as from the food consumed, whether looking at the source of nutrition or vitamins. The success of the Stunting Prevention Program can be seen if the program's effectiveness refers to measures of program effectiveness. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementing the stunting prevention program in Sambirejo Timur Village, Percut Sei Tuan District. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The subjects in this study were 5 people consisting of the Head of East Sambirejo Village, Village Midwife, Posyandu Cadre, Pregnant Women, Mothers with babies. Data collection uses observation, interview and documentation techniques. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Data validity uses source triangulation and technique triangulation. The research results show that the effectiveness of the implementation of the stunting prevention program in the village of East Sambirejo has been said to be effective. This is shown by several programs that have run as expected. The final results of this research conclude that the implementation of the Stunting Prevention Program in East Sambirejo Village, Percut Sei Tuan District has been implemented in accordance with measures of program effectiveness effectively, but is still not optimal. This can be seen from several things, namely in the implementation of socialization there are still people who do not participate in the socialization so there is a lack of human resources who understand the program being implemented.

Utilization Menu Based on Food Local with Literacy Digital Against Handling Stunting

&lt;div&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="left" valign="top"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Stunting is a condition of growth failure in toddlers that has lifelong impacts on their health, human resources, and economic growth. The results of the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI) show that the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia decreased from 24.4% in 2021 to 21.6% in 2022 . The target prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is 14% by 2024. The incidence of stunting in North Tapanuli is already chronic, with the prevalence of stunting increasing from 26.7% in 2021 to 27.4% in 2022. The selection of animal protein from local food sources with digital literacy is expected to accelerate the reduction of stunting. This study aims to analyze the effect of using a local food-based menu and applying digital literacy to increase the height of stunted children. This type of research is a quasi-experimental study using pre- and post-tests with a control group design in July-September in North Tapanuli Regency to compare the increase in height gain with local food. The sample consisted of 34 stunted children aged 12-60 months. Height measurements were taken every month after three months of intervention. Data were analyzed using a T-test with a 95% confidence level. This study showed that local food-based menus with digital literacy could increase the height of children aged 12-60 months p-value: was 0.014 &amp;lt;0.05. In the control group (without receiving local food-based menu intervention with digital literacy), there was no effect on increasing height p-value 0.125&amp;gt;0.05. The application of a local food-based menu with the use of digital literacy has an effect in increasing the height of children who are stunted, digital literacy can help parents access information, and educate families, through applications and social media so that this research is important, useful to introduce a new approach in handling stunting, namely combining local food with digital literacy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keyword: Utilization of Local Food, Digital Literacy, Handling Stunting&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

Impact of caregiver nutrition knowledge and status on stunting in children aged 12-59 months at Urangagung health center 2, Sidoarjo district

Stunting remains a critical global health issue affecting children, with Indonesia reporting high prevalence rates in 2022, particularly in Sidoarjo district. This study investigates the impact of caregiver nutrition knowledge and status on stunting among toddlers aged 12-59 months in the Urangagung 2 Health Center area, Sidoarjo District. . The study involved 100 children aged 12-59 months, with the majority of caregivers being the children’s biological parents (78%). Cross-sectional, quantitative observational research methodology is employed. Both direct child height measurement and structured questionnaires were used in the data collection process. The univariate and bivariate analyses of the data were performed, and the chi-square test was used to ascertain the association between the incidence of stunting and caregiver status and nutritional awareness. The findings showed a strong correlation between children's risks of stunting and their non-parental caregiver status and inadequate nutritional understanding. Stunting prevention in the area depends heavily on initiatives to increase caregiver empowerment and nutritional awareness.