Height Gauge Research Articles

Influence of Chain Filing, Tree Species and Chain Type on Cross Cutting Efficiency and Health Risk

As one of the major parts of the chainsaw, the cutting chain has an important impact on productivity and health risk in motor-manual harvesting. The efficiency of cross cutting and quantity of sawdust produced in relation to different cutting chain settings, chain producers and wood species has been measured. The trial was set up to include two tree species (fir and beech) and saw chains from two different producers. The chains were filed at three different top plate filing angles and depth height gauges. All factors were significant in terms of cutting efficiency and wood dust production. The top plate angle recommended by producers proved to be the most efficient, with the smallest quantity of inhalable wood dust. Cutting chain settings can be adapted to the specific requirements of the user; however, safe working practices should be followed. Significant differences between chain producers mean that users should conduct rational decision making when choosing a saw chain.

Silver and molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles synthesized in situ in dimethylformamide as dielectric for micro-electro discharge machining

The research focuses on the applicability of silver (Ag) and molybdenum disulfide (MOS2) nanoparticle synthesized in situ in dimethylformamide solution as dielectric material for micro-electro discharge machining. Ag nanoparticles (~120 nm size) and MOS2 nanoparticles (~20 nm size) were synthesized in dimethylformamide solution using a combination of nanoparticle solution synthesis routes. A setup for micro-electro discharge machining was developed in-house with an arrangement to generate spark at varying voltages. The setup was integrated with a precise linear height gauge to measure the spark gap during the experiments where Ag and MOS2 nanoparticles in dimethylformamide solution served as dielectric. The debris was collected and was characterized for each of the experiments. The feature size of the crater generated during the micro-electro discharge machining was also studied. The experiments were repeated with silver and MOS2 nanoparticle powder mixed with dimethylformamide as dielectric. It was observed that in situ prepared nanoparticles in dimethylformamide offered much better machining performance in terms of process stability, crater size and material removal rates. On use of in situ synthesized nanoparticle dielectric, the material removal rate increased by nearly two to three times whereas the spark gap increased by about two times.

CAWRES: A Waveform Retracking Fuzzy Expert System for Optimizing Coastal Sea Levels from Jason-1 and Jason-2 Satellite Altimetry Data

This paper presents the Coastal Altimetry Waveform Retracking Expert System (CAWRES), a novel method to optimise the Jason satellite altimetric sea levels from multiple retracking solutions. CAWRES’ aim is to achieve the highest possible accuracy of coastal sea levels, thus bringing measurement of radar altimetry data closer to the coast. The principles of CAWRES are twofold. The first is to reprocess altimeter waveforms using the optimal retracker, which is sought based on the analysis from a fuzzy expert system. The second is to minimise the relative offset in the retrieved sea levels caused by switching from one retracker to another using a neural network. The innovative system is validated against geoid height and tide gauges in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia for Jason-1 and Jason-2 satellite missions. The regional investigations have demonstrated that the CAWRES can effectively enhance the quality of 20 Hz sea level data and recover up to 16% more data than the standard MLE4 retracker over the tested region. Comparison against tide gauge indicates that the CAWRES sea levels are more reliable than those of Sensor Geophysical Data Records (SGDR) products, because the former has a higher (≥0.77) temporal correlation and smaller (≤19 cm) root mean square errors. The results demonstrate that the CAWRES can be applied to coastal regions elsewhere as well as other satellite altimeter missions.

Measurement of the Height of Nanorelief Elements by the Method of Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in a Scanning Electron Microscope

Comparative measurements of the height of the nanorelief steps of the surface of a silicon wafer by methods of three-dimensional reconstruction using a scanning electron microscope and profilometry were carried out. To realize the method of three-dimensional reconstruction, an islet gold film is formed on the surface of the test sample. The AlphaStep D-600 profiler is calibrated with a KTS-4500 QS step height gauge. The coincidence of the results of measurements with the methods of three-dimensional reconstruction and profilometry is established. The possibilities of reducing the uncertainty of the measurement results by the method of three-dimensional reconstruction were analyzed.

EFFECT OF ONE CIRCULAR RESISTANCE SESSION ON PLASMA MYOGENIN AND MYOSTATIN OF YOUNG FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of one circular resistance training session on circular surface and plasma myostatin of young female volleyball players. This article was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this study included club female volleyball players of Zahedan city. In this study, a sample size of 24 was used, who were divided into two groups of 12. Age of subjects was between 23.9 and 24.5. Sampling was done using purposive sampling method from among qualified subjects. Measurement tools included a demographic questionnaire and consent form, digital scales, height gauge, stopwatch, syringes and blood samplers, free weights and training machine weights, laboratory kits, freezers and centrifuges, and microplate reader. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistics were used, including mean and standard deviation and for comparison between pre-test and post-test variables, paired t-test (dependent t) were used and independent t-test was used to compare the mean differences between the studied groups. All analysis operations were done at the significance level of p ≥ 0.05 and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. In this study, the following results were obtained: (1) a circular resistance training session had significant effect on increasing plasma concentrations in female volleyball players. 2. A circular resistance training session had no significant effect on plasma myostatin concentration in female volleyball players. The results showed for the first time that circular resistance training is a strong stimulus to increase plasma myogenin. So, this kind of activity can be a stimulus for muscle hypertrophy. Article visualizations:

Transient evolution of the target erosion profile during magnetron sputtering: Dependence on gas pressure and magnetic configuration

The growth of the target erosion profile (racetrack) in DC magnetron sputtering has been experimentally studied at a modest target power. Unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBMS) and balanced magnetron sputtering (BMS) of a copper target were conducted at Ar gas pressures between 0.38–2.0Pa at a constant DC discharge power of 100W. At time intervals of several hours throughout the target life, the target was removed from the chamber, and its erosion profile was measured with a height gauge. The racetrack width was found to have an interesting pressure dependence. Higher argon gas pressure resulted in a wider initial track width in both the UBMS and BMS configurations. As the sputter erosion of the target proceeded, the track width became narrower at higher gas pressures (≥1.0Pa). At lower gas pressures, the track width was mostly unchanged and even showed a slight increase in the case of 0.38Pa in UBMS. As a result, the order of the final width was reversed: the higher gas pressure resulted in a narrower track width. The origin of this behavior was ascribed to the difference in the plasma sheath thickness and the free path of secondary electrons.

Forces between permanent magnets: experiments and model

This work describes a very simple, low-cost experimental setup designed for measuring the force between permanent magnets. The experiment consists of placing one of the magnets on a balance, attaching the other magnet to a vertical height gauge, aligning carefully both magnets and measuring the load on the balance as a function of the gauge reading. A theoretical model is proposed to compute the force, assuming uniform magnetisation and based on laws and techniques accessible to undergraduate students. A comparison between the model and the experimental results is made, and good agreement is found at all distances investigated. In particular, it is also found that the force behaves as r−4 at large distances, as expected.

Reliability of clinical crown center to predict marginal ridge leveling.

To evaluate the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the vertical compensation necessary to level the clinical crown centers and that required to level the marginal ridges. Initial dental casts selected from 200 patients that met the selection criteria were included. The vertical position of the clinical crown center (VPCC) and marginal ridge (VPMR) of posterior teeth were measured in both arches using a digital height gauge with 0.01mm precision. The vertical discrepancy between the clinical crown centers (VDCC) and marginal ridges (VDMR) of adjacent posterior teeth were calculated and compared. The significance level was set at P < .05. In general, vertical discrepancies between VDCC and VDMR were statistically significant (P < .05). Clinically significant differences were observed between the maxillary second premolar and first molar and between the mandibular molars. The VPCC was significantly and positively correlated with patient age. Differences between VDCC and VDMR showed that the VPCC may not be an accurate predictor of marginal ridge leveling because the vertical compensation necessary to level the VPCCs is not similar to that required to level the marginal ridges, requiring caution in its utilization, mainly in teenagers.

PENGUKUR TINGGI BADAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR ULTRASONIK BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ATMEGA328 DENGAN OUTPUT SUARA

Measurement is important in the world of science. On these readings on the scale height measuring instrument manual that humans do have a level of accuracy and precision are less so frequent occurrence of human error. Then the required height gauges that can work automatically, perform the measurement process, read the measurement results, as well as notify the measurement results with the ATmega328 microcontroller-based voice output. Digital Height Measuring Circuit uses ultrasonic sensors are used to detect objects around sensor.Jika ultrasonic waves bounce back to the receiver, means there is an object in the vicinity of the sensor. The microcontroller will calculate the time it takes to receive ultrasonic waves and determine the distance between the sensor with the floor. Digital height gauge be important in minimizing human error that often occurs at the time of measurement manually. So as to improve efficiency in measuring height

SISTEM PENGUKUR TINGGI DAN BERAT BADAN UNTUK POSYANDU MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLER ATmega8535

Height and weight gauge on posyandu ussually doing at the time of immunization healt checking. But the tools are used still it manually and separately, accuracy is also one of the problem in terms of the measurement. Then for fix the issue should be made a system for measuring height and weight are computerized. This system can be build by harness Microcontroller ATmega8535 as a system controller. Ultrasonic PING sensor as a toddler height gauge. Strain gauge sensors as a toddler weight gauge. To convert the analog signal into digital using IC ADC 0804, LCD and 16x2 as its output

焊接检验尺的设计原理和改进方案

本文介绍了焊接检验尺的基本设计原理和测量原理，针对设计原理提出焊缝高度尺、咬边深度尺和多用尺的不足，并针对这些不足提出了相应的改进方案。 This paper studies the design principle of the welding measurement ruler, and we discuss the measuring principles of undercut depth indicator, weld height gauge and multi-purpose ruler. At last, there are some advices given to improve the welding measurement ruler, with which the ruler would become much more accurate than before.

ALAT PENGHITUNG BERAT BADAN MANUSIA DENGAN STANDART BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR LOAD CELL BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560 R3

Dewantara, Priyo Sasmoko, in this paper explain that a measuring instrument is a tool used by humans to help determine parameters such as height and weight. Most height and weight gauges used today still use simple and still conventional equipment. In addition, if manually, there are still frequent measurement errors that come from the measuring instrument itself or from the human. This happens because of inaccuracies in reading measuring instruments that lack precision or perhaps from the human factor itself. The purpose of this study was to create a digital height and weight automation system accompanied by displaying its ideal weight based on height. This system is built using Arduino as a system controller. The ultrasonic sensor is used as a measure of height. Load cell is used as a measure of weight. And a 20x4 LCD to display the output. From testing and analyzing the results of measurements of height according to the actual height, the results of measurements of weight have an error percentage of 0.53% - 2.77%. The system determines the ideal or not body weight based on BMI. Keywords: 20x4 LCD, Load Cell Sensor, Arduino.ReferencesFogaswara, Eka. 2013. Prinsip Dasar Kelistrikan dan konversi energy untuk SMK/MAK. Bandung: CV ARMICO.Massimo dkk, Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560. 28 Juli 2015. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Ma in/ArduinoBoardMega2560. Diakses pada 28 Juli 2015.Anonim. Sensor. 5 September 2015. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/sensor. Diakses pada 5 September 2015Anonim. HX711 Weight Scale ADC Modul. 6 September 2015. http://www.vcc2gnd.com/Diakses pada 6 September 2015Arifai, Samsul. Dkk, 2014, Rangkain Catu Daya. http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.e du.documents/ Diakses pada 24 Agustus 2015Malvino, Prinsip-prinsip Elektronika, Buku satu, Salemba Teknika, hal 66Anonim. Catu daya. 6 September 2015. http://profil.widodoonline.com /Elektronika/komponen/praktik um/teori-dasar-catu-daya.html

Numerical Simulation and Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Predicting Welding-Induced Distortion in Butt-Welded 304L Stainless Steel Plates

In the present study, artificial neural network modeling has been employed for predicting welding-induced angular distortions in autogenous butt-welded 304L stainless steel plates. The input data for the neural network have been obtained from a series of three-dimensional finite element simulations of TIG welding for a wide range of plate dimensions. Thermo-elasto-plastic analysis was carried out for 304L stainless steel plates during autogenous TIG welding employing double ellipsoidal heat source. The simulated thermal cycles were validated by measuring thermal cycles using thermocouples at predetermined positions, and the simulated distortion values were validated by measuring distortion using vertical height gauge for three cases. There was a good agreement between the model predictions and the measured values. Then, a multilayer feed-forward back propagation neural network has been developed using the numerically simulated data. Artificial neural network model developed in the present study predicted the angular distortion accurately.

Simulation of laser butt welding of AISI 316L stainless steel sheet using various heat sources and experimental validation

The thermo-elasto-plastic analysis of type 316L stainless steel sheets during pulsed Nd-YAG Laser-beam welding was carried out using three different heat sources employing SYSWELD. The three heat sources employed were 3D conical, 3D conical with double ellipsoidal and 3D conical with cylindrical shell. The simulated thermal cycles, residual stresses and distortion were validated by experiments. The simulated thermal cycles were validated by thermal cycles measured using thermocouples at pre-defined positions. The simulated residual stress profiles were validated by residual stress profiles measured using ultrasonic technique (UT). The simulated distortion values were validated by distortion measured using vertical height gauge. There was good agreement between the model predictions and experimental measurements. It was found that the model using 3D conical with cylindrical shell heat source predicted the thermal cycles, residual stresses and distortion more accurately compared to that of the other heat sources.

Experimental and finite element analysis of residual stress and distortion in GTA welding of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel

In this paper, investigation of residual stress and distortion induced in 3 mm thick Modified 9Cr-1Mo steel plates during GTA welding is carried out. SYSWELD software is used for the thermo-mechanical analysis. A 3D meshed model is created for the simulation and double ellipsoidal heat source distribution is used for the thermal analysis. Thermal cycles predicted near the fusion zone are compared with experimentally measured thermal cycles using thermocouples. Predicted residual stress profile across the fusion zone is compared with the measured profile using X-ray diffraction method. There is a good agreement between measured and predicted thermal cycles and residual stress profile. Distortion of the weld joint is measured using vertical electronic height gauge. Finite element analysis of distortion of the weld joint is carried out by applying both large and small distortion theories. Comparison of experimental and numerical results showed better accuracy if large distortion theory is applied.

Effect of welding processes on the residual stress and distortion in type 316LN stainless steel weld joints

The effect of welding processes on the microstructure, residual stresses and distortion in 16mm thick 316LN stainless steel weld joints made by TIG and A-TIG (activated flux tungsten inert gas) welding processes involving different joint configurations have been studied. The joint configurations employed were double V-groove edge preparation for double side TIG welding, square-butt preparation for double side ATIG welding and Y groove preparation for weld joint made by both TIG and ATIG welding processes. All the weld joints passed radiographic examination. Microstructural characterization was carried out using optical microscope. Residual stresses were determined using ultrasonic technique employing LCR waves, and distortion measurements were carried out using height gauge. The three weld joints exhibited different microstructures, peak tensile residual stress values and distortion. The weld joint fabricated by double side A-TIG welding exhibited the lowest peak tensile residual stress value and also minimum distortion.

Global calibration and equation reconstruction methods of a three dimensional curve generated from a laser plane in vision measurement.

We demonstrate a global calibration method for the laser plane using a 3D calibration board to generate the two horizontal coordinates and a height gauge to generate the height coordinate of the point in the laser plane. A sigmoid-Gaussian function for the candidate centers is employed to normalize the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix to prevent centers missing or muti-centers. Then camera calibration and laser plane calibration are accomplished at the same time. Finally the reconstructed 3D points are transformed to the horizontal plane by the forward process that involves one translation and two rotations. The parametric equation of the 3D curve is reconstructed by the inverse process that performs on the 2D fitting curve.

Finite Element Modeling of TIG Welding of Aisi 304l Stainless Steel and Experimental Validation

In this research work, thermo-elasto-plastic analysis using finite element modeling (FEM) was carried out to study the thermo mechanical behavior of AISI 304L stainless steel plate of 3 mm thick during the autogenous tungsten inert gas welding. Sysweld software has been employed for simulating the temperature distribution, residual stresses and distortion. Physical and mechanical properties of 304 L stainless steel required for simulation were obtained from the literature. Bead-on-plate experiment was carried out at 140 A and 120 mm/min for obtaining weld bead dimensions which are required for heat source fitting in the simulation. Heat source parameters in the simulation were frozen when the bead profile obtained in the simulation matched with the actual bead profile. Then thermal cycles were simulated with the frozen heat source parameters. The thermal cycles and the peak temperatures predicted by the model were compared with that of the experimentally measured values. There was good agreement between the predicted and measured values. The experimentally validated thermal model was further used for simulating residual stresses and distortion. The calculated residual stress profile was validated using experimentally measured residual stress profiles using an Ultrasonic technique. There was good agreement between the predicted and measured residual stress profiles. The simulated distortion values were compared with measured distortion values using height gauge. There was good agreement between the simulated and measured distortion values. The Finite Element model developed for simulating the TIG welding of 304 L stainless steel predicted the thermal cycles, residual stresses and distortion with minimum error.

Numerical Simulation of Pulsed Nd-YAG Laser Butt Welding of AISI 304L Stainless Steel Sheet and Experimental Validation

The objective of this work is to carry out thermo-elasto-plastic analysis of pulsed Nd-YAG laser-beam butt welding of 304L Stainless Steel sheets using Finite Element Modelling. Thermo-mechanical analysis was done by using commercial Finite Element software SYSWELD. Thermal analysis provided thermal cycles and weld bead geometry. Then using thermo-mechanical analysis, residual stresses and distortion values were estimated. In order to validate the model predictions, a single pass autogenous welding with pulsed laser beam was performed on 304L stainless steel sheets. Thermocouples were used to record temperatures at different places close to the fusion line. Vertical displacements after welding were measured using Vertical height gauge equipment. The longitudinal residual stress after welding was measured using an ultrasonic technique. Metallography was employed to view the cross sections of the weld bead. The Finite Element Analysis results were then compared with experimental results. Thermal cycles, distortion and residual stresses obtained in FEA and experiments were found to be in good agreement.

The Effect of Pressure on Warpage of Dumbbell Plastic Part in Injection Moulding Machine

The optimization of processing parameters on warpage of polypropylene (PP) in the application of injection moulding machine was studied. The appropriate parameters were adjusted to reduce the warpage defect on the tensile test specimen of dumbbell. The type of injection moulding machine used in this research is Arburg 420C 800-250C. Four parameters that have been investigated; injection pressure, clamping pressure, back pressure and holding pressure. A concept of design of experiment (DOE) has been applied using Taguchi method to determine the suitable parameters. To measure the warpage of the dumbbell, digital height gauge was used to measure the flatness of the part surface. According the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most significant factor that effect the warpage was holding pressure by 57.82%, followed with back pressure by 25.75%, clamping pressure by 16.27% and injection pressure by 0.16%. It is found that the optimum parameters setting that have been obtained were injection pressure at 950 bar, clamping pressure at 600 kN, holding pressure at 700 bar and back pressure at 75 bar. The depreciation value of warpage minimum index in this experiment was decreased by 4.6% after confirmation run.