Hederacea Var Research Articles

Suppression of entireleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray) growth by lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) on soybean field levees in southwestern Japan

AbstractThe spread of morning glory (Ipomoea spp.) in Japanese soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) fields has severely decreased soybean yields. Field levees are believed to be a source of this invasion. The introduction of Zoysia japonica Steud. is expected to suppress weed growth and reduce the required labor for weed management on the levees. In this study, field experiments were conducted on the soybean levees of turf (Z. japonica), bare, and weed (mainly broad leaf weeds such as white clover) from 2017 to 2019 to compare its effects on the occurrence, growth, and seed production of I. hederacea (L.) Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray. The canopy height in the turf levee was the lowest, and the vegetation cover rate was the highest. At the flowering and fruiting stage of I. hederacea var. integriuscula (September), the largest number of I. hederacea var. integriuscula that survived were on the turf levee; however, the plant length, dry weight, and the number of fruits were the least. Additionally, the stems of the morning glory on the turf levee were slight and spindly, and their growth and seed productivity were suppressed. Consequently, vegetation conversion to Z. japonica on the soybean field levees can be an effective strategy to suppress the colonization and growth of morning glory, thereby, improving soybean yields.

Differences in flowering phenology and seed production of four morning glory (Ipomoea) species in Japan

AbstractThe spread of morning glory (Ipomoea spp.) in soybean fields in Japan has severely decreased soybean yield. Yet, current control measures do not control the proliferation of Ipomoea spp. As little is known about the flowering period and seed production among the different invading Ipomoea spp., it is challenging to create targeted control measures based on ecological characteristics. This study aimed to reveal the characteristics of the flowering phenology and seed production of four morning glory species, namely, Ipomoea coccinea L. (red morning glory), Ipomoea lacunosa L. (pitted morning glory), Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray (entireleaf morning glory), and Ipomoea triloba L. (three‐lobe morning glory). Between 2017 and 2019, the four selected study species were grown under similar conditions of soil quality, irrigation, and environmental influences and their flowering phenology and seed data were recorded. The flowering period ranged from 36 to 40 days, and the initial flowering of I. triloba was approximately 2 weeks later than the others. I. coccinea had the highest flowering number and seed production, followed by I. lacunosa, I. triloba, and I. hederacea var. integriuscula. The fruit setting rate of I. triloba decreased later in the reproductive stage but tended to increase as the daily mean temperature increased on each flowering day. Thus, we report that the flowering phenology and seed production differed greatly among the Ipomoea spp. These findings can provide crucial insights into designing targeted species‐specific control measures against the spread of Ipomoea spp. in Japan.

Populations of Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula in Field Margins Are Maintained by Seed Production of Individuals from a Specific cohort

Entireleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray) is a difficult-to-control weed that causes severe yield loss in soybean (Glycine max L.). It invades fields from the field margins and contributes to maintenance of the populations in the fields. This study aimed to determine the optimal period to control the populations in field margins effectively. We identified the naturally emerging plants in field margins and adjacent fields. We recorded the number of invading vines and the timing of flowering and fruiting of several cohorts (each cohort comprised a group of individuals that emerged within a certain time frame). The main seed-producing cohort on the field margins was a cohort that emerged from early August to mid-September and flowered and fruited after mid-September. The weed formed seed banks in the field margins, maintained by repeated depletion and accumulation during the emergence and seed production stages. The weed control rate by weed management practices was higher in field margins (100%) than in the fields (76%). In conclusion, the entireleaf morning glory populations were maintained by specific cohorts in field margins and weed management practices from early August to mid-September can effectively reduce its population size in the field margins.

Terpenoids from Glechoma hederacea var. longituba and their biological activities.

Glechoma hederacea var. longituba (common name: ground ivy) has been used for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, cholelithiasis, colds, and inflammation. In the present study, three new sesquiterpene glycosides (1–3), two new diterpene glycosides (4 and 5), and four known compounds (6–9) were isolated from its MeOH extract. A structure elucidation was performed for the five new compounds (1–5) using 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, DP4+ and ECD calculations, and chemical methods. All the isolates (1–9) were assessed for their antineuroinflammatory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 cells, nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion stimulation activities in C6 glioma cells, and cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15). Compounds 2 and 5–7 exhibited inhibitory effects on the NO production with IC50 values of 52.21, 47.90, 61.61, and 25.35 μM, respectively. Compound 5 also exhibited a significant stimulating effect on NGF secretion (122.77 ± 8.10%). Compound 9 showed potent cytotoxic activity against SK-OV-3 (IC50 = 3.76 μM) and SK-MEL-2 (IC50 = 1.48 μM) cell lines, while 7 displayed a strong cytotoxic activity against the SK-MEL-2 (IC50 = 9.81 μM) cell line.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Glechoma hederacea Extracts Obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Using Different Extraction Conditions

Glechoma hederacea var. longituba is a herbaceous plant from the Lamiaceae family, used in herbal medicine. In this work, we aimed to assess the total phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of extracts obtained from G. hederacea via supercritical dioxide extraction with methanol as a co-solvent under different extraction conditions. The results showed that the activity of the obtained SC-CO2 extracts is strongly dependent on the extraction temperature. Significantly higher total polyphenol content, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and yeasts, was observed in the extract obtained at 40 °C, compared to extracts obtained at 50 °C and 60 °C; however, antifungal activity against filamentous fungi was not dependent on the extraction conditions. Antimicrobial activity also depended on the microorganism type. Higher sensitivity was exhibited by Gram-positive bacteria than by Gram-negative bacteria, with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa being the most sensitive species among each group. The most susceptible fungi were Candida albicans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The antibiofilm activity was differentiated and depended on the extraction conditions, the microorganism and the method of biofilm treatment. All tested extracts inhibited biofilm formation, with the extract obtained at 40 °C showing the highest value, whereas only extract obtained at 60 °C efficiently removed mature biofilm.

Relationship between storage period and germination of Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula seeds under natural condition

AbstractMorning glory (Ipomoea spp.), a problematic weed in soybean fields, is difficult to control due to its long emergence period. The intermittent germination of morning glory prolongs the emergence period, and the factors remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of different storage periods under natural conditions on germination conditions and emergence percentages of physically dormant entire‐leaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula) seeds in the field. In 2017–2020, I. hederacea var. integriuscula was cultivated in outdoor planters. Each plant was tagged on the blooming flower peduncle to record the flowering date. The seeds of I. hederacea var. integriuscula germinated 23 days after flowering (DAF). The water content of the seeds decreased rapidly until 30 DAF, and no water absorption occurred thereafter. The germination percentage of seeds in bags outdoors was low from 45 to 210 DAF, and it increased after 270 DAF irrespective of the temperature (20–35°C). On the field surface, the shorter the period of storage in bags outdoors, the lower the cumulative emergence percentage of I. hederacea var. integriuscula. The cumulative emergence was 0% in the soil for seeds of more than 90 DAF. The survival percentage of seeds in the soil increased with the number of DAFs. Therefore, the longer the DAF of the seeds, the higher the emergence of the field and survival percentage in the soil. The long period of storage on mother plants may be one of the factors associated with the long emergence period.

Compositional Characteristics of Glucuronide Conjugates in Regional Glechoma hederacea var. longituba Herbal Extracts Using a Set of Polyphenolic Marker Compounds.

Glechoma hederacea var. longituba (GHL) is one of many herbal plants widely used in hot herbal teas and in oriental prescriptions to treat various diseases. Although the beneficial effects of GHL may be influenced by differences in the composition of active constituents in the herbal extracts, there are few reports on the compositional characteristics of GHL herbal extracts to date. In this study, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technology was used for comparative analysis of constituents in hot-water extracts of GHL samples obtained from various cultivating provinces in South Korea. A set of marker panel consisting of nine polyphenolic compounds, including glucuronide conjugates in particular, was constructed and used to monitor the compositional characteristics in each GHL extract. Our findings show that some of the marker compounds, including rosmarinic acid, were persistently observed as major constituents in the analyses of the 22 GHL sample extracts, whereas, interestingly, other marker compounds such as polyphenol-glucuronic acid conjugates displayed dramatic differences in compositional ratios. This chromatographic approach using the marker compound panel can be applied to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate compositional characteristics in the GHL extracts, and can also be useful for quality assays of the GHL herbal plant in medicinal and industrial fields.

Chemical and cultural control of Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula in narrow‐row soybean in southwestern Japan

AbstractIn Japan, the spread of morning glory (Ipomoea spp.) in soybean fields has become a serious issue. To establish a control approach for Ipomoea species, this study considered the optimal system combining cultural and chemical control methods. Field experiments were conducted for 3 years to investigate the effects of no‐tillage compared with tillage seeding in narrow‐row soybean and of application timing of selective post‐emergence herbicides bentazone and fluthiacet‐methyl. The cumulative emergence of entireleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea [L.] Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray) in no‐tillage was 25–79% of that in tillage, and the initial growth was suppressed. In no‐tillage, the dry matter weight of I. hederacea var. integriuscula was suppressed compared to tillage methods. However, in no‐tillage, initial soybean growth was inferior, and reduction of the relative photosynthetic photon flux density (RPPFD) in the soybean canopy was delayed. A combination of selective post‐emergence herbicide applications at the second and fourth trifoliate leaf stages (TLS) of soybean was most effective in I. hederacea var. integriuscula suppression. The initial growth of soybean greatly fluctuated yearly, and the period when the RPPFD became less than 50% varied at the fourth through seventh TLS. Therefore, if the initial soybean growth is good, the end of the required period for weed control can be defined as the fourth TLS. No‐tillage cultivation combined with management to promote soybean growth, such as adequate soil moisture control by subirrigation systems, may be effective in controlling I. hederacea var. Integriuscula.

Identification of Polyphenol Glucuronide Conjugates in Glechoma hederacea var. longituba Hot Water Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

Glechoma hederacea var. longituba (GHL) is one of many herbal plants distributed worldwide and is known to contain various biologically useful antioxidant constituents. GHL has been used in folk remedies for various treatments and as favorable tea beverages. However, research on the precise analysis of ingredients in GHL extracts remains insufficient. In this study, compositional analysis has been conducted on polyphenolic ingredients in GHL hot water extracts. GHL samples collected from growing regions were incubated in hot water at 100 °C for 1 h. The polyphenolic constituents in the hot water extracts were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HR MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in negative ion mode. As a result, a total of seven compounds were identified as the major polyphenolic constituents. Interestingly, four constituents out of the identified substances were confirmed to be polyphenol glucuronide conjugates, in which glucuronidation was known to be an important metabolic process in polyphenol aglycone along with methylation and sulphation. This study can be applied for the quality control and standardization of GHL herbal samples and the monitoring of metabolic processes involved in the polyphenolic conjugates.

Weed Management Programs in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

A field study was conducted in Arkansas over three years to evaluate various herbicide treatments, including sequential and tank-mix applications for weed control in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The herbicide treatments used were quinclorac, atrazine + dimethenamid-p, S-metolachlor followed by (fb) atrazine + dicamba, dimethenamid-p fb atrazine, S-metolachlor + atrazine fb atrazine, S-metolachlor + mesotrione, and S-metolachlor fb prosulfuron. All herbicide treatments provided excellent (90% to 100%) control of Ipomoea lacunosa, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula, and Sida spinosa by 12 weeks after emergence. Quinclorac and S-metolachlor fb prosulfuron provided the lowest control of Ipomoea lacunosa, Urochloa platyphylla, Amaranthus palmeri, and Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula. Weed interference in the non-treated control reduced grain sorghum yield by 50% as compared to the weed-free control. S-metolachlor + mesotrione and S-metolachlor fb prosulfuron reduced sorghum yields by 1009 to 1121 kg ha−1 compared to other herbicide treatments. The five best herbicide treatments in terms of weed control and grain sorghum yield were quinclorac, atrazine + dimethenamid-p, S-metolachlor fb atrazine + dicamba, dimethenamid-p fb atrazine, and the standard treatment of S-metolachlor + atrazine fb atrazine.

The Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Six Ipomoea Species and Indel Marker Development for the Discrimination of Authentic Pharbitidis Semen (Seeds of I. nil or I. purpurea).

Ipomoea L. is the largest genus within the Convolvulaceae and contains 600–700 species. Ipomoea species (morning glories) are economically valuable as horticultural species and scientifically valuable as ecological model plants to investigate mating systems, molecular evolution, and both plant–herbivore and plant–parasite interactions. Furthermore, the dried seeds of I. nil or I. purpurea are used in Korean traditional herbal medicines. In this study, chloroplast (cp) genomes were sequenced from six Ipomoea species, namely, I. nil and I. purpurea and, for the first time, I. triloba, I. lacunosa, I. hederacea, and I. hederacea var. integriuscula. The cp genomes were 161,354–161,750 bp in length and exhibited conserved quadripartite structures. In total, 112 genes were identified, including 78 protein-coding regions, 30 transfer RNA genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA genes. The gene order, content, and orientation of the six Ipomoea cp genomes were highly conserved and were consistent with the general structure of angiosperm cp genomes. Comparison of the six Ipomoea cp genomes revealed locally divergent regions, mainly within intergenic spacer regions (petN-psbM, trnI-CAU-ycf2, ndhH-ndhF, psbC-trnS, and ccsA-ndhD). In addition, the protein-coding genes accD, cemA, and ycf2 exhibited high sequence variability and were under positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1), indicating adaptive evolution to the environment within the Ipomoea genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the six Ipomoea species revealed that these species clustered according to the APG IV system. In particular, I. nil and I. hederacea had monophyletic positions, with I. purpurea as a sister. I. triloba and I. lacunosa in the section Batatas and I. hederacea and I. hederacea var. integriuscula in the section Quamoclit were supported in this study with strong bootstrap values and posterior probabilities. We uncovered high-resolution phylogenetic relationships between Ipomoeeae. Finally, indel markers (IPOTY and IPOYCF) were developed for the discrimination of the important herbal medicine species I. nil and I. purpurea. The cp genomes and analyses in this study provide useful information for taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary analysis of the Ipomoea genome, and the indel markers will be useful for authentication of herbal medicines.

옥상공간의 태양광 자원 해석을 통한 PV 시스템 및 녹화식재에 대한 적지조건분석

These day morden cities have serious climatic problems due to enviornmental load caused by excessive development of urbanization. As technological improvement to answer to various ecological disasters and climate changes are also called on the field of construction, inter-disciplinary studies linked to the estabilishment of sustainable energy generation systems and enviornmental control is needed in a consilient point of view. This study aims to analyse optimal site conditions for photovoltaic system and green roof planting through solar radiation simulation in a integrated perspective. In so doing, it seeks to proffer basic study for developing a sound use of roof area that is sustainable in environmental and resources aspects. A computer simulation showed that, in the case of total seasonal solar radiation, summer season resulted 312.5kWh in 35% of total annual solar radiation. This season indicated the lowest radiation rate of the year for direct sunlight in 45.8% of total seasonal solar radiation. Due to such solar radiation simulation, at the largest optimal planting area, Glechoma hederacea var. longituba secured <TEX>$719.16m^2$</TEX> of gross roof area.

Chemical Evidence for Potent Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Glechoma hederacea var. grandis Leaves (Kakidoushi-Cha)

In this study, chemical evidence for the potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of "kakidoushi-cha" (dry leaves of Glechoma hederacea var. grandis), a traditional folk tea consumed in Japan, was clarified on the basis of structure identification of the active constituents. Assay-guided fractionation and purification afforded 15 compounds from the most active chromatographic fraction of an extract of the tea. Two flavonoids, apigenin and luteolin, showed remarkable inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase (XO). The contribution of these flavonoid constituents to the observed XO inhibitory activity of the methanol and boiling-water extracts of the tea was estimated to be ca. 35% and ca. 18%, respectively.

충주시 남한강의 관속식물상 분포

Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, KoreaAbstract - This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants of Namhan River located in Chungju-si, and the period of survey was from June, 2010 to June, 2011. The results are as follows. The vascular plants distributed in Neungam, Mokgye and Jangcheon around Namhan river were summarized as 225 taxa including 52 families, 164 genera, 200 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was Aristolochia contorta Bunge, and the endemic plant was identified as Salix koriyanagi Kimura. The specific plants by floristic region were 7 taxa including Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Actinostemma lobatum Maxim., Artemisia selengensis Turcz., Cirsium pendulum Fisch., Alisma plantago-aquatic var. orientale Samuels. and Carex versicaria L.. The naturalized plants were 47 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub., Chenopoidum album L., Silene armeria L., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., Melilotus alba Medicus, Trifolium pratense L., Oenothera erythrosepala Borbas, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula A.Gray, Bidens frondosa L., Matricaria inodora L., Xanthium canadense Mill., Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. and so forth. In life forms, megaphanerophytes (M) were 13 taxa, 13 taxa in nanophanerophytes (N), 14 taxa inchamaiphytes (Ch), 40 taxa in hemicryptophytes (H), 20 taxa in geophytes (G), 103 taxa in therophytes (Th) and 22 taxa in hydrophytes (HH). The ratios of the naturalized index (NI), the urbanized index (UI) and the disturbed index (DI) were 20.9%, 14.6% and 18.2% in all sites.

Anti-inflammatory activity of constituents from Glechoma hederacea var. longituba

Rosmarinic acid, its analogues, and a phenolic compound were obtained from G. hederacea var. longituba. There were two new compounds, methyl isoferuloyl-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactate (1) and benzyl-4'-hydroxy-benzoyl-3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), and four known compounds (2, 3, 5 and 6). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Each compound was tested by NF-κB luciferase assay and three rosmarinic acid analogues inhibited NF-κB production and the induction of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA in HepG2 cells.

White rust of Ipomoea caused by Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae and A. ipomoeae-hardwickii and their host specificity

In some areas of Japan, yellow spots with white pustules on leaves, stems, petioles, peduncles and calyces were found on Ipomoea nil, I. triloba, I. lacunosa and I. hederacea var. integriuscula. We demonstrated that the diseases on I. nil, I. triloba and I. lacunosa were caused by host-specific strains of Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae and defined three forma speciales of the fungus, respectively, for the three Ipomoea species: “f. sp. nile”, “f. sp. trilobae” and “f. sp. lacunosae”. Because the diseases were new to Japan, we coined the Japanese name “shirosabi-byo”, which means white rust. We also showed that the disease on I. hederacea var. integriuscula was caused by A. ipomoeae-hardwickii. We named this new disease “white rust (shirosabi-byo in Japanese)”.

Weed Management and Crop Response with Glyphosate, S-Metolachlor, Trifloxysulfuron, Prometryn, and Msma in Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton

Field studies were conducted in five states at six locations from 2002 through 2003 to evaluate weed control and cotton response to early POST (EPOST), POST/POST-directed spray (PDS), and late POST-directed (LAYBY) systems using glyphosate-trimethylsulfonium salt (TM), s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, prometryn, and MSMA. Early POST applications were made from mid May through mid June; POST/PDS applications were made from early June through mid July; and LAYBY applications were made from early July through mid August. Early season cotton injury and discoloration was minimal (< 1%) with all treatments; mid- and late-season injury was minimal (< 2%) except for trifloxysulfuron POST (11 and 9%, respectively). Annual grasses evaluated included barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, goosegrass, and large crabgrass. Broadleaf weeds evaluated included entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, sicklepod, and smooth pigweed. For the EPOST, POST/PDS, and LAYBY applications, weeds were at cotyledon to 10 leaf, 1 to 25 leaf, and 2 to 25 leaf stage, respectively. Annual broadleaf and grass control was increased with the addition of s-metolachlor to glyphosate-TM EPOST systems (85 to 98% control) compared with glyphosate-TM EPOST alone (65 to 91% control), except for sicklepod control where equivalent control was observed. Annual grass control was greater with glyphosate-TM plus trifloxysulfuron PDS than with trifloxysulfuron POST or PDS, or trifloxysulfuron plus MSMA PDS (90 to 94% vs. 75 to 83% control). With few exceptions, broadleaf weed control was equivalent for trifloxysulfuron applied POST alone or PDS alone or in combination with glyphosate-TM PDS or MSMA PDS herbicide treatments (81 to 99% control). The addition of a LAYBY herbicide treatment increased broadleaf weed control by 11 to 36 percentage points compared with systems without a LAYBY. Cotton lint yield increased 420 kg/ha with the addition of s-metolachlor to glyphosate-TM EPOST treatments compared with systems without s-metolachlor EPOST. Cotton lint yield was increased 330 to 910 kg/ha with the addition of a POST herbicide treatment compared with systems without a POST/PDS treatment. The addition of a LAYBY herbicide treatment increased cotton lint yield by 440 kg/ha compared with systems without a LAYBY.Nomenclature: Glyphosate-TM, MSMA, prometryn, s-metolachlor, trifloxysulfuron, barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG, broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash. BRAPP, entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray. IPOHG, goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEIN, arge crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA, pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA, sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L. CASOB, smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. AMACH, cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DP 458 RR/BG’, ‘DP 555 RR/BG’, ‘FM 989 RR/BG’, ‘PM 2344 RR/BG’, ‘ST 4793 RR’

The Taxonomic Consideration of Leaf Epidermal Microsturcture in Glechoma L. (Nepetinae, Lamiaceae)

A comparative micromorphological study was examined on the leaves of the genus Glechoma and related genera (Nepetinae, Lamiaceae) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate their significance in the taxonomy. The leaves of taxa Marmoritis, Nepeta sect. Glechomanthe, G. hederacea var. longituba (Korea) are revealed amphistomatic type, while the remnants of taxa had hypostomatic type. The size range of the guard cells is 12.50-28.75 × 9.17-21.25 μm: the smallest one was found in M. pharicus (12.50-15.83 × 9.17-11.25 μm), while the largest one was measured to G. hederacea var. longituba (Korea: 28.75-28.88 × 21.25-21.38 μm). The stomatal type of genera Agastache, Dracocephalum was mostly diacytic, however for the rest rarely together with anisocytic and anomocytic, except G. hederaca var. longituba (Korea), Meehania urticifolia by having combined with diacytic and anomocytic. The shapes of epidermal cells are differ from in abaxial and adaxial side, and dived with two types (e.g., platelet, stripe pattern). Five types (three glandular, two non-glandular hairs) of trichomes are distributed in leaves. Among trichomes, long and stalk capitates glandular trichome, subsessile glands are different from studied taxa so that leaf micromorphological characters are significance features in the taxonomy.

Weed Management in North Carolina Peanuts (Arachis Hypogaea) withS-metolachlor, Diclosulam, Flumioxazin, and Sulfentrazone Systems

Experiments were conducted at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station near Rocky Mount and at the Peanut Belt Research Station near Lewiston-Woodville in 2002 and 2003. Peanut injury was minimal (< 5%) with all soil-applied programs. S-Metolachlor PRE alone or in mixture with sulfentrazone, diclosulam, or flumioxazin controlled annual grasses similarly (66 to 87%). The addition of imazapic plus 2,4-DB POST increased annual grass control (> 93%). Sulfentrazone or diclosulam in mixture with S-metolachlor were the best PRE options, with 94% and 92% control of yellow and purple nutsedge, respectively, with flumioxazin being least effective at 70%. Diclosulam and flumioxazin in mixture with S-metolachlor were the best PRE options, with 99% and 93%, respectively for common ragweed control, whereas sulfentrazone was the least effective at 65%. S-Metolachlor in mixture with sulfentrazone, diclosulam, or flumioxazin PRE were similar (87 to 90%) for common lambsquarters control. S-Metolachlor in mixture with sulfentrazone, diclosulam, or flumioxazin provided similar levels of entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory control (87, 86, and 87%, respectively) and better than S-metolachlor alone at 64%. Flumioxazin in mixture with S-metolachlor was the best PRE option for control of Palmer amaranth at 96%, whereas diclosulam with S-metolachlor was the best PRE option for control of eclipta at 100%. The prepackaged mixture of acifluorfen and bentazon plus 2,4-DB POST and imazapic plus 2,4-DB POST were similar for all morningglory species (> 96%) and Palmer amaranth control (93 and 97%, respectively). Peanut treated with S-metolachlor plus diclosulam PRE numerically yielded the highest at 3,210 kg/ha, but were statistically equivalent to S-metolachlor plus flumioxazin PRE at 3,040 kg/ha. Peanut treated with imazapic plus 2,4-DB POST yielded the most at 3,400 kg/ha, while peanut treated with a prepackaged mixture of acifluorfen and bentazon plus 2,4-DB POST yielded less (3,070 kg/ha).Nomenclature: 2,4-DB, acifluorfen, bentazon, diclosulam, flumioxazin, imazapic, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL, common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL, eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L. ECLAL, entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray IPOHG, ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. IPOHE, Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA, pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA, purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO, tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth PHBPU, yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES, peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., ‘NCV-11’, ‘VA-98R’

PLANT DEFENSE THEORY PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO INTERACTIONS INVOLVING INBRED PLANTS AND INSECT HERBIVORES

Inbreeding in the form of self-fertilization is widespread among plants and typically results in broad, detrimental changes in plant morphology and physiology. Phenotypic changes associated with inbreeding are likely to alter interactions between inbred plants and other organisms, but few studies have investigated this potential. We found that inbreeding in the entire-leaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula, altered this plant's ability to resist and tolerate attack by insect herbivores. The effects of inbreeding on plant defense, however, varied among insect species, and plant defense theory helped explain this variation. If the effects of inbreeding on plant phenotype are analogous to those of environmental stresses, then the plant vigor hypothesis predicts specialist herbivores will perform better on outbred plants, and the plant stress hypothesis predicts that generalist herbivores will perform better on inbred plants. We conducted a series of greenhouse experiments in which we reared...