Hectares Of Land Research Articles

Monitoring Studies of Arthropod Complex Fauna Associated with Rapeseed- Mustard Crop Grown in Kashmir Himalayas

Kashmir has quietly undergone a yellow revolution as thousands of hectares of land have been brought under mustard cultivation to double the farmers' income. Earlier, most of the land in Kashmir was used only for growing a single crop -- paddy in most areas but now farmers are rotating crops in Kharif and Rabi seasons just like in other parts of the country. There is still many challlanges which are hurdle in high production goal. Insect biodiversity is associated with the quantity and type of host plants available, environmental factors, and their physiological state. Arthropod complex of mustard was studied and about eight species of insects-pests at Mountain Research centre for field crops (MRCFC) during Rabi 2020 -21 was recorded. It has been observed that the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt., persists constantly in a sizable population and causes substantial crop damage from the blossoming to the maturity stage. Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (flea beetle) occurred at the seedling stage, and Carpocoris sp. (shield bug) caused little harm to the crop from the seedling to the maturity stage. Leaves have been only infested by cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), and mustard leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola, and they been detected in sporadic, low-population occurrences. Among them, Brevicoryne brassicae is found at flowering stage. Pieris brassicae, the cabbage butterfly, occurs sporadically and with high abundance. The status of all eight insect-pests on Brassica species was observed as minor with irregular occurrence while L. erysimi as a regular key pest.six Insect pollinators were recorded during the bloom period of the crop.

Estimation of Costs and Returns of Groundnut in Vizianagaram Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India

Groundnut crop is one of the important oil seed crop grown in Vizianagaram district. Though the Groundnut is cultivated on small area but it contributes sizable share in total earnings of the cultivator. However, yield and profit from Groundnut cultivation is uncertain because it is very sensitive and it badly affects from extreme climatic conditions so it requires special attention.
 The marketing of Groundnut from producer to consumer also involves various activities like transportation, loading, and storage, etc. During this process of marketing the quality as well as quantity of Groundnut get damaged and lost. The Groundnut growers face number of problems at each stage of production, marketing, and distribution like lack of technical knowledge, lack of market intelligence, inadequate transportation, and major market yard facilities.
 The socio-economic characteristics of farmers i.e., size of family, educational status, land utilization pattern, cropping pattern and fixed capital investment were studied. The standard cost concepts i.e., cost 'A', and cost 'B', cost 'C' was used in present study.
 Majority of groundnut respondents (36%) had farming experience of 2 – 9 years, about 37% had 10 to 20-year experience, 16% had 21-to-30-year experience, while 09% of the respondents had between 31 to 35-year experience of groundnut production. The mean years of farming experience was 17 years. This is an indication that more farmers are embracing production of the crop due to its profit advantage.
 The total owned area is observed between 0.1-0.9 hectares of land, about 40% had 1 – 2 hectares, 22% had between 2 – 4 hectares and 07% had 4 – 10 hectares and none hold above 10 hectares. The average farm size is 1.5 hectares.
 The cost A of groundnut cultivation was observed to be Rs.118560, Rs.115543, Rs.111606 and Rs.110040 per hectare of marginal, small, semi-medium, and medium land holding farmers.
 Cost B it is the summation of Cost A, Rental Value of owned land and interest on value 67.89 of owned fixed capital.
 It is observed as Rs.100281, Rs.97489, Rs.93760 and Rs.92036per hectare of groundnut production in marginal, small, semi-medium and medium land holding farmers and the average value of cost B is Rs.95892 per hectare.
 To find Cost C1 is the summation of Cost B and imputed value of family labor, family labor cost is given to be an Rs.7500, Rs.7550, Rs.7700 and Rs.8000 and got a solution of Rs.107781, Rs. 105039, Rs.101460 and Rs.100036 per hectare.
 Cost C2 it includes Cost B + 10 per cent of cost B. as managerial charges as calculated as a result Rs.118560, Rs.115543, Rs.115543 and Rs.110040 and the total input cost is also considered a cost C.

Value chain-based development plan for the calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) industry

Calamansi, a staple condiment in Filipino cuisine, plays a pivotal role in the culinary heritage of the Philippines. The province of Nueva Ecija, situated in Central Luzon, has emerged as the primary producer of calamansi in the region. This study investigates the calamansi industry's dynamics in Nueva Ecija over a six-year period, encompassing 18 municipalities. A comprehensive analysis reveals that 756,136 calamansi trees are cultivated across 1,200 hectares of land, involving 1,481 farmers. Regrettably, both production and cultivation area have witnessed a declining trend during this period, with annual negative growth rates of -3.83% and -0.68%, respectively. Motivated by this concerning scenario, the researcher, a native of Nueva Ecija and a farmer, embarked on an agribusiness research endeavor. Employing a descriptive research approach and value chain analysis, this study scrutinizes the current state of the calamansi industry. Primary data were collected from 50 calamansi growers, while secondary sources included provincial, city, and municipal agriculturists from relevant local government units. The findings unveil key challenges faced by calamansi growers, including high input costs, price manipulation by intermediaries and traders, price fluctuations, and losses due to pest infestations and adverse weather conditions. To enhance competitiveness and ensure the industry's stability, collaborative efforts along the value chain are imperative. This study underscores the need for collective action to promote the sustainability of the calamansi industry in Nueva Ecija, highlighting opportunities for growth and development.

Demonstration of Improved Banana (William-1 Variety) Production and Commercialization in Nyanghtom District of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

A demonstration of improved banana production and commercialization was conducted in the Nyanghtom district of the South Omo Zone to enhance the livelihoods of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in the area. One improved banana variety (Wiliyams-1) was used for the demonstration and planted on one hectare of land after training was given for purposively selected 25 trial pastoral agro-pastoral research and extension groups and 7 nontrial agro-pastorals from land preparation to harvesting. Relevant data through individual interviews and measurement of agronomic parameters were collected. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Likert scale measurement of agro-pastoral preference. Based on the results, the mean banana fruit produced was 28.4 ton ha–1 under agro-pastoral management and also agro-pastoral preference indicated that the variety Wiliyam-1 was the first choice of agro pastorals in all parameters except drought resistance. Cost-benefit analysis results indicated that the average net income obtained from banana production was 209,647 Ethiopian Birr ha–1. The cost-benefit ratio of 2.95:1 indicated that the benefit of production was nearly three times higher than the cost of production. However, agro-pastoral raised the frequent breakdown of water pumps, lack of operation and maintenance skills, and the high cost of fuel to operate generators and tractors were major bottlenecks to sustaining production. Therefore, strong efforts of respective stakeholders are needed to resolve irrigation water access problems for sustainable banana production and commercialization to ensure food security and improve the livelihoods of women and agro-pastorals.

Weed Availability as A Ruminant Forage Source on Coffee Farmers' Land in Kandang Village, Indonesia

The study aimed to calculate the availability of weeds as a source of forage for livestock in coffee farmers' land, Kandang Village, Seberang Musi District, Kepahiang Regency, Indonesia. The study employed the survey approach, with observations in the field and a questionnaire distributed to 81 families as the research sample. The research sample comprises 42 hectares of land. Weed samples were collected on a 1 m x 1 m square plot. The 17 squared plots were set randomly on the research site to identify weed species, production, nutrient content, and land-holding capacity of ruminants. The results of the study showed that there were 14 types of weeds in the field, namely Setaria plicata, Asystasia gangetica, Imperata cylindrica, Mikania micrantha, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Arachis pintoi, Kyllinga monocephala Rottb., Digitaria adscenden, Peperomia pellucida, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, Borreria alata, Clidemia hirta, and Mimosa pudica. Weed production was estimated at 26.4 tons/ha/year. Five types of weeds contain good nutrition to be used as feed for ruminants. The weeds were S. plicata with water content (11.87), ash (7.11), fat (0.50), protein (11.15), crude fiber (26.43); B. alata, water content (9.52), ash (8.92), fat (1.66), protein (13.14), crude fiber (19.67); C. crepidioides, water content (15.80), ash (21.03), fat (1.47), protein (19.46), crude fiber (9.37); M. micrantha, water content (11.40), ash (6.53), fat (2.08), protein (12.93), crude fiber (17.35) and A. gangetica, water content (11.405), ash (9,135), fat (1,635), protein (13,645), crude fiber (23,91). The land-holding capacity of ruminants reaches two livestock units per year.

KEEFEKTIFAN PELAKSANAAN RINTISAN CORPORATE FARMING (Studi Kasus Gapoktan Tani Mandiri, Kecamatan Tawangsari)

Agricultural development can be supported by agricultural innovation, through the development of modern agricultural clusters corporate farming (CF) based, it has been implemented by the Tani Mandiri Farmer Group Association in 2018 on 28 hectares of land belonging to 4 farmer groups. Corporate Farming implemented by Tani Mandiri farmer group is experimental independently, comes from the desire and willingness of farmers to be upgraded wich is jointly managed for the success of the full overlay mechanization program in 2015 on an area of 100 hectares. This study aims to 1) examine the use of full overlay mechanization in the implementation of CF attempt at Tani Mandiri Farmer Group Association and 2) examine management in the implementation of CF attempt at Tani Mandiri Farmer Group Association. The research was conducted using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach and a case study research design. The results showed that Tani Mandiri Farmer Group Association adopted the concept of CF by adjusting to the capabilities of both in terms of agricultural production facilities and human resources, so that it could not be said that they had fully implemented the whole concept of CF.

Yield Constraints of Sikkim Mandarin (Citrus reticulate) and Possible Management Strategies: A Review

The Sikkim Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important fruit crops of Sikkim for ages. The valleys of the Tista and Rangeet rivers and their tributaries of Sikkim and the adjoining Darjeeling district of West Bengal offer an ideal Himalayan climate for the cultivation of Sikkim Mandarin. Analysis shows that during 2020-21 Sikkim produced 26.65 MT of mandarin from 13.26 thousand hectares of land with a productivity of 2.01MT /ha. It was seen that there had been an increase of 1.68-thousand-hectare area in 2020-21 from 2014-15 producing an additional 7.66MT. However, while area and production have increased, productivity has plummeted by 38.69 per cent over the period from 2014-15 to 2020-21. Due to multiple reasons, poor returns from the citrus orchards have ushered farmers' unwillingness to invest in mandarin. The constraints like declining soil productivity and non-adherence to soil amelioration measures, the incidence of pests and diseases like the fruit fly, and citrus dieback etc, and lack of marketing channels and proper storage as well as preservation units are a few to name. There is a need of increasing productivity to maintain the glory of the species. The major strategy/approach would be to manage the basic problem which is the nutritional management of the cropping area. Studying the soil and scientifically managing it alone may wipe -off basic problems like the incidence of some pests and diseases and soil nutrient depletion. Taking other appropriate measures to control pests and diseases should be the next important strategy. Finding the loopholes in the storage and marketing of Sikkim Mandarin and defining appropriate strategies to mitigate those remain the major scope of this study. This review is based on available secondary data and observations made on farm visits.

PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF USING LOCAL WATER RESOURCES FOR IRRIGATION IN THE BASINS OF SMALL RIVERS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

On the example of a separate agricultural farm located in the basin of the small Manzhelia River within the Left Bank Forest Steppe, the approaches to the selection of potential sources of irrigation and the specifics of determining the volumes of local water resources intended to be used for irrigation, as well as the areas of possible irrigation in the absence of existing irrigation systems, are given. The results of the research indicate that the prospects for the development of land irrigation on farmland can be mainly provided subject to the combined use of surface runoff accumulated in ponds on the Manzhelia River and groundwater admissible for extraction, taking into account their quality. It was determined that influenced by a complex of anthropogenic factors, the river runoff sharply decreased compared to natural conditions, and the feeding of river course ponds during the entire low water period occurs only due to lateral inflow. Based on calculations it was determined that in average and low-water years, the volumes of surface and ground inflow to the cascade of ponds for the period from June to September are smaller than evaporation losses. Under such conditions, the use of the river runoff for irrigation is possible only due to the accumulation of flood and, partially, high water runoff. The calculations of flood runoff volume for March - April at the gate of the lower pond indicate the impossibility of using water from it for irrigation in very low-water years, as well as the dependence of runoff use for irrigation in low-water years on the pre-flood filling level of the ponds. It was determined that up to 0.8 million m3 of water can be used for irrigation in medium-water years, and up to 1.4 million m3 in high-water years, which will provide irrigation on an area of 400 and 700 hectares, respectively (having an irrigation rate of 2000 m3/ha). The possibility of installing at least 40 water intake wells within the territory of the farm with a total flow rate of 20-24 thousand m3/day and a total water intake during the irrigation period of about 1.5 million m3 has been substantiated. This will make it possible to irrigate 750 hectares of land having an irrigation rate of 2000 m3/ha, and at least 1000 hectares having an irrigation rate of 1500 m3/ha. It is focused on the mandatory preliminary investigation of water quality for irrigation, which for many small rivers and aquifers is a limiting factor when using local water resources for the construction of irrigation systems.

A study of land acquisition and compensation process for national highway in Maharashtra

The proposed Samruddhi Mahamarg expressway project in Maharashtra, India, has been facing significant challenges with regards to land acquisition. The project requires around 20,000 hectares of land, of which 8,000 hectares have been acquired so far. However, the land acquisition process has faced opposition from farmers, landowners, and opposition parties, who have raised concerns about the compensation being offered, the impact on agriculture, and the displacement of local communities. The Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC), which is responsible for the project, has made changes to the land acquisition process, including increasing compensation, providing jobs to displaced persons, and setting up a grievance redressal mechanism. The Maharashtra government has also passed a law to expedite the land acquisition process. Despite these measures, the land acquisition process remains a contentious issue, with many continuing to oppose it. The Samruddhi Mahamarg project aims to improve connectivity and reduce travel time between Mumbai and Nagpur, two major cities in the state. However, the challenges faced in land acquisition have caused significant delays in the project. The outcome of the land acquisition process will have a significant impact on the future of the project and the economy of Maharashtra.

Ecocide as a precursor of a particularly acute and postponed genocide of Ukrainian and European population in 2023

In the morning of June 6, 2023, occurred a catastrophe that shook the whole population of Europe as well as one of the whole World. Russian troops blew up the Kakhovka hydroelectric dam, causing the biggest environmental crisis since the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Thousands of victims, and this number is actual exceptionally nowadays without future predictions; hundreds of hectares of land, which were once a fertile base for the world-famous Kherson tomatoes and watermelons, fell victim to the brutality of Russian aggression. Countless species of animals and plants, aquatic and terrestrial, that will never have their natural habitat or merely the second chance in their life again. After surviving the First and the Second World Wars, our historians never get tired of repeating that such disasters are one of the typical tactics of conducting “a brutal war”. After all, no one has yet rejected “the scorched-earth policy” and neither an attack nor a retreat has ever been without such brutality. Why are we raising the issue of the disaster at the Kakhovka hydroelectric dam today? And, even knowing that it is not the first time that such a strategic object becomes a pawn in the brutal plans of Russia? Because this time we are talking about the global ecological and demographic crisis, which, as a middle result, is following the explosion. There are not only thousands of destinies and lives that were mutilated, but also the ecosystem which was destroyed, as well as there are definitely even much bigger consequences that Russia seeks with its attacks, and we are actually going to talk about them in our article.

Concept of Agrotourism in the Food Estate Project in Ria-Ria Village, Humbang Hasundutan Regency

Utilization of agricultural potential as a tourist attraction becomes an added value in agricultural businesses today. Agrotourism becomes an alternative for tourists to get recreational experience, knowledge and business relationships in agriculture. For the community this activity can highlight and promote local culture, increase farmers' incomes and preserve natural resources. Ria-Ria village is one of the areas in Humbang Hasundutan Regency chosen by the Government as a food estate area. The area consists of 1000 hectares of land, 215 hectares of which have been planted with 3 types of horticultural plants, namely garlic, onions, and potatoes. But the design of food estate land is still focused on the development of agricultural activities, making the area not ready as an agricultural tourist destination. By socializing to the Ria-Ria Village farming group about the concept of agrotourism by displaying agrotourism references found in several regions, the community has the understanding, awareness and motivation to plan and work on agricultural tourism activities with local potential they have in the food estate area.

Organic nitrogen sources’ effects on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp] productivity

Pulses are an important source of protein for the poor as well as for the vegetarians which constitute major population of the country. Presently about 24 to 25 million hectares of land is under pulses producing about 19 million tons annually. Pulses production in India is characterized by diversity of crops and their regional specificity based on adaptation to prevailing agro climatic conditions. At the Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, SK Nagar Gujarat, a field experiment was done in the Kharif season of 2015. Cowpea, variety GC5 was used for the present experimentation. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications during Kharif 2015. Application of T9 (PSB+ 50%N (Castor cake) + 50% N (Vermicompost) and T10 (RDF: 20+40+00 kg ha-1 through fertilizer) increased plant height at 30 DAS, while treatment T9 PSB+ 50%N (Castor cake)+ 50% N vermicompost) recorded higher plant height at 60 DAS and at harvest. Under treatment T9 (PSB+ 50%N (Castor cake) + 50% N (Vermicompost), there was a noticeable improvement in the number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, dry matter per plant, branches per plant, and dry weight of root nodules per plant and seed yield. Significant improvement in stover yield were noted with application of 50% N through FYM + 50% N through vermicompost + PSB (T8).

Fabrication of Smartphone Operated Sprayer Machine

specifically for injecting liquids quickly. There are numerous types. This study looks into a solar-powered mechanical dart sprinkler. With this kind of sprayer, you can rapidly and easily cover huge areas, including lawns. In the agricultural nation of India, 70% of all food is grown nearby. However, as the population increases, property rights are divided between families, leaving the typical Indian farmer with only two hectares of land. Due to their extreme financial hardship, farmers still rely on traditional farming methods because they cannot purchase expensive equipment. In this project, a mobile device is used to operate a wheeled insecticide sprayer. With this kind of sprayer, you can rapidly and easily cover huge areas, including lawns. Sprayers are the most economical option for areas that need to be sprayed. With a smartphone app, you can control every feature wirelessly. Sprayers are mechanical devices that are specifically designed to spray liquids easily. They come in several different varieties. In this project, we'll take a look at solar-operated mechanical boom sprayers. A sprayer of this type is a great way to cover large areas such as lawns, quickly and easily. India is an agriculture-based country in which, 70% of people depend on the outcome of farming. But if we observe that with the increase in population, the farm gets distributed among the family and because of this, farmers in India held an average of only two-acre farms.

Technology for utilization and neutralization of municipal waste

Considered the issues of environmental protection with the simultaneous use for the neutralization and disposal of urban waste containing substances of organic origin, due to solar energy and atmospheric precipitation. At present, in the Russian Federation, waste makes up 90–98% of all extracted natural resources, that is, the industry works mainly for the production of waste. Already 8 billion m3 of industrial and municipal waste has accumulated. Landfills are 50–90% full on average across the country. The volume of waste from livestock enterprises and poultry farms in the form of manure, droppings and sewage is about 700 million m3 per year, and more than 2 million hectares of land are occupied for storing this waste. Therefore, it is planned until 2020–2025 to introduce a complete ban on the storage of municipal solid waste at more than 200 landfills and dumps, where they have accumulated 31 billion tons

Environmental Threat of Soil Erosion in the Gwang Khola Watershed, Chure Region of Nepal

Chure, also known as the foothills of the Himalayas that extends from east to west of Nepal, is an essential region due to the hotspot of biological diversity and various natural resources, including recharge groundwater for the Tarai region of the country. However, the Chure region has a high rate of soil erosion due to human activities and natural processes, a severe issue in the Chure region. This study looked at soil erosion in the Gwang Khola watershed in the Chure region. We used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to measure soil loss by soil erosion. The results showed that about 547,992.9 tons of soil were lost annually in the Gwang Khola watershed. The results indicated that 5,259.87 hectares of the land area were in a very low-risk zone for soil erosion. Similarly, 317.79 hectares of land had a moderate risk of soil degradation, while 13.59 hectares of forest area posed a high threat. The extreme-risk erosion area was situated above 1,250 m. In contrast, the moderate and the low-risk regions of soil erosion had a lower elevation range of 950 m to 1,250 m and 650 m to 950 m, respectively. The findings of this study may aid planners and policymakers in preventing soil erosion and protecting the ecosystem in this watershed and those with similar circumstances.

Organic Farming in India and its Way Forward

India is home to 30% of the world’s organic growers and is likely to expand in the coming years. The solutionto the issues of sustainability, global warming, land degradation and food security is Organic Farming, which is seen as a sign of dynamic change for the agricultural industry. Organic Farming discards the use of synthetic fertilizers and promotes sustainable agricultural practices. Organic Farming holds immense potential to revive the degrading state of the agricultural sector in the world by offering environmental benefits, quality products and conserving non-renewable resources. It is a promising alternative to conventional farming and is expanding quickly. Organic Farming is gaining worldwide attention with 2.30 million hectares of land being used for the purpose. It helps to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improves soil fertility, boosting productivity and crop health. Organic Farming can also be used for land reclamation purposes. The aim of the present study is to examine the development of Organic Farming in India and globally, as well as identify any potential barriers to its implementation.

Development of an emission estimation method with satellite observations for significant forest fires and comparison with global fire emission inventories: Application to catastrophic fires of summer 2021 over the Eastern Mediterranean

In the past few decades, forest fires have increased in number and severity, especially in the Mediterranean regions of Türkiye and Greece, where significant fires caused damage to thousands of hectares of land as well as wildlife. The main objective of the present study is to develop an emission estimation method with satellite-based burned area data from significant forest fire events in the Eastern Mediterranean in July–August 2021. In the first stage of this study, pre-fire and post-fire images of the study area acquired by the Sentinel-2 satellite were processed to calculate the normalized burn rate difference index (dNBR). Then, CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data were used for detecting land cover classes in the burned areas. Atmospheric emissions of NOx, CO, SO2, total suspended particulate matter (TSP), particulate matter with diameters that are equal to or smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and black carbon (BC) were estimated using the EMEP/EEA Tier 2 - technology-specific approach method, in which burned area maps were retrieved using Sentinel-2 imageries and later combined with land cover type and burning efficiency to estimate the quantity of burning biomass emissions. Emission factors were then used to estimate the fires' trace gas and aerosol emissions. The results showed that the highest burned areas were found in the western Mediterranean region in Türkiye and Central Greece (⁓50,000 ha). The atmospheric emissions from these fires were calculated to be similar in both countries. Furthermore, emission amounts were compared with three different global fire emission inventories including GFAS, GFED, and FINN. The emissions obtained from the GFAS database were the highest emissions of the four emission estimation approaches and our estimated emissions were close to the GFAS. Emissions calculated from the other two databases (FINN and GFED) mostly provided underestimated emissions. The emission uncertainties in this study mainly originated from assumptions regarding the inclusion of burned area efficiency in emission calculations, the landcover dataset, and the emission factors used. Overall, this study is considered a new approach to emission calculations using Sentinel-2 data. This research provides further insight into the use of Sentinel-2 data in emission calculation applications at the local to regional scales.

Soil salinity management practices in coastal area of Bangladesh: a review

Soil salinity is a significant threat to agriculture and livelihood, particularly in the Southern coastal areas of Bangladesh. Soil salinity is extended from 0.833 to 1.056 million hectares (about), with an increase of 26% between 1973 and 2009. Out of about 1.689 million hectares of coastal land, about 1.056 million hectares are affected by soil salinity of various degrees covering 49 Upazila (sub-district) of 19 districts. About 0.328, 0.274, 0.189, 0.161, and 0.101 million hectares of land are affected by very slight (S1), slight (S2), moderate (S3), strong (S4), and very strong salinity (S5), respectively. Data recorded by SRDI manifests new ingression of salinity in Narail (18.71 ha), Jashore (14.99 ha), Barishal (13.96 ha), Gopalgonj (6.27 ha), Jhalakati (4.69 ha), and Madaripur (0.72 ha) districts. Soil salinity also encroached a large area of Bhola (53.84 ha), Patuakhali (40.08 ha), Khulna (27.92 ha), and Bagerhat (23.14 ha), besides minor ingression in other districts. The salinity level is almost double (2.8-18.5 to 4.0-42.8 dS/m) from 1973 to 2009 in Sharankhola Upazila of Bagerhat district, Dumuria Upazila of Khulna district and Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district (SRDI, 2010). Different causes are involved in increasing the water and soil salinity of the coastal area of Bangladesh, like withdrawal of fresh river water from upstream, irregular rainfall, faulty management of sluice gates and polders, regular tidal water flooding in an unprotected area, the capillary rise of soluble salts, decreased surface water availability, lowered ground water table, reduced soil moisture content, the introduction of unplanned shrimp cultivation, lack of drainage facilities. Some of the widespread soil and land management techniques adopted in the saline areas of Bangladesh to cope with the salinity are polder (123), farm-pond (khamar-pokor), sarjan procedure, usage of raised shrimp farm bund for year-round cropping, mulching (keeping land covered in winter and summer months), land leveling, pitcher (kolosh) irrigation to grow watermelon, dibbling method, the addition of organic matter, chemical fertilizers and cultivation of saline tolerant crop varieties, particularly rice. Vol. 10, No. 1, April 2023: 1-7

The Effect of Some Elements of Cultivation in Stubble on the Glycine max Performance

In the irrigation conditions of Azerbaijan, the cultivation of Glycine max in stubble fields after harvesting the barley crop along with spring sowing is also economically very important. Sowing in stubble fields makes it possible to obtain additional grain yield and fodder from a single area, and to use reclamation facilities efficiently. At this time, the soil is provided with organic matter for autumn planting, and at the same time salinization is prevented, soil erosion and weed control issues are fully resolved. Cultivation of stubble field crops in large farms increases the possibilities of more efficient use of labor force, irrigation networks, agricultural machinery and equipment. During the conducted research, different results were obtained regarding the effect of different irrigation regimes and fertilizer rates on soybean grain yield. The resulting productivity depended on the plant coverage factor, leaf surface area, changes in wet and dry biomass. The smallest indicator of the yield was 10.0 centners in the variant with soil moisture of 60% before irrigation, and the highest indicator was 25.8 cwt/ha in the variant of the fertilizer rate calculated when the soil moisture was 80%, which is the same as the yield obtained from the autumn sowing of barley of the previous year (39 cwt/ha) together, it is equal to the yield of 67.9 cwt/ha from 1 hectare of land in one year.

FOREST NECTAR-POLLINIFEROUS PLANTATIONS OF THE EASTERN PODILLIA

The article highlights the results of research on the state of forest nectar-pollinating plantations and prospects for the development of forestry and beekeeping in the system of the regional eco-network of Eastern Podillia. One of the conditions of Ukraine's European integration is the implementation of measures to comprehensively preserve the biolandscape diversity of the regions, as well as the implementation of greening of production, in particular, forestry on the basis of the inexhaustible use of natural resources. Forestry is characterized by a wide range of production of raw materials, including nectar and pollen, the products of which are processed by honey bees (honey, bee pollen, royal jelly, etc.) are in high demand among the population. Providing their food needs at the expense of forest nectar-polliniferous, bees also maintain ecological balance by preserving their existence. In terms of the forest fund of Eastern Podillia, there are 215,488.1 hectares of land, of which 61% are operational forests, 15% are protective forests, 17% are recreational and health forests, and 7% are nature conservation, scientific, historical and cultural forests. The area of nectarbearing plantations is from 0.8 ha, and mixed plantations - from 0.3 ha to 5.7 ha. Nectaro-pollenbearing forest plantations of Eastern Podillia are represented by 37 introduced tree species. The main nectar- and pollen-bearing plantations of Eastern Podillia include: linden, broadleaved linden, white acacia, varieties of maples, from the nectar and pollen of which bees produce both fodder and commercial honey. Other pollinators provide the bees with a supporting bribe, which makes it possible to provide these insects with food.