Heavy Weight Categories Research Articles

Effect of patient weight on first pass success and neuromuscular blocking agent dosing for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to determine the association between patient weight and first pass success (FPS) during rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in the ED. The secondary objective...

Performance Aspects and Physiological Responses in Male Amateur Boxing Competitions: A Brief Review.

Slimani, M, Chaabène, H, Davis, P, Franchini, E, Cheour, F, and Chamari, K. Performance aspects and physiological responses in male amateur boxing competitions: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1132-1141, 2017-Boxing is one of the most popular striking combat sports in the world. The aim of this review was to present data concerning performance analysis (time-motion and technical-tactical analysis) and physiological responses (i.e., blood lactate concentration [BLC], heart rate, and oxygen consumption) during novice and elite male simulated and official amateur boxing competitions in any age category. The present review shows that boxing competition is a high-intensity intermittent striking combat sport. Typically, the activity-to-rest ratio was higher in elite (18:1) than in novice (9:1) boxers and significant differences were observed between rounds (first round = 16:1, second round = 8:1, and third round = 6:1) in novice boxers. Thus, total stop-time and total stop-frequency increased over subsequent rounds in novice boxers. The technical-tactical aspects in elite and novice boxing bouts were different between rounds and dependent on the match outcome (i.e., winners vs. losers). Particularly, the current review highlights that triple-punch combinations, total combinations, block- and counter-punch combinations, total punches to the head, technical performance effectiveness, and defensive- and offensive-skills effectiveness may have contributed to win in novice and elite boxing competitions. Higher frequencies of technical movements were also observed in elite compared with novice boxers. From a physiological point of view, BLC increased significantly from postround 1 compared with postround 3 in novice boxing match. BLC was also higher in official than in simulated elite boxing matches in senior compared with junior boxers and in medium heavy-weight category compared with light- and medium-weight categories in junior boxing competition. A higher percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) and maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) were reported in round 3 compared with rounds 2 and 1 in elite boxing competition. In conclusion, these data are useful for both technical-tactical and physical conditioning sessions. Coaches and fitness trainers are encouraged to adjust their training according to these particular characteristics, specifically in terms of age, participants' level, weight categories, and combat contest type.

Sex and Weight Category Differences in Time-Motion Analysis of Elite Judo Athletes: Implications for Assessment and Training.

Sterkowicz-Przybycień, K, Miarka, B, and Fukuda, DH. Sex and weight category differences in time-motion analysis of elite judo athletes: implications for assessment and training. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 817-825, 2017-The purpose of this investigation was to support training program development through the comparison of combat and pause phases during elite male and female judo competition in athletes of varying weight categories. A total of 1,411 video recorded judo matches between athletes who qualified for the 2012 Olympic Games were analyzed. Within the matches, 111,203 competitive situations were categorized as combat (with subphases of approach, gripping, attack, defense, and groundwork) or pause phases. Time-motion analysis data were compared between extra light, light, middle, and heavyweight categories for men and women. Median times varied between sex and weight category groups for individual combat (23.9-28.5 seconds), pause (4.0-8.8 seconds), and combat subphases (p ≤ 0.05). Sex-based differences in accumulated combat and combat subphase times were primarily found in the middleweight athletes. Heavyweight female athletes had longer accumulated groundwork and pause times, extra lightweight women had greater groundwork time, and both extra light and lightweight women had shorter accumulated attack times compared with their male counterparts. No differences between men and women were found for the time to complete an individual combat action; however, the pause phase and most of the combat subphases displayed differences. The lightest and heaviest judo athletes displayed unique characteristics compared with athletes in the other weight categories, particularly in the attack, defense, groundwork, and pause phases. These results have important implications related to training program design and support the need for the development of normative data for male and female judo athletes of varying weight categories.

Body Composition and Specific Physical Fitness Profiles of the Korean National Amateur Boxers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences of body composition and specific physical fitness by weight category, and examine the reciprocal relationship in the national amateur male boxers. METHODS: The national amateur boxers were classified into light weight category (LWC, n=14), middle weight category (MWC, n=15), and heavy weight category (HWC, n=14). The subjects were measured for body composition and specific physical fitness: body fat, BMI, maximal strength (bench press, squat), anaerobic power (lower/upper body mean and peak power, power drop rate), isokinetic strength (knee and trunk), and cardiovascular endurance (AT, HRmax, VO2max). One-way repeated ANOVA was used to evaluate the differences between three groups and pearson’s correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationship between body composition and specific physical fitness. RESULTS: The results of this study indicated that the HWC showed significantly higher body fat and BMI compared to the LWC and MWC (p<.05). The LWC was significantly lower in the peak power of the upper body compare with the MWC and HWC (p<.05). The HWC was significantly higher in the power drop rate compare with the LWC (p<.05). On the other hand, the was significantly lower in the isokinetic trunk flexion, HRmax, and VO2max compare with the LWC and MWC (p<.05) while the LWC showed the best level in HRmax and VO2max. There were significantly reciprocal relationships between body fat, BMI and specific physical fitness factors (p<.05). In particular, body fat, squat, mean and peak power showed significant relationships with many variables. CONCLUSIONS: The LWC and MWC of the national amateur boxers showed comparatively greater level of VO2max. However, the power endurance of the upper body and the peak power of the body have been estimated to be somewhat low. The HWC needs to maintain an ideal body fat, and pay attention to the strengthening of the core flexor and cardiovascular endurance. Successful preparations may be accomplished for the Rio Olympics through the efficient strategy and specific physical training based on the results of the study. 색인어: êµ­ê°€ëŒ€í‘œë³µì‹±ì„ ìˆ˜, 체급, 체지방, 체질량지수, ì „ë¬¸ì²´ë ¥ Keywords: National amateur boxers, Weight category, Body fat, Body mass index, Specific physical fitness

Associations between animal characteristic and environmental risk factors and bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in a population of Australian feedlot cattle to assess associations between animal characteristic and environmental risk factors and risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Animal characteristics were recorded at induction, when animals were individually identified and enrolled into study cohorts (comprising animals in a feedlot pen). Environmental risk factors included the year and season of induction, source region and feedlot region and summary variables describing weather during the first week of follow-up. In total, 35,131 animals inducted into 170 cohorts within 14 feedlots were included in statistical analyses. Causal diagrams were used to inform model building and multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models were fitted within the Bayesian framework.Breed, induction weight and season of induction were significantly and strongly associated with risk of BRD. Compared to Angus cattle, Herefords were at markedly increased risk (OR: 2.0, 95% credible interval: 1.5–2.6) and tropically adapted breeds and their crosses were at markedly reduced risk (OR: 0.5, 95% credible interval: 0.3–0.7) of developing BRD. Risk of BRD declined with increased induction weight, with cattle in the heaviest weight category (≥480kg) at moderately reduced risk compared to cattle weighing <400kg at induction (OR: 0.6, 95% credible interval: 0.5–0.7). Animals inducted into feedlots during summer (OR: 2.4, 95% credible interval: 1.4–3.8) and autumn (OR: 2.1, 95% credible interval: 1.2–3.2) were at markedly increased risk compared to animals inducted during spring. Knowledge of these risk factors may be useful in predicting BRD risk for incoming groups of cattle in Australian feedlots. This would then provide the opportunity for feedlot managers to tailor management strategies for specific subsets of animals according to predicted BRD risk.

Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Japanese Female Wrestlers

ABSTRACT.The purposes of this study were to disclose the anthropometrical characteristics of elite Japanese female wrestlers and to compare them with those of other athletes reported in the literature. To this end, we tested 17 elite Japanese female wrestlers (nine and eight wrestlers, in light and heavyweight categories, respectively), most of who had won gold medals at the internationally recognized tournaments. Body composition, circumferences, and limb lengths were tested based on multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis (InBody 730, Biospace, Inc.) and whole-body scanning system (Body Line Scanner, Hamamatsu Photonics KK). The main results indicate that the participants are characterized as having great FFMI (fat-free mass divided by height squared, 18.8 ± 0.8 in light and 20.5 ± 0.8 in heavyweight groups) with intensely enlarged circumference especially within the arms (30.0 ± 2.7 cm for upper arms and 24.2 ± 1.5 cm for forearms). These findings suggest that elite female wrestlers have site-specific hy...

Associations between Major Indices of Physical Development and Fitness and the Level of Elite Wrestler Special Work Capacity

Objective: The objective of the given work consisted in studying associations between the major indices of physical development (PD) and physical fitness, on the one hand, and the level of special work capacity of elite wrestlers of different weight categories, on the other hand. Material: 147 Ukrainian athletes engaged in Greco-Roman, free-style wrestling and judo served as the subjects. The following methods of studies were used: anthropometry, caliperometry, dynamometry, methods of testing speed-strength fitness and special work capacity of wrestlers, statistical processing and computer modelling. Results: It has been demonstrated that skill level determines ratio and associations of morphometric and speed-strength indices, level of athletes’ special work capacity. Enhancement of skill level results in augmentation of speed-strength fitness, increase of body circumferences, decrease of fat component content, gain of muscular component and muscular development index. Along with the increase of weight category the level of speed-strength fitness and special work capacity decreases. Respective mathematical models were developed. Conclusions. It is recommended to use the developed regression models for modelling, predicting and evaluating special work capacity of highly skilled wrestlers of light, middle and heavy weight categories.

The impact of penalties on subsequent attack effectiveness and combat outcome among high elite judo competitors

The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of incurring a penalty (shido) on subsequent attack effectiveness and combat result among judo competitors. The sample contained 1462 throw attempts and 293 shido from 242 fights that counted toward the IJF 2013 World Ranking List, including both genders and all weight categories. Variables pertaining to attack effectiveness, combat result and combat minute were included in analyses. Data were collected through systematic observation. Two-way ANOVA and post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction were used to identify the effects of gender and weight category on the number of shido given per fight A series of multilevel binomial regression analyses were conducted to predict the influence of being penalised on subsequent attack effectiveness and combat result. Main findings revealed that receiving a shido was associated with match outcome, increasing the likelihood of being defeated (OR = 3.18; P < 0.01), particularly in heavier weight categories (OR = 1.22; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the probability of being penalised increased with greater time in the match (OR = 2.41; P < 0.01). Finally, winners were more effective in attacking after receiving a shido compared to combatants who ultimately lost the match (OR = 6.51; P < 0.01). Thus, developing training tasks to enhance athletes’ combativeness appears essential to avoid being penalised during the fight. Additionally, effectively dealing with being penalised is an important aspect in modern judo. The reported data may constitute a useful guide in the development of competition-specific training tasks to enhance athletes’ adaptation and responses during the fight, improving performance.

Comparative characteristics structure physically prepared fighters high qualification light, medium and heavy weight category

Цель: изучение структуры физической подготовленности (ФП) борцов высокой квалификации различных весовых категорий. Материал: обследовано 147 спортсменов в отдельных весовых категориях. Регистрировались 26 показателей ФП. Результаты: выявлено, что масса борцов является важным фактором, определяющим уровень развития, соотношение и взаимосвязи показателей структуры ФП. Информативными показателями ФП, взаимосвязанными с весовой категорией борцов, являются: время выполнения 45 бросков в специализированном тесте, количество подтягиваний в максимальном темпе за 10 с и максимальное их количество без ограничения времени выполнения, время подъема по канату на высоту 4 м, высота прыжков вверх с места. С увеличением весовой категории борцов снижается быстрота, относительная сила, скоростная и силовая выносливость, снижаются взрывные качества мышц, уровень специальной работоспособности. Взаимосвязи же показателей ФП, отражающие ее структуру, изменяются при этом незначительно. Выводы: разработанные регрессионные модели рекомендуется использовать для моделирования и прогнозирования отдельных сторон ФП спортсменов легких, средних и тяжелых весовых категорий, построения групповых нормативных оценочных шкал.

Control of physical fitness of athletes specializing in combat sambo

Confiscation of informative educational tests to assess motor qualities of skilled athletes. The survey was attended by 94 athletes (18 to 30 years). This group of tests includes: running too far on the bridge (second) coups in space (second); perform 100 punches on the punching bag (second), perform 50 kicks on the punching bag (second). It was found that the highest correlation between the result and the qualifications of athletes seen in tests involving the use of wrestling skills (rushing on the bridge and from the place of revolutions). It is shown that in the groups of athletes of medium and heavy weight categories in tests measuring the speed of the application of various attacks on the punching bag have a weak relationship with the level of sportsmanship. The trend is strengthening correlation sports training and exercise, describing the power of athletes of different skills to increase their weight classes.

Diferencias técnico-tácticas en taekwondistas universitarios según sexo y categoría de competición

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aim&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical-tactical behavior of the competitors competing in the 2011 University Taekwondo Championship of Spain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Method: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;The sample consisted of 30 men and 31 women participating in 45 championship finals and semifinals combats. The variables analyzed were: the score, total number of actions, the type of tactical action, the height, the type of technic and kicking leg.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results/Conclusions: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;The Mann Whitney &lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt; test showed significant differences between men and women in total actions, circular techniques and warnings. The results also showed significant gender differences in circular actions in the flyweight and heavyweight categories, in the linear actions in bantamweight and total score in the lightweight category. Significant differences in total actions, attacking actions, actions to the trunk, performed techniques with right leg and circular techniques were also found in the middleweight division. The technical-tactical behavior of taekwondo competitors was found to differ between gender or gender and weight divisions. Women were found to perform more circular actions to the trunk with the right leg and total actions than men, who received more warnings than women.&lt;span id="mce_marker"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;

Comparison of selected physiological variables among different weight-category Indian elite male boxers

The present study is aimed to compare the selected physiological parameters among the different weight categories of boxers (light, medium and heavy). 36 subjects were recruited from Indian male sportspersons...

Technical diversification, body composition and somatotype of both heavy and light Polish ju-jitsukas of high level

Ju-jitsu is a combat sport that combines techniques of both karate and judo. Tournaments are organized in six weight categories. Identification and classification of somatic build in top contestants practicing ju-jitsu is important for establishment of a model of champion for this discipline of professional sport. There is also no evaluation of the relationships between the sports level and technical and tactical preparation of the contestants. The purpose of this study is to determine body composition, somatotype and technical diversification of both heavyweight and lightweight Polish Ju-jitsu fighters at super-elite and elite level, and consequences for coaching practice and procedural selection and individual training. The contestants comprised persons at both international (super-elite group, n = 12) and national level (elite group, n = 18). Individual fighting techniques were classified into nine groups, according to actions allowed during fighting: (a) in vertical position: hits with leg and hand, and arm, leg and hip throws and with the fall of the attacking opponent, (b) in horizontal position: grips, strangles, and joint locks. The variables dependent on weight category factor and level of sport achievements included age, height, weight, height-weight ratio (HWR) body mass index (BMI) and body composition (fat free mass index [FFMI], fat mass index [FMI], percent fat in body mass [%PF]), somatotype components endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy and the amount of techniques used in Ju-jitsu fight. The lightweight contestants revealed lower values of BMI than those of heavyweight category contestants. The same results were observed for FFMI. However, there are higher values of FMI and %PF in heavyweight category than in the lighter categories. In the range of mesomorphy component, supremacy of heavyweight contestants over lightweight contestants was observed. In the case of ectomorphy, it was the opposite. The number of techniques practiced was significantly higher in super-elite group than in elite group. Body composition and somatotype which differentiate the players into weight categories were observed among men practicing ju-jitsu. It is necessary to strive for presentation of somatic profiles of players against the background of the people from the same country not practicing any sports. The players of higher sports level (super-elite group) practice more diversified attacks which favors domination over the opponent (elite group). Body composition and somatotype can affect selection of attack techniques preferred in fight and determine the performance level. Le ju-jitsu est un sport de combat combinant les techniques de karaté et de judo. Les tournois sont organisés en six catégories de poids. L’identification et la classification du profil somatique des meilleurs combattants en ju-jitsu est important afin d’établir un modèle de champion au sein de cette discipline sportive professionnelle. De plus, il n’existe aucune évaluation de la relation entre le niveau sportif et la préparation technique ainsi que tactique des combattants. L’objectif de la présente étude est de déterminer la composition corporelle, les somatotypes et les variations techniques des ju-jitsukas polonais lourds et légers de haut niveau et les conséquences pratiques pour l’entraînement et la procédure de sélection et de l’individualisation de l’entraînement. Les combattants légers présentaient des valeurs de l’IMC significativement plus basses que les combattants lourds. Les mêmes résultats ont été observés pour l’indice de masse maigre (IMNG). Les valeurs de l’indice de masse grasse (IMG) ainsi que le pourcentage de masse grasse (% MG) sont plus élevés chez les combattants lourds que chez les combattants légers. On note également la supériorité des combattants lourds dans les valeurs des composants de la mésomorphie contrairement aux composants de l’ectomorphie. Le nombre de techniques employées était significativement plus élevé dans le groupe super-élite que dans le groupe élite. La composition corporelle et les somatotypes, qui différencient les combattants dans des catégories de poids, a été étudié chez les hommes pratiquants le ju-jitsu. Il est nécessaire de comparer le profil somatique des compétiteurs avec un modèle caractérisant les sujets non entraînés du même pays. Les combattants de niveau international (super-élite) utilisent des techniques d’attaque plus diversifiées, ce qui leurs donnent des avantages sur le groupe de niveau national (élite). La composition corporelle et le somatotype peuvent affecter la sélection des techniques d’attaque préférées et déterminer le niveau de performance des combattants.

The Wake Vortex Prediction and Monitoring System WSVBS Part I: Design

The design of the Wake Vortex Prediction and Monitoring System WSVBS is described with all its components and their interaction. The WSVBS was developed to tactically increase airport capacity for approach and landing on closely-spaced parallel runways. The WSVBS supports dynamic adjustment of aircraft wake vortex separations dependent on weather conditions and the resulting wake vortex behavior without compromising safety. Dedicated meteorological instrumentation and short-term numerical terminal weather prediction provide the input to the prediction of wake-vortex behavior and respective safety areas. The prediction tools employ a number of conservative aircraft parameter combinations that represent the medium and heavy aircraft weight categories. Safe aircraft separations correspond to times when the predicted safety areas associated with wake vortices generated by leading heavy aircraft cannot overlap the arrival flight corridor. A LIDAR monitors the correctness of WSVBS predictions in the most critical regions at low altitude.

Effect of Dried Brewers’ Grains as a Source of Fibre in the Diet of Angora Rabbits on the Growth Performance

An attempt was made to study the effect of incorporation of Dried Brewers’ Grains (DBG) as a source of fibre on the growth performance of Angora rabbit. Forty Angora rabbits of eight month age were selected, sheared and grouped into four body weight categories namely Low Weight (LW), Medium Low Weight (MLW), Medium Heavy Weight (MHW) and Heavy Weight (HW) groups, each with 10 rabbits. There were five treatments, namely, T (Control with 40% Dehydrated Lucerne Meal (DLM) as a major fibre source), 1 T (Equal parts of DLM and DBG as major fibre sources) T (40% DBG as a major fibre source without DLM), 2 , 3 T (Ricebran extraction as a major fibre source without DLM), T (DLM and sunflower cake as major 4 5 fibre source). Two rabbits from each body weight category were randomly allotted to all the treatments (8 rabbits in all) such that average initial weight was uniform under all dietary treatments. All rabbits were fed ad libitum and weighed once a week. The rabbits had an average body weight of 2.83, 2.97, 2.97 and 3.05 kg with mean gain in body weight as 12.7, 13.3, 8.8 and 9.8 g per day showed the feed efficiency of 11.8, 12.2, 20.8 and 15.3 under LW, MLW, HW and MHW groups respectively, among which feed efficiency of first three were statistically similar (p = 0.01) within themselves whereas, LW and MLW category were significantly different (p = 0.01) from HW category. Despite a non-significant (p = 0.01) effect in the gain in body weight or feed efficiency due to treatments, the T diet (13.8) may prove satisfactory. 2

A comparative study of speed expressed by the number of throws between heavier and lighter categories in judo

Objective The objective of this work was to verify if there was a difference in throwing speed performance between heavier and lighter weight categories in judo. Methods and subjects Sixteen (16) judoists 18 ± 3 years old, eight considered in the lightweight category (< 66 kg) and eight considered in the heavyweight (> 73 kg) category, participated in the study after signing a term of informed consent. A force–velocity test was used to determine the anaerobic power, strength, and pedal speed for each subject. In addition, three trials of Nage-komi exercise, each comprised of a set of Osoto-gari (15s), Uchi-mata (15s) and Seoi-nage (15s) throws were performed by each subject to ascertain throwing speed. Throws within the sets were intersected by one period of three minutes passive rest, while the trials were separated by one period of 10 minutes passive rest. Heart rate and the greatest number of throws within each set were measured for three trials. One-way analysis of variance (Anova) was used to compare the number of throws between the two weight categories and a “Student” test when the difference was significant. A correlation was used to examine the link between the different parameters. Results The force–velocity test did not show a significant difference in pedal speed between the two categories. However, there was a significant difference between the two categories when throwing speed was measured by the number of throws ( p < 0.05) executed during the Seoi-nage ( p < 0.01) and Uchi-mata ( p < 0.05) techniques. There was however, no significant difference between the two categories in Osoto-gari technique. Conclusion The throwing speed of judoists represented by the number of throws is significantly different between the two categories. The lighter category has more speed than the heavier category using the arm technique ( Seoi-nage), while the heavier category has more speed using the leg technique with half turn of the attacker's body ( Uchi-mata). As a result, throwing speed is related to the type of technique used and not weight category.

Body Mass, Nonspecific Low Back Pain, and Anatomical Changes in the Lumbar Spine in Judo Athletes

Cross-sectional study of a specific population. To investigate the prevalence and coprevalence of nonspecific low back pain (nsLBP) and lumbar radiological abnormalities (LRA) in judo athletes. nsLBP and LRA occur frequently in judo athletes. High body mass has been reported to be associated with both nsLBP and LRA. The subjects comprised 82 male judo athletes (mean +/- SD age, 20.1 +/- 0.9 years) from 3 weight categories: lightweight (n = 29), middleweight (n= 31), and heavyweight (n = 22). The presence of nsLBP was evaluated using a questionnaire. LRA were examined using plain-film radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. The prevalence of nsLBP and LRA were compared among weight categories. The prevalence of nsLBP in the lightweight, middleweight, and heavyweight categories was 34.5%, 32.3%, and 40.9%, respectively. For LRA, prevalence for the 3 weight categories was 65.5%, 90.3%, and 90.9%, respectively (middle-weight and heavyweight greater prevalence than lightweight [P<.05]). The prevalence of LRA in athletes with nsLBP in each category was 50.0%, 100%, and 88.9%, respectively (middleweight greater prevalence than lightweight [P<.05]). The prevalence of LRA in athletes without nsLBP in each category was 73.7%, 85.7%, and 92.3%, respectively. The prevalence of LRA was approximately 90% in the middleweight and heavyweight categories, which was greater than for the lightweight category. There was a large coprevalence of nsLBP and LRA. However, many judo athletes without nsLBP had LRA. The presence of LRA may not have a direct association with nsLBP.

Validation of Bioimpedance as a Measure of Body Fat in High School Wrestlers

PURPOSE: State high school athletic associations have investigated methods to ensure the health and safety of high school wrestlers. The NCAA requires the prediction of minimum weight (MW) by assessing body composition and hydration status. These results determine a wrestler's lowest allowable wrestling weight class. To “make weight,” athletes often “cut” weight by withholding fluids. Body composition can be determined by several methods, including leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance. This is an affordable newer technology that has not been validated on high school wrestlers. Our purpose is to determine the validity of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) as an instrument of body composition compared to standard three-site skinfold (SF) testing and the Bod Pod® (BP) measurements and assess the effect of dehydration on these measurements in high school wrestlers. METHODS: Percent body fat was determined by 3 methods for 98 high school wrestlers taking part in the pre-season wrestling weight certification program implemented by the Virginia High School League. Hydration was assessed and a urine specific gravity (USG) < 1.020 was assigned as hydrated. Prior to analysis, subjects were placed into light, middle, and heavy weight categories based on their assigned wrestling weight class. Repeated measures ANOVA with between-subjects factors was used to assess the equality of means between the three measurement devices. RESULTS: Percent body fat determinations were: For light weight wrestlers: 9.37 (BP), 9.15 (SF) and 6.91 (BIA); middle weight wrestlers: 9.98 (BP), 10.71 (SF), 11.68 (BIA); and heavy weight wrestlers: 18.51 (BP), 16.84 (SF), 21.33(BIA). Hydration level had no significant effect on body fat measurements. BIA underestimated body fat composition in lighter weight wrestlers and overestimated percent body fat in heavy weight wrestlers. CONCLUSIONS: BIA is not a valid alternative method for assessing body composition in high school wrestling weight certification programs. Hydration status did not affect minimum wrestling weight determination in high school wrestlers.

A Prospective Study of Injuries Sustained During Competitive Muay Thai Kickboxing

To investigate prospectively the type and rate of injuries sustained during amateur Muay Thai competition. Prospective cohort study collection of data following clinical examination. Amateur Muay Thai competitions in the United Kingdom organized by the International Amateur Muay Thai Federation. Amateur Muay Thai boxers. Both sexes. Lightweight to super heavyweight. There were 92 participants, 12 females and 82 males. The average age was 17.3 years, and the average previous number of bouts was 3.9. A total of 588.5 minutes of competition time was assessed during a total of 10 events. Injury rates were 1.3 injuries per 100 minutes of competition in the lightweight category, 2.25 per 100 minutes of competition in the middleweight category, 30 per 100 minutes of competition in the heavyweight category, and 2.54 per 100 minutes of competition in the super heavyweight category. Compared with other reported martial arts, the injury rates are higher in Muay Thai. The head was shown to be the most common site of injury in amateur fighters, but there was an almost complete absence of lower limb injuries, which again is at variance with reported figures for other martial arts.

Convergent Validity of the Larocque Obesity Questionnaire and Self-Reported Behavior during Obesity Treatment

A validation study of the Larocque Obesity Questionnaire designed for use in obesity treatment was performed. Unlike other measures of obesity, this questionnaire includes scales measuring general emotional state as well as eating behavior. Subscales measured uncontrolled eating, physical stress responses, depression, and perfectionism. Subjects were 458 women and 79 men in treatment for obesity by general practitioners. The subscales showed acceptable internal consistency and related in predictable ways to measures of eating behavior, depression, self-criticism, stress, physical complaints and weight-control motivation. Subjects in the heaviest weight category (Body Mass Index > or = 40) showed higher scores on Stress Response and Depression subscales. There were no significant sex differences, after controlling for weight. All four subscales showed significant improvement after 5 wk., which indicates their sensitivity to changes during treatment.