Heavy Traffic Volume Research Articles

Estimation of Norwegian Asphalt Surfacing Lifetimes Using Survival Analysis Coupled with Road Spatial Data

Combinations of different factors and their relative importance have a mixed effect on the longevity of pavements, which are essential to be understood to enhance long-term maintenance planning. This study used spatial road data from Norway followed by integrating temporal-spatial and statistical analyses to show a potential approach to estimate the lifetimes of asphalt surfacing. For the statistical part, a stratified Cox proportional hazard model was used to understand the relationship between longevity of surface mixtures and different factors, while avoiding having predefined assumptions rooted in deterministic modeling. In addition, rutting was used as the response variable to determine distress-specific asphalt surfacing lifetimes and to handle censored data. Inclusion of rutting as the response variable showed that the median technical lifetime of asphalt surfacing is about 2 years shorter than that of the maintenance activity records. The results showed the significance of each covariate; however, aggregate nominal maximum size and heavy traffic volume were consistently the significant covariates across the studied traffic classes. In addition, the results were fitted to reference categories in each covariate to show a practical approach to interpret absolute values of lifetimes from a survival table.

Analisis Daya Dukung Tanah Dan Bahan Pondasi Tiang Pancang Pada Pembangunan Jembatan Kab. Jombang

One of the most important factors in the structure of the pile foundation in the construction of the bridge is the carrying capacity of the soil so as not to collapse. Construction of a bridge in the village of Klitik in Jombang Regency to be built due to heavy traffic volume. The foundation plan to be used is a pile foundation with a diameter of 50 cm, the problem is what is the value of carrying capacity of soil and material. The equipment used is the Dutch Cone Penetrometer with a capacity of 2.50 tons with an Adhesion Jacket Cone. The detailed specifications of this sondir are as follows: Area conus 10 cm², piston area 10 cm², coat area 100 cm², as for the results obtained The carrying capacity of the soil is 60.00 tons for a diameter of 30 cm, 81,667 tons for a diameter of 35 cm, 106,667 tons for a diameter of 40 cm, 150,000 tons for a diameter of 50 cm for material strength of 54,00 tons for a diameter of 30 cm, 73,500 tons for a diameter of 35 cm, 96,00 tons for a diameter of 40 cm, 166,666 tons for a diameter of 50 cm

Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) for evaluation of different transportation alternatives: A case of Rawalpindi bypass Pakistan

Safe, efficient and user-friendly transportation of people and goods have been a premier point of concern for all the developed and the developing countries around the globe. National Highway N-5 or GT road is the most important highway link in Pakistan. It carries about 80 % of the country freight traffic. When this heavy traffic passes through the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, it causes congestion and environmental hazards particularly in business centers of Rawalpindi city. Because of this heavy traffic volume passing through the cities situated along N-5, bypasses to all of them have been provided however, Rawalpindi is the only city along N5 which is still without a bypass. A bypass to Rawalpindi city is, therefore, inevitable. Besides this, the Bypass will also provide a short access to the traffic on the Motorway (M2) destined for the western part of Rawalpindi. For this research work Rawalpindi Bypass is taken as a hypothetical scenario and is evaluated for its benefits. Besides addition to the networks of highways across Pakistan this bypass has many other benefits which include decrease in congestion from Islamabad and Rawalpindi main arteries (ISB Highway and IJP Road) that results in travel time savings, vehicle operating cost savings, safety savings and reduced air pollution. This research aims to produce an engineering and scientific comparison of various costs and benefits associated with the road agency and users about the construction of an alternative. The Project involves transportation demand estimation on different segments of the National and Arterial roads, Project Costs, travel time savings, safety saving, vehicle operating cost savings, economic efficiency analysis, Air quality impact and multi criterion transportation decision making. The transportation decision making process usually involves the evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of an alternative decision with respect to a base case DO-NOTHING Scenario. Author have taken the existing road way structure with no improvements as DO-NOTHING Scenario, whereas the construction of Rawalpindi Bypass (60 Km) with 2 lanes in each direction is taken as Alternative B and Rawalpindi Bypass (51 Km) as Alternative C. Multi criteria decision making technique is used for decision because of multiple options with different dimensions, both monetary and nonmonetary. Basing of MCDM this study recommends Alternative C (51 Km) for Rawalpindi Bypass.

Effects of extreme climatic conditions on pavement response

Conventionally it has been presumed that heavy traffic loading is the main driver that causes pavements to reach its limiting performance criteria such as fatigue and permanent deformation, and as a result, pavement designs have primarily only incorporated traffic loading. However, close monitoring of pavements has revealed that in fact, traffic loading alone may not create the conditions that lead to sudden failure of pavements. One aspect that is often not directly included in pavement design is the climatic factors, specifically temperature and moisture variations of the pavement soil. The occurrence of climatic extremes is becoming ever so frequent and there is a pressing need to better understand the effects of these extreme climatic conditions on pavement performance. This study presents the findings of an investigation into the effects of moisture and environmental conditions on the mechanical behaviour of granular pavements. The study was conducted with the aim of determining how seasonal effects from hot and wet climatic conditions impact on the sudden failure of pavements. Data was collected from state-of-the-art instrumentation on two field pavement sites located in Sunshine Coast, Australia. The sites were monitored over three years, and variations in daily temperature, moisture and strain values were analysed. Cyclic strain variations were observed in a cemented pavement basecourse layer where large fatigue tensile strains were present when moisture increased and temperature decreased. The results indicate that as moisture rises and temperature falls, critical fatigue strain increase above the fatigue endurance limit. This occurs when moisture was at or above optimum moisture content and surface layer temperature was between 38°C and 31°C. The data indicated that the change in pore pressure as a result of moisture and temperature variations within the granular basecourse soil were causing the strains in the pavement. Heavy traffic volume only had a minor effect on basecourse strain although the combined effect of soil moisture, temperature and heavy traffic loading was a cause for large fatigue strains in the pavement.

Impact of Partial Penetrations of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Fuel Consumption and Traffic Flow

This paper addresses the problem of analyzing the effects of partial penetrations of optimally coordinated connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) on fuel consumption and travel time under low, medium, and heavy traffic volumes. We develop a microscopic simulation framework to enhance our understanding of the interactions between human-driven vehicles and CAVs in a merging on-ramp scenario. We show that fuel consumption is adversely affected for medium and high traffic while benefits are realized for travel time under the same traffic conditions. We also show that higher penetrations of CAVs contribute to more stable traffic patterns.

Parametric Study of The Parameters Affecting Concrete Pavement Thickness

Concrete pavements are the superstructure elements that can serve for a long time withoutdeterioration. Concrete pavements are using intensively for interstate highways where heavy traffic volume ishigh, parking facilities, airfields and industrial facilities. One of the most important features of concrete pavements,which are widely used in interstate roads in America, is more environmentally friendly compared to flexiblesuperstructures. This increases the need for concrete pavements in our time when sustainability is important.Because of the complex concrete properties and soil properties, the concrete pavement design is complex thanexpected. Due to the complexity of the designs, they were previously designed based on experiences. Subsequently,design methods with both mechanical and experimental infrastructure have been developed thanks to mechanicalmethods. Among these design methods, PCA 1984 and AASHTO 1993 are the most widely used for concretepavement design. Both the PCA 1984 and the AASHTO 1993 design method are used concrete properties, subgradereaction, and traffic characteristics as input parameters. In this study, three main parameters affecting concretepavement thickness (concrete properties, soil reaction and traffic) were examined according to AASHTO and PCAmethods. By this way, the correlation between pavement thickness and these parameters is shown. Another resultobtained from this study is which parameters are more sensitive to concrete pavement thickness.

A Survey of Intelligent Transportation Systems

The problem of traffic delay and congestion of services and products is a very serious problem in the world due to the population growth and difficulties in changing the infrastructure. This issue is being studied by researchers and international traffic centers because of the delay in services and products and negative economic effect that traffic problem causes. It is difficult to improve the traffic system performance by using the traditional control methods. Many studies had been conducted using the fuzzy logic system and neural network to control the road intersections. In this article, the artificial intelligence traffic control principles and approaches which applied in the traffic signal control will be reviewed. Some points of view about future research in this area are proposed. The review shows that the traffic performance of the fuzzy controller has better performance than traditional traffic signal controls, specifically during heavy and uneven traffic volume conditions.

SUPERPAVE VOLUMETRIC MIX DESIGN OF HOT MIX ASPHALT: CASE STUDY OF ISPARTA

The pavement design system that a generic method of designing mixtures custom to the unique performance requirements enforced by the heavy traffic volumes, maximum and minimum temperatures and structural part at specific pavement section is the SUperior PERforming Asphalt PAVEment (Superpave) Mix design. Accomplishing the needed grade of pavement performance Superpave Mix Design enables selecting and assembling asphalt binder, aggregate. Superpave system is practicable to raw and reclaimed, hot mix asphalt (HMA). Also, Superpave performance tests are practicable for defining a diversity of specialized mixtures. Superpave Mix Design thoroughly addresses the degradation and permanent deformation and low-temperature cracking discipline owing to material choice and mixture designing. Furthermore, it takes into consideration moisture sensitivity impacts for supporting or striking these distresses to improve. The objective of State of the Art is to present an overview of Superpave volumetric mix design procedure with a case study of Isparta region in accordance with literature.

Roadside habitat impacts insect traffic mortality

Paved roadways, spanning 6.6 million kilometres across the continental United States, are often bordered by natural or restored habitats and could provide opportunities for pollinator conservation. Because insects are frequently killed by auto traffic, roadside habitats may be ecological traps that kill more pollinators than they produce. Here we compare insect traffic mortality when roadsides are bordered by woodlots, meadows, or lawns. We also compare study sites with and without restored medians to examine the impact of creating habitat that can only be accessed by crossing traffic. We confined our study to high speed roads (70–90 km h−1) with heavy traffic volume. Both habitat type and the presence of a vegetated median affect vehicle strikes fatal to insects. Insect mortality in general, and its effect on bees and butterflies in particular, was consistently lower when roads were bordered by woodlots than when they were bordered by lawn or meadows. Which roadside habitats were associated with the highest insect mortality depended on the taxon in question and the presence or absence of a vegetated median. Butterfly and dragonfly mortality was highest on roads with meadow medians, while bee mortality was highest on roadsides with lawn medians. Across most site comparisons, vegetated medians significantly elevated fatal insect-vehicle strikes. Regardless of the habitat bordering roadsides, insect mortality was unacceptably high for areas being considered for conservation. We suggest four research directions that may lead to reduced insect mortality in roadside habitats.

The Possibility for Implementing the Superstreet Unconventional Intersection Design in Jordan

This paper provides policy makers with an objective assessment on the possibility for implementing an unconventional arterial intersection design, the Superstreet, for improving safety and operational characteristics for an existing signalized intersection. The signalized intersection selected for analysis was Tabarbour, located in Amman, Jordan. Tabarbour intersection is considered one of the most significant signalized intersections in Amman. The intersection currently suffers from the following problems: long queues, delays and excessive emissions. SYNCHRO microscopic simulation software was used for signal optimization of the current conventional intersection. VISSIM microscopic simulation software was used to analyze and compare the Superstreet design to the conventional design. It was found that the proposed Superstreet reduced the average delay per vehicle by up to 87% and reduced the maximum queue length by almost 97%. This resulted in improving the level of service from F to C. Finally, five year future traffic demand analysis was performed; it was found that the Superstreet design didn’t perform as expected under heavy traffic volume.

Monitoring Heavy Metal Contents with Sphagnum Junghuhnianum Moss Bags in Relation to Traffic Volume in Wuxi, China.

Despite its small size, a moss bag can reveal the different temporal and spatial deposition patterns of pollutants at a particular site; therefore, researchers can use moss bags to determine pollution sources and to put forward strategies for pollution control. Although the use of moss bags to monitor atmospheric pollution has been widely reported in Europe, there are few such empirical studies in China. Thus, in this study, bags containing the moss Sphagnum junghuhnianum were used to assess the concentrations of heavy metals (chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)) at five sampling sites (four roads and a forest park) during the summer and winter of 2012. According to the relative accumulation factor (RAF) and contamination factor (CF) results, pollution in winter was heavier than that in summer, and Cr was found to be the most contaminating, having the highest mean CF. There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between traffic volume and concentration for three heavy metals (Cr, Cu, and V) in winter, whereas a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between traffic volume and concentrations for four heavy metal elements (Cr, Pb, V, and Zn) in summer, indicating a close relationship between heavy metal contents and traffic volume. Although there was substantial variation in the concentrations of the five heavy metals in the moss bags, significant correlations between heavy metals suggested that the contaminants originated from a common source, namely vehicle emissions. The results demonstrated that the four roads were subject to different degrees of pollution depending on the volume of traffic using each road. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that traffic volume is a major reason for heavy metal pollution.

An Intelligent Luminance Control Method for Tunnel Lighting Based on Traffic Volume

This paper presents an intelligent control method for tunnel lighting based on traffic volume. The monitoring data for a period of 12 days of the Chibai tunnel (located in the Jilin province of China) under different weather conditions was selected as the case study. The data used in the analysis included traffic volume, vehicle speed, the time of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at their lowest luminance level, and the average time interval between two consecutive vehicles. The traffic flow analysis indicated that the tunnel has a relatively heavy traffic volume in the daytime (7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) and a relatively low traffic volume in the nighttime (12:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m.). Thus, we propose a tunnel lighting control method that distinguishes day and night operational strategies. In the daytime, the luminance of tunnel zones depends on tunnel exterior luminance, traffic volume and vehicle speed regardless of vehicle presence. In the night, the “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” control method is adopted for the tunnel luminance, which depends on vehicle presence.

Crack Mechanism of Different Concrete Grades under Compressive Loading: Application in Rigid Pavement

The growth of cracks in concretes under different loadings in various structures and their consequent diminishing effect on the lifespan of structures is an age long structural problem. This research investigates the influence of compressive loading on the crack mechanism of different concrete grades 1: 1 : 3 (M20), 1: 2: 4 (M15) and 1: 3: 6 (M10) using three brands of cements available in Nigeria namely Dangote (Type A), Elephant (Type B) and Bua (Type C). Particle Size Distribution (PSD), Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) was carried out on aggregates in accordance with relevant codes while; compressive test were performed on the hardened concrete while, the crack width was measured using microscopic technique. A Coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 4.00, AIV of 46 % and an ACV of 47.7 % were obtained for the aggregate which are suitable for rigid pavements construction. Maximum compressive strength value of 24.96 N/mm2, 24.67 N/mm2 and 24.89 N/mm2 respectively was obtained for concrete M20 for Type A, Type B and Type C cement at the 28 day. A corresponding crack width of 0.97 mm, 0.89 mm and 0.93 mm was obtained while; a yield period of 57.66 sec, 58.33 sec and 53.33 was obtained respectively. Comparing with the International Organization for Standardization, concrete grade M20 any of the cement types is suitable for the construction of rigid pavements with heavy traffic volume while M15 is recommended for low traffic volume.

Time series trends of the safety effects of pavement resurfacing

This study evaluated the safety performance of pavement resurfacing projects on urban arterials in Florida using the observational before and after approaches. The safety effects of pavement resurfacing were quantified in the crash modification factors (CMFs) and estimated based on different ranges of heavy vehicle traffic volume and time changes for different severity levels. In order to evaluate the variation of CMFs over time, crash modification functions (CMFunctions) were developed using nonlinear regression and time series models. The results showed that pavement resurfacing projects decrease crash frequency and are found to be more safety effective to reduce severe crashes in general. Moreover, the results of the general relationship between the safety effects and time changes indicated that the CMFs increase over time after the resurfacing treatment. It was also found that pavement resurfacing projects for the urban roadways with higher heavy vehicle volume rate are more safety effective than the roadways with lower heavy vehicle volume rate. Based on the exploration and comparison of the developed CMFucntions, the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and exponential functional form of the nonlinear regression models can be utilized to identify the trend of CMFs over time.

Readily Wash-Off Road Dust and Associated Heavy Metals on Motorways

Road dust contains a wide range of potentially health-hazardous pollutant sources. In this study, road dust samples were collected from nine locations along the Sydney orbital motorway during wet weather events and analysed for their mineralogy and heavy metal contents. The aim of this study was to examine for the specific particle size fractions in road dust samples that can be associated with anthropogenic pollutant sources, mainly on the prevalence of heavy metals. Surface morphological and elemental composition of the road dust particles was analysed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The heavy metal contents and degree of contamination were also investigated including in the two specific particle size fractions of <75 and 75–150 μm. It was found that the particle size fraction of <75 μm made up between 6 and 16% of the entire particle size distributions and contributed to more than 90% of the heavy metal contents. In addition, a moderate to high degree of heavy metal contamination was measured in the collected road dust samples, and this was correlated well with the local traffic volumes. The good correlation between heavy metals and traffic volumes in the finer road dust particle size fraction of <75 μm indicated that the finer road dust particles were not only important in terms of heavy metal attachment, accumulation and mobilisation during wet weather events but they could also provide evidence of potential anthropogenic pollution sources. These findings will facilitate our scientific understanding on the specific role and importance of particle size fractions on the mobilisation of pollutant sources, particularly heavy metals during wet weather events. It is anticipated that this study will assist in the development of best management practices for pollution prevention and control strategies on the frequency of road sweeping and retention pond design to trap fine road dust particles.

Traffic Vehicle Counting in Jam Flow Conditions Using Low-Cost and Energy-Efficient Wireless Magnetic Sensors.

The jam flow condition is one of the main traffic states in traffic flow theory and the most difficult state for sectional traffic information acquisition. Since traffic information acquisition is the basis for the application of an intelligent transportation system, research on traffic vehicle counting methods for the jam flow conditions has been worthwhile. A low-cost and energy-efficient type of multi-function wireless traffic magnetic sensor was designed and developed. Several advantages of the traffic magnetic sensor are that it is suitable for large-scale deployment and time-sustainable detection for traffic information acquisition. Based on the traffic magnetic sensor, a basic vehicle detection algorithm (DWVDA) with less computational complexity was introduced for vehicle counting in low traffic volume conditions. To improve the detection performance in jam flow conditions with a “tailgating effect” between front vehicles and rear vehicles, an improved vehicle detection algorithm (SA-DWVDA) was proposed and applied in field traffic environments. By deploying traffic magnetic sensor nodes in field traffic scenarios, two field experiments were conducted to test and verify the DWVDA and the SA-DWVDA algorithms. The experimental results have shown that both DWVDA and the SA-DWVDA algorithms yield a satisfactory performance in low traffic volume conditions (scenario I) and both of their mean absolute percent errors are less than 1% in this scenario. However, for jam flow conditions with heavy traffic volumes (scenario II), the SA-DWVDA was proven to achieve better results, and the mean absolute percent error of the SA-DWVDA is 2.54% with corresponding results of the DWVDA 7.07%. The results conclude that the proposed SA-DWVDA can implement efficient and accurate vehicle detection in jam flow conditions and can be employed in field traffic environments.

Evaluating pavement performance through smart monitoring – effects of soil moisture, temperature and traffic

This paper presents the findings from a research conducted to investigate the effects of moisture and environmental conditions on the mechanical behaviour of granular pavements. Analysis was conducted on data collected from state-of-the-art instrumentation on two field pavement sites located in Sunshine Coast, Australia. The sites were monitored over three years, and daily temperature, moisture and strain values were analysed. Large tensile strains in the basecourse occurred when moisture increased and temperature decreased at the end of day. This result indicated that the change in soil pore pressure due to moisture and temperature variations was causing the strains in the pavement. Heavy traffic volume had a minor effect on basecourse strain in comparison to moisture and temperature although, it was concluded that the combined effect of soil moisture, temperature and heavy traffic loading was a cause for large vertical strains in the pavement.

PERENCANAAN SIMPANG EMPAT BERSINYAL PASAR LEMABANG KOTA PALEMBANG DENGAN PROGRAM SIMULASI VISSIM

Lemabang Market is located at a crowded junction in Palembang city, which connect four streets, namely Jl. Yos Sudarso, Jl. Jendral Bambang Utoyo, Jl. RE. Martadinata, and Jl. Ratu Sianum. The intersection has traffic signals, but no traffic signs. The condition of the four approaching roads are narrow. Jl. RE Martadinata and Jl. Yos Sudarso have heavy traffic volume, while Jl. Jendral Bambang Utoyo and Jl. Ratu Sianum have less traffic. This study is aimed to evaluate the performance of the intersection, the existing condition of the traffic, and analyze several alternative traffic arrangements by creating some alternative solutions by means of VISSIM 8. The traffic counting survey was done, as well as inventory survey for road and intersection of Lemabang. The result of simulation model shows that the improvement of median, road geometric and remove the blocking in the middle of junction give better performance in alternative 1 and alternative 2.

IRI performance models for recently constructed low and medium-traffic two lane roads of the province of Biscay

Reliable pavement prediction models are needed for pavement management systems (PMS), as they are a key component to forecast future conditions of the pavement and to prioritize maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction strategies. The International Roughness Index (IRI) is the most used parameter worldwide for calibrating pavement roughness and measures reasonably the ride comfort perceived by occupants of passenger cars. The Regional Government of Biscay also collects this value on the road network under its control These surveys are carried out regularly in the XXI century. Several IRI performance models have been proposed by different authors and administrations, varying greatly in their comprehensiveness, the ability to predict performance with accurancy and input data requirements. The aim of this paper is to develop a roughness performance model for Biscay's roads, based on availablbe IRI data, taking into account heavy traffic volume and the age of pavement. Local characteristics as climate conditions and average rainfall are not considered. IRI performance models have been suggested for regional two lane highways with low and medium heavy traffic constructed in the last 20 years in the province of Biscay, with no treatments during their life. They can be applied for flexible pavements, but no logical coherent results have been concluded for semi-rigid pavements. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4108

Minimizing Illegal Overweight Truck Frequencies through Strategically Planned Truck Inspection Operations

AbstractOver the past two decades, heavy truck traffic volumes and cargo weights have been steadily increasing due to economic growth and improved transportation system efficiency. These changes are producing an exponential increase in the damage caused to highway pavements and bridges. A disproportionate amount of highway damage is caused by extremely heavy trucks, many of which are illegally exceeding existing truck weight limits. To control the number of illegal overweight trucks, many states have installed fixed truck weighing stations on main highways and have deployed specially trained state police units that perform random roadside inspections to verify the safe operation of trucks and their compliance with the applicable legal weight limits. However, a preliminary study of police roadside inspections shows no correlation between the regions of high enforcement operations and those where overweight trucks are most frequent. Such random deployment of enforcement teams reduces the efficiency of the e...