Heavy Pressure Research Articles

Trophic niche overlap of deep-sea fish species revealed by the combined approach of stomach contents and stable isotopes analysis in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea

Understanding the trophic ecology of marine ecosystems is a key challenge given that they are subject to anthropogenic pressures that can alter the integrity of the food web. The bathyal zone of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea is characterized by an high level of community biodiversity, heavy anthropogenic pressure and thus represents a fundamental environment for the study of trophic relationships between demersal fish species which live in sympatry, but this basin still remains data deficient. To fill this information gap, we investigated the trophic niche overlap of four deep-sea fish species, Galeus melastomus, Helicolenus dactylopterus, Lepidorhombus boscii, and Trisopterus capelanus, in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea using an integrated approach of stomach content and stable isotopes analysis (δ13C and δ15N). Our analysis revealed that the blackmouth catshark G. melastomus displays a wide trophic niche with considerable overlap with other fish species, as it consumed diverse prey including fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods, thus proving a generalist and opportunistic feeding behavior. The blackbelly rosefish H. dactylopterus exhibits a narrower isotopic trophic niche comprising mainly benthic crustaceans and so suggesting a marked specialism in feeding strategy. The diet of the four-spotted megrim L. boscii showed a marked overlap with that H. dactylopterus, as these species shared a similar benthic habit and relied upon a similar pool of resource. The poor cod T. capelanus showed a diverse diet comprising both prey captured close to the bottom, especially decapod and mysid crustaceans, and bathypelagic prey, mainly Osteichthyes, Myctophidae, and amphipod Hyperiidae, with an intermediate partially segregated isotopic niche width. The combination of stomach content analysis and stable isotopes analysis provided the first characterization of the trophic relationships, shedding light on the trophic niche overlap of these four ecologically important deep sea fish species. The diets of the four investigated species showed similarities in the composition of prey, but also differences which allows them to partially reduce competition. This information may be of crucial relevance for the development of effective management and conservation strategies for the bathyal Mediterranean environment.

Significance of economic openness for the origins of social insurance policies in the initial stage: a comparative study

ABSTRACT This article proposes an original perspective on the origins and formation of the modern welfare state, arguing that the openness of national economies had a critical influence upon the kind of social insurance policies each country would adopt before World War I. If we classify Western national economies into two typical types, the free-trade open economy (FOE) and the protectionist closed economy (PCE), depending on their trade policy, we can make two hypotheses. FOE, which is under heavy pressure from international competition, is more sensitive than PCE to the increase in employers’ cost. Therefore, hypothesis (1) is: PCE would precede FOE in introducing social insurance which involves considerable cost increases for employers. Hypothesis (2) is: if FOE dares to undertake a social insurance scheme, they would likely create social insurance that relies on general tax revenues to mitigate cost increases for employers. On the contrary, PCE can undertake social insurance schemes that involve considerable cost increases for employers more easily than FOE, as protective tariffs countervail their cost increases to some extent. Through the comparative analysis of all major Western countries, this article demonstrates the validity of these hypotheses.

Intelligent management of carbon emissions of urban domestic sewage based on the Internet of Things

Domestic wastewater is one of the major carbon sources that cannot be ignored by human society. Against the background of carbon peaking & carbon neutrality (Double Carbon) goals, the continuous urbanization has put heavy pressure on urban drainage systems. Nevertheless, the complex subjective and objective conditions of drainage systems restrict the field monitoring, measurement, and analysis of drainage systems, which has become a great obstacle to the study of carbon emissions from drainage system. In this paper, 3389 sensor terminals of Internet of Things (IoT) are used to build a field monitoring IoT for urban domestic wastewater methane (CH4) carbon emission, with 21 main districts of Chongqing Municipality in China as the study area. Incorporating Fick's law of diffusion, this field monitoring IoT derives a measurement model for methane carbon emissions based on measured concentrations, and solves the problems of long-term and stable monitoring and measurement of methane gas in complex underground environment. With GIS spatio-temporal analysis used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of carbon emissions from septic tanks in drainage systems, it successfully reveals the spatial and temporal distribution of methane carbon emissions from drainage systems in different seasons, as well as the relationship between methane carbon emissions from drainage systems and the latitude of direct sunlight. Applying the DTW method, it quantifies the stability of methane monitoring in drainage systems and evaluates the effects of Sampling Frequency (SF) and Number of Devices Terminal (NDT) on the stability of methane monitoring. Consequently, an intelligent management system for carbon emissions from urban domestic wastewater is constructed on the base of IoT, which integrates methane monitoring, measurement and analysis in septic tanks of drainage systems.

An agent-based modelling framework for performance assessment of search and rescue operations in the Barents Sea

In recent years, the increase in Arctic offshore activities has raised concerns about the search and rescue (SAR) operations as mitigative measures to ensure the safety of shipping and cruise activities. Performing SAR operations in the remote Arctic offshore environment is exceptionally challenging due to the severe environmental conditions, including low temperatures, high waves, strong winds, heavy snow showers, sea ice, spray icing, dense fog, limited visibility, and polar low pressures. Moreover, the scarcity of port infrastructure along the Arctic coastline exacerbates the difficulties faced during SAR operations. Tackling the aforementioned challenges necessitates a comprehensive modelling framework for analysis of SAR operations in the Arctic that is able to consider the dynamics and uncertain nature of Arctic harsh environmental conditions, and the constraints imposed by the limited capacity of Arctic SAR infrastructure. To this aim, this paper proposes an agent-based modelling (ABM) framework to assess the performance of SAR operations while tackling such challenges in the Arctic. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to model the dynamics and uncertainty of weather and sea conditions using historical data, using which some severity levels are determined. Expert judgement process is then used quantify the impacts of such severity levels on the performance of rescue agents, and thus, on the total rescue time. To validate the proposed framework, an illustrative case in the Norwegian Barents Sea is considered, where the performance of SAR infrastructure is examined under different rescue scenarios. According to the results of this paper, the total rescue time is the longest during December to February, and the shortest rescue time is associated with months May to August. Some recommendations are further proposed to improve the performance of SAR infrastructure in the Barents Sea.

Application of Geospatial Technology to Assess Pressures and Threats to Nature Related to Human Activities in Wilpattu National Park

Expanding agricultural land is one of the humanities largest and most considerable environmental impacts. It has transformed habitats and is one of the greatest pressures and threats to biodiversity. By 2020, with an estimated population of 22 million, the per capita arable land is about 0.158 hectares. This indicates heavy pressure on agricultural land use. This agricultural land use causes deforestation. Illegal deforestation results in the destruction of habitat and the restriction of wildlife movements. Apart from the direct destruction of habitats of flora and fauna that provide humans with valuable resources, removing forest cover puts many essential natural functions out of order, which may lead to a range of severe consequences. There have been many attempts at human encroachment at Wilpattu National Park, Sri Lanka, and its Forest Reserves; however, it has never been done at this scale with the awareness of the Government Authorities, who failed to act. The Easter end of the Wilpattu National Park lies between the divisional secretariat of Mahaviachchi, Karuwalagasweva, Nochchiyagama, and Rajanganaya. The buffer zone of 1.6km has been marked from the Wilpattu reserve boundary. This study uses the integrated land use assessment by applying a land use evaluation model that evaluates biophysical and human-related data in eight GN Divisions (Hunuvilagama, Kuda Vilachchiya, Track 13, Matha Kiramam, Palaikuli, Pahalapuliyankulam, Parana Eluwankulam, and Andiyapuliyankulam) in buffer zone in Wilpattu National Park. Environmental impact has been assessed based on image classification and area calculations. According to the analysis done in the human settlement, it indicates encroachment of the restricted zone for human settlement. The area of this buffer zone is approximately 33,147 ha. About 9,190 ha of this buffer zone area has been utilized by humans in various ways. Spatial- temporal data in 2003-2019 satellite image classification identified permanent building/housing units within the 1.6 km restricted zone, which has been increased in marginal villages. Mullikulam and Eluwankulam GN Divisions are the most critical and rapidly encroached areas in the forest village in the Wilpattu National Park. According to the GIS-based maps, cultivation, road construction, and residence are significant factors influencing the major ecosystems in the eastern part of the Wilpattu Park Boundary. Mahavilachchi and Nochchiyagama can be identified as the villages where elephants roam more and the areas where elephant-human conflict occurs regularly. Paddy and hay farming are primarily practiced in the areas close to the Wilpattu reserve zone. Additionally, coconut, banana, mango, and cashew crops are cultivated.
 
 Keywords: Wilpattu, Agriculture, Deforestation, Buffer zone, Human

Social and economic impacts of increasing early marriages during the Covid-19 pandemic: A study in Mandailing Natal and South Tapanuli districts

IntroductionSince the Covid-19 outbreak, underage marriages have become increasingly widespread with all its impact to the society. There are very limited studies on its impact from social and economic aspect, especially among Muslim society in Indonesia.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to analyse the social and economic impacts of increasing underage marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic. By doing so, the study also aims to provide solution to solve the impacts for the affected communities.MethodThis study uses a qualitative method with a sociological approach that focuses on experiences and socio-cultural phenomena that occur in the midst of society.ResultsThere are several social impacts that occur as a result of early marriage, conflict in the family, regret and heavy pressure, loss of opportunity to continue education, not being able to socialize, domestic violence, divorce. The economic impacts that occur due to early marriage, among others, are limited opportunities to get work opportunities, unable to bear the family's economic burden, structural poverty.ImplicationsEfforts were made to reduce the number of early marriages, among others, holding meetings several times a month, formally coordinating community leaders, village officials, and KUA, through outreach programs to Majlis Taklim, marriage advice, through marriage sermons, coordinating with sub-districts, youth activities related to early marriage.Originality/NoveltyThe findings of this study contribute to efforts to overcome social and economic problems among Muslim society impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Comparative efficacy of oxathiapiprolin-based fungicides in controlling late blight in field-grown potatoes induced by mixed mefenoxam-sensitive and resistant genotypes of Phytophthorainfestans

Potatoes are grown in Israel twice a year, in autumn and spring, contributing over $300 million to the state's economy in 2022. In both seasons late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a major threat to yields. Fungicides are the most important means to control P. infestans. The classical fungicides mancozeb and chlorothalonil were banned by the regulator while mefenoxam, cymoxanil and infinito, suffer of reduced field efficacy. The new OSBPI fungicide oxathiapiprolin solo provides excellent control of the disease by foliar or soil applications but its proneness to resistance development enforces its application in mixtures with fungicides with a different mode of action. In three field trials done in Israel during 2021–2023, oxathiapiprolin solo and seven oxathiapiprolin-premixed fungicides were applied to potato crops Sifra or VR808 at early season. Plants were thereafter inoculated with mixed genotypes of P. infestans, sensitive and resistant to mefenoxam, and disease progress was monitored along 35 days after inoculation. All oxathiapiprolin products provided excellent control of the disease all along the season, significantly better than the fungicides mancozeb, mefenoxam, cymoxanil, ranman or infinito. Disease control was dependent on the dose applied, the proportion of oxathiapiprolin in the mixture, the partner fungicide, and the experiment. At the recommended dose of 0.1 % (50 g/ha in 500 L), the mixtures with mefenoxam or mandipropamid were more effective than the mixtures with chlorothalonil or azoxystrobin. At 0.2 %, all seven mixtures were highly effective all along the season. Tuber yields were significantly higher in plots treated with oxathiapiprolin mixtures as compared with control fungicide-free plots. Monitoring assays done along the season failed to detect oxathiapiprolin-insensitive mutants of P. infestans in all three trials, including plots treated with 0.2 % oxathiapiprolin solo (MIC = 0.3 ppm ai). We conclude that a single preventive application of oxathiapiprolin-based fungicides to potato crops at early season can provide effective control of late blight under heavy pressure of P.infestans for as long as 5 weeks without selecting for insensitive mutants.

Testing scenarios for using telepresence robots in healthcare settings

The ageing global population puts heavy pressure on healthcare systems everywhere. Addressing ageing-related chronic conditions requires employment of novel innovative solutions. Telehealth technologies, including telepresence robots (TPRs), are being rapidly developed to provide healthcare services efficiently wherever needed. This article explores the role of TPRs in addressing the challenges of providing healthcare to an ageing population, emphasizing their potential advantages and drawbacks. Employing an exploratory research approach with qualitative data collection techniques, we tested three TPR usage scenarios in simulated healthcare settings: anamnesis, measurements, and falls and frailty. The study employed a non-random purposive sample comprising 25 participants, and was conducted at a medical facility in June 2023. The findings suggest that TPRs offer promising solutions for healthcare professionals and patients, especially in scenarios when physical presence is impossible or physical isolation is required to prevent contagion. However, the technology is not yet ready to substitute fully human medical workers, potentially causing patient reluctance and emphasizing the need for patient-centered approaches to technology adoption. In addition, more studies are needed to address ethical, privacy, and scalability concerns.

Is Commodification of Education Doomed to Fail: An Empirical Case Study Investigation into Commodification as the Cause of Failure of UK HE Providers

This paper examines the commodification model as a cause of collapse by establishing if there is a link between commodification and the failure of HE institutions. The study aims to answer 3 questions: Is profit-driven commodification the main cause of the collapse of private HE providers? If not, what is the cause and to what extent is the model a contributor to its decline? What lessons can be learned from understanding failure to prevent it? Methodology – interpretive, phenomenological case study approach based on a single case of a small-sized alternative higher education provider in London. The mixed method using observation along with documentation and interviews provided an opportunity for triangulation to improve reliability. Primary data from focus group interviews with staff, students and senior management were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings – the study found that the commodification trend in the form of corporatization and profiteering was the leading cause, of failure. The commodification model is incompatible with education outcomes. Findings also revealed that student welfare, progress and learning outcomes are better goal which would positively impact in success. Profiteering puts heavy pressure on outcomes, negatively impacting on motivation, low morale, staff demotivation, student dissatisfaction, financial and emotional pressure on students, create a culture of victimization, unethical predatory practice etc.

Fibroid and Keloid Cytokine SNP Analysis Strategy for Anti Cancer and Oncological Screening

Fibroids and keloids are two distinct medical conditions with no direct link or association. They involve different types of tissues and have distinct characteristics. Fibroids are non-cancerous tumors that develop in the muscular wall of the uterus. They are composed of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue. They are typically found in the uterus. Fibroids can cause symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, frequent urination, and reproductive issues. Keloids are raised overgrowths of scar tissue that can develop at the site of a wound or injury. They result from an overproduction of collagen during the healing process.

ПОБУНА ПЕТРОВАРАДИНСКИХ ГРАНИЧАРА КОД БОДЕНСКОГ ЈЕЗЕРА 1800. ГОДИНЕ

The paper follows the genesis of the discontent of the border guards of the Petrovaradin regiment, which burst forth after the Treaty of Campo Formio, when the border guards were not returned to their villages, but remained near the border with France in anticipation of a war. Before a new military conflict broke out, during 1798, they prepared several complaints for the emperor and the metropolitan of Karlovac, describing their bad status and the decline of their families in Srem. The complaints were submitted to the ruler in April 1799, but those who brought them to Vienna were arrested. This led to even greater dissatisfaction. At the time of the heavy pressure of the French army on the Habsburg troops during 1800, there were several refusals of the frontiersmen to carry out the orders of their officers, which was considered mutiny. That is why the soldiers of the First, Second and Third Infantry Battalions and the Hussar Division of the Petrovaradin border regiment were tried, several of them were shot and hanged, and some of them were transferred to other units. The entire process showed how much the border guards suffered in wartime circumstances, how much they were burdened with financial dues in the Frontier, but also to what extent they were in conflict with their compatriot officers. It also turned out that they nurtured the idea about the need to acquire a separate Serbian territory in the Habsburg Monarchy and to have a Serbian despot who would protect their status.

Selective enrichment of virulence factor genes in the plastisphere under antibiotic and heavy metal pressures

The growing accumulation of plastic waste in the environment has created novel habitats known as the “plastisphere”, where microorganisms can thrive. Concerns are rising about the potential for pathogenic microorganisms to proliferate in the plastisphere, posing risks to human health. However, our knowledge regarding the virulence and pathogenic potential of these microorganisms in the plastisphere remains limited. This study quantified the abundance of virulence factor genes (VFGs) in the plastisphere and its surrounding environments (water and soil) to better assess pathogenic risks. Our findings revealed a selective enrichment of VFGs in the plastisphere, which were attributed to the specific microbial community assembled. The presence of arsenic and ciprofloxacin in the plastisphere exerted additional co-selective pressures, intensifying the enrichment of VFGs. Notably, VFGs that encoded multiple functions or enhanced the survival of host microorganisms (e.g., encoding adherence functions) tended to accumulate in the plastisphere. These versatile and environmentally adaptable VFGs are more likely to be favored by bacteria in the environment, warranting increased attention in future investigations due to their potential for widespread dissemination. In terms of virulence and pathogenicity, this research offers new insights into evaluating pathogen-related risks in the plastisphere.

Positive effects of biomass of unpalatable neighborhoods on palatable plants in a grassland community under heavy grazing pressure by sika deer

AbstractThe intensity of grazing on palatable species can vary depending on the neighboring plants in plant communities. We aimed to search for species whose biomass can have a positive effect on palatable plants near them in a grassland under grazing pressure by sika deer. We selected Iris sanguinea Hornem. as an indicator species of ease of being grazed because it is a palatable and past dominant species before the increase in deer density. We estimated the effects of the biomass of neighboring plant species, soil water content, and distance from the forest edge on the height of I. sanguinea. The height was remarkably and positively affected by the biomass of four graminoid species with larger biomass and slightly positively affected by the biomass of a toxic species. This study suggests that the biomass of less‐palatable species may have an important influence on the size of palatable species under grazing pressure by deer.

Recent Advances and Therapeutic Implications of 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases in Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is a common disease with a high disability rate and mortality, which brings heavy pressure on families and medical insurance. Nowadays, the golden treatments for ischemic stroke in the acute phase mainly include endovascular therapy and intravenous thrombolysis. Some drugs are used to alleviate brain injury in patients with ischemic stroke, such as edaravone and 3-n-butylphthalide. However, no effective neuroprotective drug for ischemic stroke has been acknowledged. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are conserved and common dioxygenases whose activities depend on O2, Fe2+, and 2OG. Most 2OGDDs are expressed in the brain and are essential for the development and functions of the brain. Therefore, 2OGDDs likely play essential roles in ischemic brain injury. In this review, we briefly elucidate the functions of most 2OGDDs, particularly the effects of regulations of 2OGDDs on various cells in different phases after ischemic stroke. It would also provide promising potential therapeutic targets and directions of drug development for protecting the brain against ischemic injury and improving outcomes of ischemic stroke.

Effect of Individual Protective Covers on Young ‘Valencia’ Orange (Citrus sinensis) Tree Physiology

Huanglongbing (HLB), an important citrus disease, causes many physiological and anatomical changes such as phloem dysfunction, imbalance in carbohydrate partitioning, decrease in leaf chlorophyll, and nutritional imbalances in the affected trees, ultimately resulting in tree decline. In Florida, HLB is associated with phloem-limited bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), and it is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). No cure for HLB has been found, and most of the HLB management efforts have been focused on vector control or exclusion, improved nutrient management, and the use of HLB-tolerant rootstocks. Individual protective covers (IPCs) are a type of psyllid exclusion tool that is increasingly used by growers for HLB management of newly planted citrus trees. However, no studies have evaluated their influence on citrus tree physiology. This study investigated the effect of IPCs and different rates of insecticides on CLas infection and different physiological attributes, including soluble (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and nonsoluble (starch) carbohydrates, leaf chlorophyll, and leaf macronutrients and micronutrients over 2.5 years of field growth. The treatments (tree cover and insecticides rate) were applied in newly planted ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees grafted on ‘Cleopatra’ (C. reticulata) rootstock. The IPCs prevented CLas transmission and accumulation of foliar starch, sucrose, and glucose commonly associated with HLB. IPC-covered trees had more leaf chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b than noncovered trees and more leaf nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn). Our findings suggest that IPCs effectively prevent CLas infection and maintain the physiological health of young citrus trees under heavy HLB pressure. Therefore, IPCs are recommended as an important component of integrated pest management for this devastating disease.

Dodine as an alternative to chlorothalonil in the control of leaf spot diseases in peanut

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is susceptible to leaf spot diseases caused by the fungi Nothopassalora personata and Passalora arachidicola, which can decrease yield substantially. Chlorothalonil is one of the most widely used fungicides to control these diseases but was recently banned in the European Union due to toxicity to amphibians and fish. Dodine is an alternative fungicide with a similar range of activity. However, information about its impact on the peanut physiology is lacking. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of dodine on leaf photosynthesis, yield, and pod quality of peanut and evaluate the potential of dodine as a replacement of chlorothalonil in the control of leaf spot diseases. A 3‐year field experiment was conducted using Georgia‐06G. Treatments consisted of chlorothalonil at 0.86 kg a.i. ha−1 (high rate), chlorothalonil at 0.43 kg a.i. ha−1 (low rate), dodine at 0.68 kg a.i. ha−1 (high rate), and dodine at 0.34 kg a.i. ha−1 (low rate). Photosynthetic efficiency was altered by fungicide in only a few instances, and a clear trend was not observed. The high rate of dodine resulted in the least defoliation caused by leaf spot of all fungicide treatments. Pod maturity, yield, and grading parameters were not affected by fungicide. Overall, dodine did not impact negatively the photosynthetic activity, pod quality, and yield of peanut. Moreover, this chemistry was efficient in controlling leaf spot diseases under heavy disease pressure; therefore, dodine is a potential replacement of chlorothalonil in the control of leaf spot diseases in peanut.

Longitudinal relationships between grit, self-esteem, and academic achievement among Korean primary school students

In a competition-driven meritocratic learning environment, academic achievement can have a direct effect on self-esteem and self-concept. As such, academic achievement can act as an antecedent to grit and self-esteem. This study examined the longitudinal reciprocal relationships of academic achievement, consistency of interest (CI), perseverance of effort (PE), and self-esteem among fourth-grade and fifth-grade primary school students in South Korea, who were under heavy pressure in a performance-oriented learning environment. Data pertaining to 2,240 students were extracted from the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute, and cross-lagged structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the longitudinal relationship between three variables. The results revealed that academic achievement had a statistically significant positive relationship with CI, PE, and self-esteem; CI had a statistically significant positive relationship with PE; and PE had a statistically significant positive relationship with self-esteem through the mediation of academic achievement. In addition, self-esteem demonstrated the highest level of stability, and although CI and PE demonstrated similar levels of stability, CI displayed slightly greater stability compared to PE. Findings from this study suggest the need to support grit and self-esteem among Korean students under pressure in performance-oriented academic environments.

Shipwrecks act as de facto Marine Protected Areas in areas of heavy fishing pressure

AbstractUbiquitous, industrial use of bottom‐towed fishing gear since the 1800s has altered marine communities and ecosystem services. Outside of legal protection, only areas inaccessible to trawlers are offered any protection. Shipwrecks present hazards to fishing gear and are rarely subject to trawling pressure. As many have been in situ for >100 years, they offer a baseline of ecological potential when trawling pressure is reduced or removed. Five shipwrecks were surveyed off the Berwickshire coast, some within the Static Gear Reserve and others outside. Video transects were collected of shipwrecks, the surrounding 50 m radius and control locations >150 m from the wreck site. Species identified were assigned a category based on their vulnerability to trawling. The effect of distance from a shipwreck on ecological communities within sites Open and Closed to trawling was investigated. The ecological importance of shipwrecks increased relative to trawling pressure. In Open sites, abundance was 340% greater on Wreck locations than Control. Conversely, within Closed sites, abundance was 149% greater in Control locations than Wreck. In Open sites, shipwreck communities are more similar to those in Closed sites, than to the habitat surrounding the shipwreck. Vulnerable species, mostly large, sessile filter feeders, are almost entirely absent from Open sites, but account for ~28% of the total abundance on shipwrecks in Closed sites. This study offers a quantifiable method to evaluate the ecological contribution of shipwrecks in disturbed areas and suggests their role may warrant further research, and consideration in conservation policy, such as inclusion in 30 × 30 objectives. Our findings also demonstrate the possible ecological gains of expanding or including static gear reserves across Marine Protected Areas.

The Decline and Reorganization of Hainan Airlines

At the beginning of 2020, the sudden new crown epidemic spread rapidly around the world, which had a huge impact on various industries. Especially in the air transport industry, the profit margins of various companies are gradually declining. The problems of Hainan Airlines have also gradually emerged. Due to the company's bond default and lack of internal control, it declared bankruptcy and reorganization. In this context, through research on Hainan Airlines' operating conditions and management strategies, it is proposed that the new crown epidemic is not the main factor affecting its bankruptcy reorganization. It is due to the continuous accumulation of various hidden dangers of the enterprise. And found that the main problems of Hainan Airlines are: (1) Insufficient profitability leads to the potential crisis of insufficient liquidity, and the company's assets cannot be effectively used, which drags down cash flow; (2) The transportation industry is under heavy competition pressure and there are diversions; (3) There are problems in internal management, and the excessive expansion in the early stage has led to the dislocation of Hainan Airlines' asset structure and the occurrence of insolvency. After a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the bankruptcy and reorganization of Hainan Airlines, it is proposed to enhance the company's operational capabilities and conduct business in multiple ways to increase profits; to diversify financing and optimize the bond structure of Hainan Airlines; to further improve the internal control of the company to avoid further dictatorship. appear once.

The Global Effect of Fed Rate Hikes: Stocks, Bonds, and Foreign Exchange Markets

On 23rd March 2023, the Federal Reserve has once again increased its federal funds rate. The policy is published aim for reduce the high inflation rate in the US and prevent once again getting into a recession just like in 2008. This brings both advantages and disadvantages to both the domestic and foreign economies. In this paper, some basic impacts are explained including effects on consumption and investment decisions, stocks and bonds markets, and international relations. As the rise in interest rate increases cost of borrowing and discourages speculation, generally, economic activities are reduced. At the same time, this gives foreign countries heavy pressure by creating outflows of investment funds. Looking forward to the future, it is still possible for the Fed to keep raising its interest rate. To prevent further damages, foreign countries may use expansionary fiscal policy as it can stimulate consumption and investment, and most importantly, bring possibilities of improved economy potential.