Heavy Metal Concentrations In Sediments Research Articles

Ecotoxicity of trace metal enrichment and the degrees of contaminated sediment and water from Riparian communities in Rivers State, Nigeria

This study assessed trace metal enrichment and contamination levels in Tema, Sangama, and Degema communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples were collected monthly from October 2021 to April 2022. Trace metals such as Pb, Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, and As were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The contamination factor, degree of contamination and enrichment factor for trace metals were used to evaluate the impact of pollution levels. There was a descending order of heavy metal concentrations in water at the three stations: Fe > Cu > Zn > Cd > Pb. Sediment heavy metal concentrations were descending from Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd at the same stations. Heavy metal levels were consistently higher at Sangama. The result revealed that compared to Pb and Zn, Cd contamination was moderate to considerable. Fe contamination was relatively low, but Cu contamination was moderate to high. Water and sediment were contaminated to varying degrees. The contamination levels of Pb, Zn, and Cu were low to moderate. Sangama, Tema, and Degema all had varying degrees of contamination, with some areas having higher contamination levels. This study recommends the need for effective environmental management practices in these coastal marine wetlands.

Characterization of heavy metal contamination in wetland sediments of Bosten lake and evaluation of potential ecological risk, China

In November 2023, twenty-two sediment samples were collected from the Bosten Lake wetland in Xinjiang to determine the concentrations of eight heavy metals: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). This data was used to assess heavy metal contamination and potential ecological risks in the sediments using the Pollution Load Index (PLI) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Additionally, multivariate statistical analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were employed to elucidate potential sources and their contributions to contamination. The following are the main conclusions: (1) average concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg in the sediments surpassed Xinjiang soil background levels by factors of 1.01, 3.58, 1.32, 1.94, and 1.53, respectively. (2) Sediments demonstrated severe pollution with Cd, slight pollution with Zn, Cr, Pb, and Hg, while Cu and Ni indicated mild pollution and As showed non-polluted levels. The overall PLI average (1.01) suggested slight contamination. (3) The descending order of average single ecological risk values were Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, and Zn, with a comprehensive RI averaging at 184.07, signaling a moderate ecological risk. (4) Source apportionment revealed that Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni were influenced by transportation and household waste emissions, while Cr and As were dictated by natural background levels. Hg predominately originated from fossil fuel combustion and Cd from agricultural activities. (5) Mixed sources accounted for the following percentage contributions to sediment heavy metal content: transportation and domestic waste (30.41%), natural background (25.88%), fossil fuel combustion (22.40%), and agricultural activities (21.31%). With anthropogenic inputs exceeding those of natural origins, it is imperative to prioritize the management of Cd, Hg, and Pb as primary pollutants within the region.

Characteristics and correlation analysis of heavy metal distribution in China's freshwater aquaculture pond sediments

The concentration of heavy metals (HMs) in aquaculture pond sediments significantly affects aquatic food safety and environmental quality. The contamination characteristics, drivers and potential sources of HMs in typical bulk freshwater aquaculture pond sediments in major provinces of China were systematically investigated using a variety of methods and models. Specifically, 130 surface sediment samples were collected from the study area, and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used to jointly evaluate the characteristics of the HMs. Spearman's correlation and redundancy analysis revealed the main drivers of the HMs. Additionally, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model were used to identify the sources of HMs. The results revealed that the pond sediments were safe for fish culture in most of the study areas. Aquafeed protein content is an important driver of HM concentrations in sediments. The total organic carbon (TOC) content, percentage of clay particles, and pH of the aquaculture pond sediments determined the sediment HMs enrichment abilities as 13.6 %, 52 %, and 9.8 %, respectively. Cd, a significantly enriched pollutant, posed a greater ecological risk than the other five HMs (Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb). Three sources of HMs were identified, including agricultural activity (e.g., aquafeeds, pesticides, and fertilizers), industrial production, and natural sources, with contributions of 44.29 %, 36.66 %, and 19.05 %, respectively. This study provides a scientific basis for minimizing the input and accumulation of HMs in freshwater aquaculture pond sediments, and this can provide insights into the prevention and control of the ecological risks posed by HMs.

HEAVY METALS ASSESSMENT AND ASSOCIATED POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK OF BUILDING SEDIMENT DEPOSITION IN OKPARE CREEK, NIGERIA

Heavy metals concentrations in sediments may pose significant threats to human health and well-being of the general ecosystem. Therefore, it's crucial to conduct a thoughtful assessment of sediment characteristics with regards to heavy metal concentration as a raw material for building in the studied area. Twenty sediment samples were collected (five each fromlocalities) and analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The highest concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, V, Fe and Ni were 6.33, 2.65, 0.45, 1,201, 0.38, 0.00, 1026.39 and 0.65 mg/kg respectively in each of the four localities. The results exceeded both recommended limit and other scientist report of similar environment. Also, the health risk impacts computed were all higher than limits. These high values may be attributed tothe nature of the area geological formation, application of fertilizer to the farmlands and petroleum exploration and production activities. Cd stood out as the main culprit for potential ecological risks. The average contamination level, as indicated by I-geo values ranging from 0.28 to 0.79 mg/kg, raisedconcerns, especially at locality 1. Across the board, I-geo values remained generally low (< 2). Cd and Pb, with an I-geo value of about 1, significantly impacted sediment pollution. Average EF values were from 0.02 to 5.76 which revealed that human activities heavily influenced the sediment, marking them as significantly enriched with observed heavy metals. In particular, Cd played a major role in the sediment's enrichment, indicating a high level of environmental impact.

Analysis of four heavy metal concentrations in sediments from the Jiaozhou Bay, China by visible and near infrared spectroscopy (225–975 nm)

As an important component ofbiogeochemical cyclein coastal ecosystems, sediments are the sink of heavy metals. Therefore, distribution and dynamics of heavy metals in sediments could assess ecological quality and predict ecological risks. In the new era, rapid and green technology are highly needed, especially that could determine multi-parameters simultaneously. Here, we explored a new method to rapidly determine concentrations of heavy metals in sediments by visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VIRS).We sampled sediments in the Jiaozhou Bay, China, collected their reflectance spectra, and measured concentrations of four heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, and Zn). Heavy metal models were established and evaluated using substances highly correlated with heavy metals. This study provides an effective reference for rapid analysis of As, Cr, Cu, and Zn simultaneously in sediments, at least in the Jiaozhou Bay, and for ecological environment protection and resource development of the Jiaozhou Bay.

Health and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in water and sediments within a data scarce urban catchment in Tanzania – A case of Ngerengere River, Morogoro Municipality

Health and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in water and sediments within a data scarce urban catchment in Tanzania – A case of Ngerengere River, Morogoro Municipality

Neurological risks arising from the bioaccumulation of heavy metal contaminants: A focus on mercury.

This study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals in the water sources of the upstream region of the Huangpu River, the Yangtze River Estuary, and various areas in Shanghai, as well as the heavy metal concentrations in the blood of Shanghai residents. It aimed to analyze the heavy metal elements absorbed by the human body and the resulting pathological effects. The results revealed that surface water primarily contains five heavy metals: copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg), while water sediments primarily contain seven heavy metals: Cu, cadmium (Cd), Pb, chromium (Cr), Zn, As, and Hg. The main heavy metals present in the human body are Pb, Hg, As, and Cd. By reviewing previous articles, it was found that heavy metal concentrations in human blood are higher than those in surface water, suggesting uncertainties in the heavy metal content of surface water and its tendency to settle at the bottom. Furthermore, a comparison of heavy metal content in sediments revealed that Hg is the most readily absorbed heavy metal by the human body and is also a toxic environmental pollutant. Within the cell, Hg is highly toxic to mitochondria and may cause oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disease. This study concludes that water sediments serve as the major source of pollution in the human body and pose significant health risks, thereby necessitating the implementation of effective preventive measures.

Risk assessment of Cr, As, and Sb to aquatic communities at the water-sediment interface in the lower Yellow River, China, integrated with the Diffusive Gradients in Thin‐films technique

The dynamic concentrations of labile metals/metalloids, measured by the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) technique, can be used for evaluating the toxicity risk of heavy metals to aquatic organisms in sediments. In this study, the different potential risks of the three sediment compartments, overlying water (W), sediment- water interface (SWI) and sediment (S) were independently assessed by studying the concentrations of Cr, As, and Sb in the sediment and water from the lower Yellow River. Total concentrations of these elements and bioavailable concentrations, using DGTs, were explored and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) based on a Monte Carlo model was performed. The results show that the total heavy metal concentrations in sediment and overlying water were spatially variable due to influences of natural geography and sediment distribution. The trace elements mean concentrations using DGT were 1.68, 1.69 and 0.73 μg·L−1 for Cr, 0.61, 0.51 and 0.39 μg·L−1 for As, and 0.78, 1.16, and 0.41 μg·L−1 for Sb in W, SWI and S, respectively. Among them, the DGT-labile concentration of As displayed a large spatial variability, indicating a close association with anthropogenic activities. The risk quotient (RQ) categories for single heavy metal toxicity demonstrated to be moderate risk for Cr and almost no risk for As and Sb. The combined biotoxicity probability assessment of the three heavy metals showed that they would cause almost no harmful effects to benthic organisms in the whole ecosystem of the Yellow River.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in wild fish and seasonal variation and source identification of heavy metals in sediments: a case study of typical urban river in Xi'an, China.

In order to determine the status of heavy metal pollution in river sediments and wild fish in Xi'an, concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb) were collected and analyzed in sediments and wild fish during dry season (October-November 2020) and wet season (June-July 2021). This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of heavy metals in urban rivers of Xi'an, China. Their distribution characteristics and sources as well their pollution levels and health risks were assessed. The findings revealed that influenced by human activities, the heavy metal content in sediments (mg·kg-1 dry weight) in wet season was ranked as follows: Cr (73.09) > Zn (63.73) > Pb (40.31) > Ni (31.52) > Cu (24.86) > As (6.83); in the dry season: Zn (94.07) > Cr (69.59) > Cu (34.24) > Ni (33.60) > Pb (32.87) > As (7.60). Moreover, 32 fish samples from six species indicated an average metal content trend (mg·kg-1 wet weight) of Zn (8.70) > Cr (0.57) > Pb (0.28) > Ni (0.27) > Cu (0.24) > As (0.05). The potential ecological risk indices for sediment heavy metal concentrations in both seasons were well below the thresholds, which indicates that the aquatic environment is in safe level. The analysis of the potential ecological risk of sediment heavy metal concentrations indicates that the aquatic environment is safe for the time being. Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI), target risk quotient (THQ), total target risk quotient (TTHQ), cancer risk (CR), total cancer risk (TCR), and the permissible safety limits set by the agencies, the consumption of the fish examined is safe for human health. However, the presence of Cr and As in wild fish should still be a concern for human health, especially for children. The cumulative effect of heavy metals and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) suggest that sediment and heavy metals in fish are closely related, with higher concentrations in fish living in the bottom layer of the water column than in other water layers, and increasing with increasing predator levels. Correlation analysis and PMF modeling identified and determined four comparable categories of potential sources, namely, (1) atmospheric deposition and traffic sources, (2) agricultural sources, (3) industrial sources, and (4) natural sources.

Predictions of heavy metal concentrations by physiochemical water quality parameters in coastal areas of Yangtze river estuary

Due to the degradation-resistant and strong toxicity, heavy metals pose a serious threat to the safety of water environment and aquatic ecology. Rapid acquisition and prediction of heavy metal concentrations are of paramount importance for water resource management and environmental preservation. In this study, heavy metal concentrations (Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) and physicochemical parameters of water quality including Temperature (Temp), pH, Oxygen redox potential (ORP), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Electrical conductivity (EC), Electrical resistivity (RES), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity (SAL), Cyanobacteria (BGA-PE), and turbidity (NTU) were measured at seven stations in the Yangtze river estuary. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to analyze the main factors and sources of heavy metals. Results of PCA revealed that the main sources of Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cd were steel industry wastewater, domestic and industrial sewage, whereas shipping and vessel emissions were typically considered sources of Pb and Cu. Spearman correlation analysis identified Temp, pH, ORP, EC, RES, TDS, and SAL as the key physicochemical parameters of water quality, exhibiting the strongest correlation with heavy metal concentrations in sediment and water samples. Based on these results, multiple linear regression as well as non-linear models (SVM and RF) were constructed for predicting heavy metal concentrations. The results showed that the results of the nonlinear model were more suitable for predicting the concentrations of most heavy metals than the linear model, with average R values of the SVM test set and RF test set being 0.83 and 0.90. The RF model showed better applicability for simulating the concentration of heavy metals along the Yangtze river estuary. It was demonstrated that non-linear research methods provided efficient and accurate predictions of heavy metal concentrations in a simple and rapid manner, thereby offering decision-making support for watershed managers.

Assessment of some heavy metal content in sediments of a mangrove swamp, niger delta, nigeria using applicable ecological risk indices

Sediments can act as pollutant sinks and a source of pollution in aquatic environments. The surface sediments of the Isaka–Bundu tidal swamp, Niger Delta was assessed for heavy metal content using standard methods and assessment indices. The study was carried out in three stations between January and June 2022. Five heavy metals (lead, copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc) were evaluated while eight assessment indices (Contamination Factor - CF, degree of contamination - DC, Ecological Risk - Er, Potential Ecological Risk - PERI, Pollution Load Index - PLI, Enrichment Factor - EF, Geo-accumulation Index - Igeo and Quantification of Contamination -QoC) were applied. Results showed that cadmium and copper exceeded permissible limits while lead, zinc and nickel were within limits. Stations 1 and 3 recorded significantly higher values indicating anthropogenic influence. The dominant anthropogenic activities observed in the area include maritime and dockyard activities and artisanal crude oil refinery. The assessment indices showed that the sediments were at various levels of heavy metal pollution mainly influenced by copper and cadmium viz: CF: Cu (considerable degree) and Cd (very high degree), DC (very high degree), Er: Cd (high ecological risk) and Cu (very high ecological risk), PERI (significant high ecological risk), PLI (very high level pollution), EF: Pb, Zn, Cu (Station 1) and all Cd (extremely high enrichment), Igeo: Cd (extremely polluted) and QoC: Cu and Cd (anthropogenic source). The sediments were highly polluted with toxic metals, which is detrimental to humans and aquatic biota.Keywords: Heavy metal; Indices; Mangrove; Niger Delta; Sediment.

Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments at Motor Park and new bridge areas, lower River Benue, Ibi, Taraba, Nigeria

Heavy metals concentration in water and sediment was investigated at the Motor Park Area and New Bridge Site of lower River Benue, Ibi, Taraba State. The heavy metals levels were examined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) Buck Scientific model 210 VGP using spectrophotometry techniques. The highest mean concentration of Zn recorded in the sediment at the Motor Park Area was 0.55 mg/kg while the lowest value of 0.004 mg/kg was recorded for Cr at the Motor Park Area. The highest mean concentration of Mn recorded in the water was 0.375 mg/l at New Bridge Site while the lowest value of 0.00 mg/l was recorded for Cu. Values for Cu, Cd, Cr. Cu were generally low throughout the study period. There was no significant difference (p>0.005) in Zn concentrations in sediment at the sampled locations (Motor Park Area and New Bridge Site) throughout the study periods. However, Cr, Cd and Pb show variations (p<0.005) at the sampled locations. The concentration of Mn (0.375 mg/l) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from Mn (0.325 mg/l) in water between the two location, Pb value (0.343 mg/l) of water in December at the New Bridge Site exceeded the WHO recommended safe limit. However, all other metals were within the WHO and FMENV safe limit for portable drinking water. Since Pb value (0.343 mg/l) exceeded the WHO and FMENV safe limit for December. It shows that there is need for continuous monitoring of Lower River Benue waters at Ibi, Taraba State.

Heavy metals distribution in the bottom sediments of Nizampatnam Bay -Lankevanidibba Coast, East Coast of India

This study determined metal concentrations in the bottom sediment of the Nizampatnam Bay-Lankevanidibba Coast, East Coast of India. Also, the heavy metal pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (E.F.), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were calculated for sediments from the Nizampatnam Bay-Lankevanidibba Coast on the East Coast of India. It was observed that metal concentrations in river entry sediment were lower. Still, those in river entry water were higher than corresponding values on the Nizampatnam Bay-Lankevanidibba Coast, East Coast of India. Heavy metal concentrations (ppm) in the bottom sediments have been studied to establish their concentration in Fe (ppm). The concentration of heavy metals is measured using ICP-OES instruments. It observes that heavy metal concentrations in the sediments meet the criteria of international marine sediment quality. However, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (E.F.), and pollution load index (PLI) values suggested the elevation of a few region's metal concentrations. It continuously monitors the Nizampatnam Bay-Lankavanidibba coast and sediment to minimize the risk to population health and the detrimental impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. The pollutant levels for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon studies are compared in this work.

Heavy Metal Assessment in Sediments of Qua Iboe River Estuary, South-South, Nigeria

Heavy metal assessment in Sediments from Qua Iboe River Estuary, South-South, Nigeria was steered between January, 2022 and December, 2022 with the goal of understanding the route sources of heavy metal concentration within the system. Sediment samples were collected monthly from five stations taking cognizance of areas with high, medium and low human activities along the estuary. The samples collected were analyzed using standard protocol as recommended by APHA. Sediments mean values for wet and dry seasons observe were: Cadmium (0.20±0.04 and 0.19±0.04 mg/kg), Chromium (0.35±0.07 and 0.28±0.05 mg/kg), Copper (0.97±0.15and 10.94±0.14 mg/kg), Iron (130.79±13.69 and 115.29±10.19 mg/kg), Lead (0.56±0.06 and 0.54±0.06 mg/kg), Zinc (19.36±2.24 and 18.71±2.78 mg/kg). Heavy metal concentrations in sediments were below the DPR target / intervention limits with exception of iron without a standard. Analysis of variance and paired sample t-test revealed significant (p = 0.05) spatial variation but no seasonal variations were observed respectively. Values of trace metal recorded in the sediment throughout the study duration when compared to DPR target / intervention limit were below the threshold level as recommended. This suggest minimal anthropogenic activities during the period of studies. Nevertheless, constant monitoring of water bodies at regular interval is strongly recommended.

Exploring invertebrate indicators of ecosystem health by focusing on the flow transitional zones in a large, shallow eutrophic lake

The river–lake transitional zone provides a unique environment for the biological community and can reduce pollution inputs in lake ecosystems from their catchments. To explore environmental conditions with high purification potential in Lake Taihu and indicator species, we examined the river-to-lake changes in water and sediment quality and benthic invertebrate communities in the transitional zone of four regions. The spatial variations in the environment and invertebrate community observed in this study followed the previously reported patterns in Taihu; the northern and western regions were characterized by higher nutrient concentrations in water, higher heavy metal concentrations in sediment, and higher total invertebrate density and biomass dominated by pollution-tolerant oligochaetes and chironomids. Although nutrient concentrations were low and transparency was high in the eastern region, the taxon richness was the lowest there, which disagreed with the previous findings and might be due to a poor cover of macrophytes in this study. The river-to-lake change was large in the southern region for water quality and the invertebrate community. Water circulation induced by strong wind-wave actions in the lake sites of the southern region is assumed to have promoted photosynthetic and nutrient uptake activities and favored invertebrates that require well-aerated conditions such as polychaetes and burrowing crustaceans. Invertebrates usually adapted to brackish and saline environments are suggested to be indicators of a well-circulated environment with active biogeochemical processes and a less eutrophic state in Taihu, and wind-wave actions are key to maintaining such a community and natural purifying processes.

Controlling heavy metals pollution is vital for the restoration of carbon and nitrogen transformation function of mangrove ecosystems in the Greater Bay Area, China

Pollutants, especially for heavy metals (HMs), discharged from anthropogenic activities are the potential risks to newly planted mangrove forests in the restoration process. Thus, it is crucial to investigate how HMs affect the biological processes that take place in these mangrove habitats, e.g., the transformation of carbon and nitrogen. In this study, correlations between HMs pollution, carbon storage, and nitrogen biotransformation in the Great Bay Area (GBA) were examined at five typical sites with different mangrove restoration ages. The results indicated that there were distinct differences in the concentration distribution of HMs (ranges: 0.2–369.7 mg/kg) at five sample sites, with Cd (0.2–1.6 mg/kg) being the heavily polluted element in sediments. The fluctuation of SOC (16.0–25.7 mg/kg), δ13C (−27.5 to −20.2), and NO3−-N (1.2–3.3 mg/kg) was positively correlated with the content of HMs in sediments, indicating that these components in mangrove ecosystems might have similar emission source and pose a potential threat to mangrove carbon storage. Notably, sediments with high HMs concentration decelerated carbon decomposition rate of mangrove ecosystems, especially for sites with newly planted mangrove forest. Moreover, a large abundance of Euryarchaeota was found in the HO site, suggesting that HMs may promote the conversion of carbon to CH4. The inflow of contaminants also induced the significant increasing proportion of microorganisms related to nitrogen fixing, denitrification, and dissimilarity nitrogen reduction processes, resulting a decline in the stability of co-occurrence network of nitrogen transformation. Fortunately, mangrove site with the establishment of natural reserves and controlling pollutant discharge could contribute to the rapid restoration of its ecological function, e.g., nutrient cycling and co-occurrence stability, in SZ site. Therefore, future management should focus on the decrease of pollutants discharge and pay more attention to the ecological function restoration of mangrove wetlands in the GBA.

Heavy metal exposure risk associated with ingestion of Oreochromis niloticus and Coptodon kottae harvested from a lacustrine ecosystem

Lacustrine ecosystems have not been widely assessed for heavy metal contamination and associated health risks; yet, they could be accumulating these contaminants to the detriment of aquatic organisms and communities relying on them for various aspects. The water quality index (WQI) and concentrations of heavy metals including As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in water, sediment, Oreochromis niloticus, and in the endemic and endangered Coptodon kottae in Lake Barombi Kotto in Cameroon were determined to evaluate fish heavy metal bioaccumulation, and heavy metal exposure risk posed to communities consuming these fish species. The WQI of the lake was found to be excellent with heavy metal concentrations that were lower than what was obtained in the sediments and fish samples. Mean heavy metal concentrations in sediment ranged from 0.86 ± 0.03 mg/kg for Cd to 560.1 ± 11.15 mg/kg for Fe. In both fish species, Fe, Mn, and Cu had the highest concentrations. Though the heavy metal concentrations in the lake water were low, heavy metal bioconcentration factors for both fish species were very high ranging from 1.6 for Fe to 1568 for Mn. The concentration patterns of heavy metals in the organs of both fish species followed the order bones > gut > muscle. Consumption of these two fish species contributes less than 1.0% of the permissible tolerable daily intake (PTDI) and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of these metals with lead (Pb) having the potential to exceed permissible exposure levels when high amounts of these fish are consumed by adults.

Relationship between Potential Trace Elements Contamination in Sediment and Macrofauna in the Upper Gulf of Thailand.

The relationship between heavy metal contamination in sediment and macrofauna in the upper Gulf of Thailand is presented as an indication of the environmental quality of coastal waters. This study aims to monitor five heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Mn, Ni, and Pb) between sediment and the sandworm (Perinereis quatrefagesi (P. quatrefagesi)). The geoaccumulation index (I geo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor (CF), including the pollution load index (PLI), were used for statistical analyses by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and differences in the data were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test. The sediment heavy metal concentrations were found to decrease (Al > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cd > As), and the quantity of heavy metal contamination in the sediment was not over the emergency point defined by the Pollution Control Department in Thailand. The Mn at the SH and SP points has I geo > 0 but <1 and is considered not polluted to moderately polluted. The EF overall is <2 and is deficient in mineral enrichment. The CF of the Samut Sakhon (SH) and Samut Prakan (SP) sites had high Al and Mn values, indicating a low pollution level, but the PLI had an all-site average of 0.0215 ± 0.0252, which is <1. This indicates that the present areas are close to ideal and not polluted. To measure heavy metals in macrofauna, P. quatrefagesi was assessed, and concentrations were found to decrease (Mn > Ni > Cd > Pb > As). The Mn between sediment and the sandworm was directly correlated (r = 0.976; p < 0.01). The sandworm performs as a bioindicator for the quality of coastal sediment, specifically with Mn; thus, the result present at a baseline level may grow in the future if there is no control measure for defensive measures.

Heavy metals contamination in water, sediment, and fish in Situ Gunung Putri, Bogor, Indonesia

Situ Gunung Putri is one of the urban lakes in Bogor Regency, Indonesia, which has been affected by population growth and industrialization, making these waters vulnerable to heavy metals contamination. This study aimed to determine the distribution and concentration of heavy metals in Situ Gunung Putri in the water, sediment, and fish. Heavy metals were analyzed using the acid destruction method referring to APHA Standard Methods, while data analysis consisted of descriptive analysis and Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF). Heavy metals concentration in surface water still meets the tolerable value of national quality standards, except for Pb. Meanwhile, heavy metals concentration in sediments has exceeded the Threshold Effect Level (TEL) and Probability Effect Level (PEL) of Canadian Freshwater Sediment Guidelines, and the highest concentrations for all metals found at station 1, located near the inlet from the industries. Metals analysis in fish flesh showed that they exceeded the permitted threshold, except for Cu. Several types of heavy metals show a negative correlation between fish body length and heavy metal concentrations. The BAF value in fish flesh shows results of &gt;1000 for Cu and Zn metals.

Ecological and human health risk associated with heavy metals in sediments and bioaccumulation in some commercially important fishes in Mahanadi River, Odisha, India

Disposal of untreated municipality sewage, industrial wastes and agricultural runoff into the Mahanadi river causes increased heavy metals load in the river basin. The present study assesses the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb and As) in sediments and their bioaccumulation in some commercially important fishes. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments and human health risk associated with the consumption of fish accumulating heavy metals are also evaluated. The concentration of heavy metals measured followed the hierarchy as follows: Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg. Potential ecological risk analysis of sediment heavy metal concentrations indicated that four sites in the middle stretch poses moderate ecological risk whereas three sites in the lower stretch posed low ecological risk. Zn showed hyperaccumulation in five different fish species while Cd was observed to be the least bioaccumulative with a hierarchy of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > As > Cd. The demersal fish Notepterus notepterus and Clarias batrachus was observed to be the most bio-accumulative to heavy metals. Though potential human health risk assessed using Target Hazard Quotient, Hazard Index and Carcinogenic Risk was found to be within the acceptable threshold, continued disposal of heavy metals could pose a greater carcinogenic as well as non-carcinogenic risk in this region.