Heavy Load Vehicles Research Articles

Ağır Yük Araçları Park Alanlarının Karakteristikleri: Türkiye’ye Yönelik Bir İnceleme

Çekici, römork, yarı-römork, kamyon, tır ve diğer ağır yük araçlarının yol kenarları, rampalar, boş alanlar ve ara sokaklar gibi yerlere park etmesi, güvenlik riski oluştururken altyapıyı da olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Uzun mesafeli yük taşımacılığı için kullanılan iyi aydınlatılmış, güvenli, emniyetli, konforlu ve yerleri belirlenmiş park alanları sayesinde ağır vasıta araç sürücülerinin stresinin azalması, sürücü, yük ve trafik güvenliği ile emniyetinin artması mümkün olabilmektedir. Uygun park alanlarının yetersiz olması veya bulunmaması, tedarik zinciri ve lojistik hizmetlerinin verimliliği ile rekabet gücünü etkileyen ulusal ölçekte bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda üst seviye yönetim iradesi ile ulusal ölçekte ve bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ihtiyaç, fayda ve maliyet analizi sonuçları dikkate alınarak merkezi çözümler geliştirilmesinin ağır yük araçlarının park ihtiyacının giderilmesine yönelik uygun bir yöntem olacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çözümlerin sağlanmasında düzenleme, teşvik ve destekler önemli imkanlar sunacaktır. Uygun planlanma ve tasarımla, doğru yerlerde konumlandırılan nitelikli ve yeterli tır parklarının, sürdürülebilir ve sağlıklı toplum hedefleri ile ekonomik kalkınmaya katkısı olacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yük taşımacılığı sürecinin gerektirdiği dinlenme, güvenlik, bakım gibi konularda ihtiyacı karşılayacak yeterli tır parkı alanı sağlanması için mevcut uygulama ve başarılı örnekleri değerlendirerek bir yol haritası ortaya koymaktır. Literatür taramasıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçekte mevzuat, proje ve raporlar ile teknik şartnameler, resmi ve özel kurumların internet sayfaları incelenerek araştırma makalesi olarak düzenlenen bu çalışmanın; taşımacılık sektöründe yer alan işletme, girişim ve çalışanlar ile politika yapıcılara ve sektörün diğer tüm paydaşlarına faydalı olması ve literatüre katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.

Providing Precision Weighing in France

Haenni Instruments discusses the growing challenge of heavy load vehicles on aging infrastructure and shares details on a recent project in France which required meticulous weight control measures

Design and Analysis of Leaf Spring Using Ansys

Abstract: The leaf springs are different spring styles used for automotive suspension systems. In addition to the use of energy absorption equipment, the ends of the spring can be pointed in a certain direction as it deflects as a structural function. Not primarily supporting vertical loads but isolating road-induced vibration is the principal feature of leaf spring. The present research aims at studying the safe load of the leaf spring, showing how easily an easy, safe driving speed is achieved. A standard TATA-407 light commercial vehicle leaf spring configuration is chosen. Finite element analysis for safe stresses and pay loads has been done. Conventional materials and alternative materials in spring construction used in the present work have been studied. Computer aided designing (CAD) is being widely used in different industries for product testing and manufacturing, this paper consist of design and analysis of leaf spring using ANSYS 19.2. Static structural tool has been used of ANSYS. Leaf springs are used in heavy load vehicle where load is much larger than in passenger vehicles, they are used in vehicles which are limited to varying cycles stress to millions thus eventually leads to failure of fatigue. High elastic material springs are used which possess maximum strength and fatigue effects. Weight reduction is one of the major concern while designing a vehicle as it helps in design optimization and fuel economy’s three layer composite leaf spring with full length leave. E-glass/Epoxy composite material has been used and is compared with conventional steel leaf spring. After conducting various tests it is found that eglass/epoxymaterial is better in strength and lighter in weight as contrast with conventional steel leaf spring.

Critical stress evaluation of rigid pavement due to the presence of water in expansive soil subgrade

The use of various types of rigid pavement is widespread because of its superiority in resisting heavy load vehicles. However, traffic loading complexity and subgrade response cause uncertainty during the design process. The presence of water in expansive soil issue swelling affected the flexural behavior of a rigid pavement slab. Rigid pavement relies heavily on the support and stability of the subgrade. Plain concrete is very weak in resisting tensile stresses so that the failure of rigid pavement slab structures often occurs in the expansive subgrade zone. Therefore, this study aims to numerically analyze the relationship between variations in the thickness of rigid pavement slabs on the flexural behavior parameters, such as critical and tensile stresses that affected water in expansive soil. The concrete’s performance limit was determined, using its material’s constitutive equation curve, and the data were analyzed using the finite element method. The results showed that the presence of water in expansive soil caused a change in soil volume (swelling), a reduction in soil bearing capacity (shrinking), and consequently, a rigid pavement cracked due to water variations in the subgrade. Generally, increasing the thickness of rigid pavement is a common method for mitigating the detrimental effects of expansive soil swelling. It is possible to provide reinforcement in other forms, which provide an opportunity to improve the performance of the concrete slab as a rigid pavement. For example, stabilization of expansive soil with materials capable of reducing its expansive power can be done but it requires large resources to realize it. Another method is to provide reinforcement to the rigid pavement slab structure, so that the rigid pavement slab is able to withstand traffic loads and also the expansion and shrinkage behavior of the expansive soil

Frontal impact on a coach, door sub-system numerical modelling

A coach is a heavy load vehicle used for long distances. It is a passenger transport defined as a M3 Class III vehicle. When developing new coach structures, the study of each sub-systems becomes fundamental in order to pre-validate the structure for improved driver and currier safety. In particular, a coach needs a careful study mainly due to the higher travelling speed. Currently there are few available standards to be followed. R-29 is the obligated regulation for trucks but it can also can be considered for a coach. Thus, when considering a frontal impact, the R-29 regulation must be followed. Since this study will be focused on the passenger door sub-system, it will be assumed that only 3% of the total impact energy from an external mass weighting 1500 kg will be transmitted to the door. It is expected that the coach front pillar will absorb the largest quantity of energy.The Finite Element Method (FEM) can be used to predict crash test results and improve the driver and currier safety. The Pam Crash FEM software, provided by ESI Group was used. This software is extensively used for crash simulation in the automotive industry. A dynamic study using the explicit method was performed. Belytschko-Tsay shell elements with reduced integration were used to construct the FEM mesh. The door is considered to be manufactured with three different materials. The tubular frame uses an S355 J2H steel alloy and the smaller components an EN 10130 DC01 steel alloy. The large frontal panel is manufactured in the EN AW 5754 H111 aluminium alloy.

Environmental and Energetic Evaluation of Refuse-Derived Fuel Gasification for Electricity Generation

In this work, an energetic and environmental evaluation of the electricity generation process through refuse-derived fuel (RDF) gasification coupled to a gas microturbine (GM) was performed. Two scenarios are considered with different gasification agents in RDF gasification modeling: air and air enriched with oxygen. A thermodynamic chemical equilibrium approach was used to analyze the gasification parameters. The results of RDF gasification indicate a maximum value of syngas low heating value (LHV) equal to 8.0 MJ/Nm3, obtained for an equivalence ratio of 0.3. The use of these syngas in the gas microturbine produces 79.6 kW of electrical power. For the environmental evaluation of gasification and electricity generation systems, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology was employed. The calculated environmental impacts indicate that the emission of contaminants from fossil fuel combustion (in the stage of transport by heavy load vehicles) and that the electricity consumption for equipment operation (in the stage of municipal solid waste pretreatment) contributes to environmental pollution. On the other hand, electricity generation through GM presented lower environmental impact for all analyzed categories, suggesting that the electricity generation from gas obtained from gasification could be a viable option for thermochemical conversion of RDF and its subsequent energetic use.

Impact of super heavy load vehicles on transportation infrastructure: economic aspects

Sometimes, there is a need to transport very heavy equipment, so heavy that the resulting load is several times larger than the maximal load that the corresponding road segment was designed to withstand. Such super heavy load vehicles decrease the remaining service life of the road segment, and sometimes even make the segment unusable and needing repairs. In both cases, the need for earlier-than-expected repairs means additional costs. It is therefore desirable to estimate the expected value of this additional cost. In locations where the owner of the super heavy load vehicle pays for the vehicle passage, this is necessary to decide how much to charge the owner. In other locations, where the agreement is that the cost of additional repairs comes from the additional taxes that the vehicle owners pay, such an estimate is needed to the road owners—e.g., to the county or to the state—so as to select the route for which the expected additional cost of repairs is the smallest.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles and Their Infrastructure: An Option towards an Environmentally Friendly Energy Transition

The latest pre-production vehicles on the market show that the major technical challenges posed by integrating a fuel cell system (FCS) within a vehicle—compactness, safety, autonomy, reliability, cold starting—have been met. Regarding the ongoing maturity of fuel cell systems dedicated to road transport, the present article examines the advances still needed to move from a functional but niche product to a mainstream consumer product. It seeks to address difficulties not covered by more traditional innovation approaches. At least in long-distance heavy-duty vehicles, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are going to play a key role in the path to zero-emissions in one or two decades. Hence the present study also addresses the structuring elements of the complete chain: the latter includes the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen. Green hydrogen appears to be one of the potential uses of renewable energies. The greener the electricity is, the greater the advantage for hydrogen since it permits to economically store large energy quantities on seasonal rhythms. Moreover, natural hydrogen might also become an economic reality pushing the fuel cell vehicle to be a competitive and environmentally friendly alternative to the battery electric vehicle. Based on its own functional benefits for on board systems, hydrogen in combination with the fuel cell will achieve a large-scale use of hydrogen in road transport, as soon as renewable energies become more widespread. Its market will expand from large driving range and heavy load vehicles.

Design Optimization of Suspension System used in Heavy Load Vehicle

Design Optimization of Suspension System used in Heavy Load Vehicle

Experimental and FEA analysis of weight optimization of existing tyre bracket mounting

Tyre support mounting are widely used in heavy load vehicles to hold spare tyre with chassis. Heavy vehicles industry regularly improving from many years with the efforts in modification of the mechanical parts of vehicle in order to improve their performance. The most effective way of increasing vehicle mechanical efficiency while decreasing emissions is to reduce vehicle weight.. Finite element analysis of mounting will be done using ANSYS Workbench. Fixture will be designed for mounting bracket on UTM. Experimental stress of mount will be measured using strain gauge and applying corresponding loading through UTM. Validation for strain vector from FEA & Experimental results will be done. Conclusions and future scope will be suggested.

Studies on the Tribological Characteristics of Euro-Pallets on Film-Faced Plywood

The results of comparative testing of euro-pallets on film-faced plywood used for flooring in heavy and medium load vehicles are presented. The first stage of experiments were carried out on full-scale samples using a simplified method developed due to the lack of production space and means of lifting [1]. Plywoods laminated with various types of polymer films were tested. The friction coefficient (static/sliding) was used to evaluate the friction properties. At the laboratory testing stage, the dependence of the friction coefficient on the roughness of the laminated surface of the plywood was studied. The feasibility of forming a “mesh” surface of the laminating film was shown. The friction coefficient was µst ≈ µkin = 0.3–0.5, and its value does not depend on the orientation of the pallet.

Leaf spring model for heavy load vehicle using solid works and ANSYS analysis

In present generation, suspension plays most important aspects in heavy automobile vehicles the optimization of suspension, the leaf spring is introduced with new material selections in this paper. Leaf spring is a simple form of spring, it is widely used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf spring is long narrow plates attached to the body of the trailer axle. Leaf spring plays major role in automobile industries. Multi leaf spring in Indian Automobile Industries are very large automobile industries in Indian manufacturing companies majorly producing multi leaf spring for heavy load vehicles because this leaf spring it acts as an energy absorbing material on the virtue of its deflection. In this paper the study includes, the version of leaf spring is created in stable works of different materials FRP, Titanium Alloy, Super Bainite and Structural Steel. The 3D modeling of leaf spring is carried out using SOLIDWORKS 2013 and the analysis is done using ANSYS 17.2 software.

The performance of asphalt mixtures modified with lignin fiber and glass fiber: A review

Abstract Low temperature thermal cracking, rutting, moisture damage and fatigue cracking are popular damages that appear in the asphalt mixture. These problems occur mainly because of the growth in the number of heavy load vehicles, design and construction errors and environmental condition that reduce the quality, performance and the service life of the pavement. Several previous studies showed that using additives like fibers to modify asphalt mixtures could enhance the efficiency and boost the quality and service life of the pavement. This paper presents a review of the role of lignin and glass fiber as a modifier in bituminous mixes. To evaluate some main mixture properties, some tests such as the low temperature bending, indirect tensile strength, the wheel loading tracking, Hamburg wheel tracking, Marshall immersion, freezing-thaw splitting, third-point bending fatigue and indirect tensile fatigue are applied to analyze rutting, low temperature cracking resistance, moisture damage resistance and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixture modified with lignin or glass fiber. Results denoted that the quality of asphalt mixture enhanced significantly by adding lignin fiber or glass fiber. Previous researches demonstrated an obvious improvement in low temperature performance in the pavement when adding 0.2–0.4% lignin fiber of asphalt mixtures, with a limited improvement of high temperature performance. On the contrary, the asphalt mixtures modified with 0.2–0.6% glass fiber of asphalt mixtures significantly improved the resistance of high temperature. So it is hard to improve all the performances of the mixture by using only a single admixture at the same time. Thus, a new way of modifying asphalt mixture that is called double-mixture technology or composite modification, which is able to enhance the overall properties of asphalt mixture.

Development of a flexible belt on an elastic multi-stiffness foundation tire model for a heavy load radial tire with a large section ratio

Abstract The study investigates the planar vibration characteristics of a radial tire with a large section ratio for a heavy load vehicle. A proposed tire model with a flexible belt on an elastic multi-stiffness foundation is investigated via theoretical modeling and an experimental modal analysis. Additionally, the parametric identification of the proposed tire model is discussed. When compared with the conventional sidewall stiffness model for general car tires, the analytical multi-stiffness function of a large section ratio sidewall is derived by combining the membrane feature caused by inflation pressure and the structural deformation caused by sidewall curvature. The Euler beam model specifically assesses the circumferential vibration of the flexible belt. Additionally, we combine the sidewall multi-stiffness function of the membrane pre-tension stiffness, and the structural deformation stiffness is integrated into the flexible belt model. The effect of inflation pressure on the circumferential vibration of the flexible belt is investigated via the experimental modal method and theoretical Euler beam model. The stretching, bending, shearing deformations, and stiffness characteristics of the curved sidewall arc are derived via the virtual work principle. The nonlinear stiffness characteristic of the tire sidewall is calculated relative to the radial deformation of the sidewall segment. The effect of the inhomogeneous section area on the multi-stiffness function is discussed. The experimental and theoretical results indicate the following: (1) The multi-stiffness function of the curved sidewall assesses the pre-tension membrane feature and structural deformation, which is related to the inflation pressure, structural curvature, and material properties; (2) the multi-stiffness function of the curved sidewall is nonlinear relative to the radial deformation of the sidewall arc, and the nonlinear characteristic is highlighted with high inflation pressure; (3) the inhomogeneous feature of the section area affects the multi-stiffness of the curved sidewall. Given the combined sidewall multi-stiffness function of the membrane feature and structural deformation, the elastic foundation model acts as an independent module to enrich the flexible belt beam model. Additionally, a flexible belt on an elastic multi-stiffness foundation tire model is suitable for a radial tire with a large section ratio of a heavy load vehicle or tires under impulsive loads and large deformations.

Drag reduction in a class 8 truck - scaled down model

Trucks are heavy load vehicles used mainly for commercial transport operations. There are several classes of heavy duty commercial vehicles classified based on the weight loaded. More than 50% of the engine output power in such trucks is utilized to overcome the drag. Drag force in automobiles is the resistance offered by air on vehicles at higher speeds. Class 8 trucks suffer higher drag when compared to other classes. In the present work, a numerical model is developed using a commercial code ANSYS FLUENT to predict the drag coefficient value. The effects of gap width and cab front radius with a constant fairing is analysed using the numerical model developed. A Class 8 model truck with minimal drag coefficient having constant fairing and optimized gap width between the trailer and cab is proposed.

TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ (ASTERACEAE, COMPOSITAE) – ИСТОЧНИК ЦЕННОГО РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ ДЛЯ РЕЗИНОВОЙ, ПИЩЕВОЙ И ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

В обзоре изложены история открытия кок-сагыза (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin) и перспективы и экономическая выгода его возделывания. Приведены биологические особенности, ботаническое описание, результаты цитологического и биохимического изучения растения, свойства получаемых из этого растения латекса, каучука и инулина. В корнях кок-сагыза содержится от 4 до 11% каучука (в отдельных корнях обнаружено до 23%), по качеству не уступающего каучуку из гевеи, а также до 45% инулина. Натуральный каучук применяют в производстве шин для самолетов, скоростных и большегрузных автомашин. Латекс используется для изготовления гипоаллергенных перчаток и других резиновых изделий специального назначения. Инулин – источник сырья для пищевой и фармацевтической промышленности и может быть преобразован в этанол для использования в качестве биотоплива. Кроме этого в корнях кок-сагыза обнаружен углеводород сквален – ценное косметическое сырье.

Analysis on the Stress of Hexagon Cement Block under Heavy Load and Overload Vehicles Based on Finite Element Method

The growth rates of stress in the hexagon , square and octagon cement blocks under different vehicle loads were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The growth rate of bottom layer stress of the hexagon is the smallest among them when vehicle loads increase. Under the 400kN loads, the growth rate of bottom layer stress of the hexagon significantly reduced as the thickness increase. When its thickness is up to 28cm,the bottom layer stress is the smallest among the three kinds of shapes. The results show that the hexagon cement block is the most suitable for overload vehicles obviously when compared to the square and octagon cement block. Therefore, hexagon cement block is the most suitable for the roads which are always under heavy and overload vehicles .

Establishing Correlation between Leaf Spring Specifications and Camber Drop

Manufacturing of leaf spring for automotive application to support heavy load vehicles such lorry and truck is a challenging process. This is due to the difficulty in fabricating the leaf spring exactly as per designed. The difference between the desired leaf spring shape and the actual fabricated shape is known as camber drop. The aim of this study is to establish the correlation between leaf spring specifications, camber drop and its processing parameters. The formulated equation can thus be used to predict the extent of camber drop and required action can be taken to reduce camber drop. This work was conducted by gathering data of variables suspected to influence camber drop, namely quenching camber, half-length of the spring, spring rate and end thickness of the spring. Regression analysis was conducted and the correlation between leaf spring’s specifications and camber drop is given. A mathematical model able to predict the extent of camber drop is formulated.

Study on the Dynamic Weighing Measurement Accuracy of the No Parking Weight Charging System

In this paper, the intelligent weight charging system of heavy loaded highway was developed using piezoelectric quartz sensors, combined with the improved ETC system, in order to solve the congestion problem in highway toll station caused by heavy load vehicles. By study of the effects of different layout and spacing of sensors on the dynamic weighing accuracy and speed, then the optimal layout system of sensors was raised. Real vehicle test was carried out in Changwu charging station of highway from Fuzhou to Yinchuan. Experimental results show that: the optimized sensors enable heavy load vehicles passing through the toll stations in speed of 30km/h,and the accuracy of weighing was maintained within ± 2.5%. And the optimized sensors are able to overcome the errors caused by illegal operations, reaching the purpose of highway congestion management.

Failure Analysis and Regeneration Performances Evaluation on Engine Lubricating Oil

To investigate the behavior of failure and recycling of lubricating oils, three sorts of typical 10w-40 lubricating oils used in heavy-load vehicle including the new oil, waste oil and regeneration oil regenerated by self-researched green regeneration technology were selected. The tribology properties were tested by four-ball friction wear tester as well. The results indicated that the performance of anti-extreme pressure of regeneration oil increase by 34.1% compared with the waste one and its load- carrying ability is close to the new oil; the feature of wear spot are better than those of the waste oil and frictional coefficient almost reach the level of the new oil's. As a result, the performance of anti-wear and friction reducing are getting better obviously.