Heavy Industrial City Research Articles

Evaluation of ecological pressure for the resource-based and heavy industrial city—A case study of Fushun, China

The ecological pressure indicator system of the resource-based and heavy industrial city was established, and the weight of each index was calculated by factor analysis. A case study of Fushun city was introduced. The developing status of ecological pressure during 2000-2009 was analyzed and assessed. Based on these, the relationship between per capita GDP and ecological pressure was validated by software SPSS. Results indicated that the ecological pressure index increased from 0.82 to 0.88, and it demonstrated an increasing trend on the whole. The index was steady during 2000-2004, but revealed obvious fluctuations during 2004-2009. Degree of fitting between per capita GDP and ecological pressure was higher, and R square was 0.917. Environmental pollution resulting from socio-economic development is still the main cause of ecological pressure.

Ecological Footprint Analysis of Resource-Based and Heavy Industrial City Sustainable Development

The ecological footprint model with food, house, energy and waste as consumption accounts through analysis of urban matter and energy consumption was established. Based on 2000-2009 data of Fushun, a resource-based and heavy industrial city, ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus/deficit of Fushun were analyzed, respectively, and then urban sustainable development status was evaluated. The results show that the urban development state is ecological deficit and ecological deficit index have been increased from 5.227hm2/cap to 6.516hm2/cap during 2000-2009, Fushun is always under an overload condition, which is highly unsustainable. The ecological footprint is 89.39% made up by the fossil energy footprint on average, the main consumption of Fushun's development are fossil energy land. And then urban 104 Yuan GDP ecological footprint index decreased from 5.660 hm2/cap to 2.247hm2/cap during 2000-2009, the urban energy utilizing efficiency have been improved.

Contamination, chemical speciation and vertical distribution of heavy metals in soils of an old and large industrial zone in Northeast China

Heavy metal pollution of soils has become a major concern in China as a consequence of rapid urbanization and industrialization in recent years. However, the evaluation on soil heavy metal pollution in Shenyang, the largest heavy industrial base city in China, has not yet been conducted. In this study, accumulation, chemical speciation, and vertical distribution Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soils were studied and pollution condition was assessed in Tiexi Industrial District of Shenyang, the largest and oldest industrial zone in Northeastern China. The results showed that in topsoil, the average concentration of total Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd was 209.06, 599.92, 470.19 and 8.59 mg kg−1, respectively, much higher than the national threshold limit. The values of pollution index and integrated pollution index showed that the pollution level was Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb, and Cd, Cu and Zn belong to heavy pollution level. The residual, Fe and Mn oxide-bound, and organic-bound species accounted for about 90%, while carbonate-bound and exchangeable species accounted for about 10%. This study indicates that the soils in the industrial zone were widely and extremely polluted by multi-heavy metals as a result of long-term industrial activities.

Heavy metal pollution in the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China

Baotou City is a representative heavy industrial city in the drainage basin of the Yellow River. This paper studies the pollution of a contaminated section (Baotou section) of the Yellow River, China, with a known anthropogenic heavy metal input from the industrial discharge. The distribution of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in the overlying water, filtered water (overlying water filtered through a 0.45-μm filter membrane) and sediments was determined in the Baotou section of the Yellow River. The results of this research indicate that heavy metal pollutants transport mostly through the carriers of suspended particulates and sediments in the fluvial environment. Baotou City’s industrial discharge draining into the Yellow River from the tributaries (the Kundulun River and the Sidaosha River) increases the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in the mainstream and influences heavy metals speciation. Speciation analyses show that the Cd is easily enriched in the secondary phase (bioavailable form), followed by Pb. Furthermore, based on the acute water quality criteria (WQC-Acute) and chronic water quality criteria (WQC-Chronic) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the acute sediment quality criteria (SQC-Acute) and the chronic sediment quality criteria (SQC-Chronic) are calculated respectively using the developed equilibrium partitioning approach (EqP). By comparing heavy metal contents in sediments with SQC-Acute and SQC-Chronic respectively, we note that Pb and Cd have posed a high risk to the quality of water environment and to the aquatic ecosystem health of Baotou section of the Yellow River.

High-resolution records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of Lake Liangzi in central China during the last 100 yr

High-resolution record is a recently developed tool for research into pollutants. An undisturbed sedimentary core from Lake Liangzi was analyzed for target compounds that included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochloro pesticides (OCPs), n-alkanes or aliphatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals using high resolution. This article focuses only on the PAHs. The analytical results indicated 15 different compounds of PAHs at variable concentrations throughout the sediment core. Fourteen of those compounds were found to be members of the group of PAHs that are classified as harmful. The primary sources of these compounds were established to be anthropogenic, and the heavy industrial city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, could be a major source of these compounds; deposition from other areas of China was also proven. Transfer and deposition into the lake was shown to be through the atmosphere. The high concentrations at the surface and near surface compare well with both recent sources of these compounds and with the time frame.

Damage effects of dust storm PM 2.5 on DNA in alveolar macrophages and lung cells of rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro toxicological effects of PM 2.5 suspensions, their water-soluble fraction and solvent-extractable organics from dust storm on the viability and DNA of rat alveolar macrophages and in vivo toxicological effects of PM 2.5 suspensions on DNA of lung cells of rats. PM 2.5 samples from dust storm and normal weather were collected in Baotou city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Wuwei city, Gansu Province, China, in March, 2004. DNA damage was detected with single cell gel electrophoresis technique and cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. The results showed that: (1) In vitro, PM 2.5 suspensions, their water-soluble fraction and solvent-extractable organics from both dust storm and normal weather caused a decrease of the cell viability and an increase of DNA damage of rat alveolar macrophages in a dose–response manner; for both Baotou city and Wuwei city, the samples of normal weather showed higher DNA damage than those of dust storm at the highest treated dosage; for both normal weather PM 2.5 and dust storm PM 2.5, their solvent-extractable organics showed higher DNA damage than the water-soluble fraction. (2) In vivo, PM 2.5 from both dust storm and normal weather caused an increase of DNA damage of rat lung cells in a dose–response manner. (3) Baotou city is one of the heavy industrial cities, while Wuwei is one of agricultural cities in Northwest region of China. The effects induced by normal weather samples in Baotou city slightly higher than those in Wuwei city on DNA damage, though there was no significant difference was found between two cities. These results lead to conclusions that dust storm PM 2.5 as well as normal weather PM 2.5 could lead to DNA damage and the organic compounds and the insoluble particle-core might be the main contributors to DNA damage. Our results suggest that the risk of health effects may be greater during dust storms because dust storm PM 2.5 whose airborne mass were much higher. Further studies are needed to determine the components of dust storm particles that may contribute to the particle toxicity.

Industrial transformation of Shenyang city

Industrial transformation represents a unique economic phenomenon in China’s regional economy, and old industrial city reconstruction has long been a key problem that affects state security. As a typical old industrial city in China, Shenyang established its heavy industrial city position in the First Five-year Plan period (1953–1957), and this industrial structure has been consolidated for a long time. After 1978, Shenyang began its long lasting industrial reconstruction in an all-round way by 3 main initiatives including restructuring economic system, up-grading traditional industrial technology and developing high-tech industry. In the end of the 1990s, it could be identified that remarkable structural changes took place in city economy at large as well as individual industrial sector. According to the GDP proportion change, Shenyang is on the way to a high level industrial structure. The secondary industry also engendered significant shifting as smelting and textile industry declined sharply but IT industry increased largely. Although the ratio of the heavy industry to the light industry changed periodically, the heavy industrial output value most time kept a high proportion over 60% of the gross industrial output value in the past five decades. Shenyang has favorable conditions for developing equipment manufacturing industry, but it should carry out the program by establishing its leading role in urban economy plan, building “Theme Industrial Parks”, improving Tiexi Industrial Zone, removing any kind of system barrier, enlarging private and other ownerships economy and improving technology, marketing and management by IT application. In response to economy globalization, Shenyang needs to expand the cooperation worldwide and improve the cohesion with surrounding cities.

室蘭市における産業観光の可能性

Industrial sightseeing is noteworthy in diversification of sightseeing needs. It is defined as a sightseeing course to include at least one industrial heritage. Muroran City had grown up as a heavy industrial city and a port city until 1971. The present situation and issues of industrial sightseeing in Muroran City were analyzed through the questionnaire to participants of factories sightseeing event. Experience to make something in young generation, combination of industrial heritages and sightseeing boat to see natural coastal viewpoints, watching whales or dolphins and restaurants were requested and should be considered to make program industrial sightseeing.

Defence Industrialization in Guangdong

Ezra Vogel, in the first of his classic works on Guangdong, cites the dream of 20th-century Cantonese of turning Guangzhou “into an industrial as well as a commercial center.” The victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) revived these dreams, but they were dashed for a variety of reasons, including “Communist fears of military vulnerability.” Guangdong and Guangzhou never did develop into the kind of heavy industrial city comparable to Shenyang, Wuhan or other monuments to Soviet-style socialist visions of industrial power and modernity. As Vogel makes clear in his second classic work on Guangdong, in the long term, and especially in the post-Mao period, this was not a bad thing. One of the reasons that Guangdong was able to take off was because there was much less state-owned heavy industry there at the onset of reforms, and thus the burdens of readjustment and state-owned enterprise reform were relatively light. In his later book, Vogel notes that Guangdong was not without defence industry, especially in the 1960s. But he does not see this playing a major role, and the entire output of heavy industry remained smaller than that of light industry, contrary to national trends, and the pattern in most other provinces.

Beijing: perspectives on preservation, environment, and development

The capital city Beijing, known for its cultural heritage and aesthetic urban design, has been transformed into a seriously polluted heavy industrial city in the past five decades. Beijing's industrial structure is dominated by fuel and material processing that can be located in other parts of China. Suggestions are made in this paper to make the city more sustainable by restoring and conserving selected landscapes in the city, modifying its urban function and economic structure, developing satellite cities and underground spaces, recycling industrial wastes, transferring water from South China, and improving irrigation efficiency in the municipality. However, improving revenue sharing with the central government is most essential to make this cultural capital sustainable.

Industrial Location in the Heavy Industrial Cities in North Kyushu

Industrial Location in the Heavy Industrial Cities in North Kyushu