Content Of Heavy Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Recovery and Characterization of Oil from Waste Crude Oil Tank Bottom Sludge from Azzawiya Oil Refinery in Libya

In this work we present the results of quantitative and qualitative analyses of oil obtained from crude oil tank bottom sludge (COTBS) generated from Azzawiya oil refinery in Libya. The aim of the study was to recover and evaluate oil from waste oily sludge and to compare it with parent oil (Hamada crude oil) in order to assess the commercial potential of recycling the oil. The benefits would be two-fold, firstly to improve oil utilisation efficiency and secondly in reducing the environmental contamination associated with the petrogenic hydrocarbon industry. Oily COTBS and extracted oil were characterised and key properties were measured including water and oil content, light and heavy hydrocarbon content, solid content and organic matter content for COTBS and water content, density, specific gravity, API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity, viscosity, salt and ash content for the extracted oil. Solvent (hexane) extraction confirmed that the oily sludge contained 42.08% (± 1.1%) oil composed of light hydrocarbons (30.7 ± 0.07%) and heavy hydrocarbon (69.3 ± 0.4%) fractions. The water and solid contents were 2.9% (± 0.2%) and 55.02% (± 0.6%) respectively. The properties of the recovered oil were assessed; gas chromatograph spectrophotometer (GC-MS) results indicated that the oil contained 139 different hydrocarbon fractions with a total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of 29,367 mgkg-1 and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration of 11,752 mgkg-1. Several parameters of the oil were measured and compared to the parent oil (Hamada crude oil) including density, specific gravity, viscosity, salt and ash content. The API of the extracted oil (33.03) was lower than the parent oil (38.8) due to a reduced light hydrocarbon (LHC) content. TGAFTIR hyphenation shows both mass loss of hydrocarbons— low, medium and high molecular mass over a range of temperatures between 60°C and 450°C. crude oil extract exhibited a non-Newtonian behaviour (shear thinning) for the shear rate sweep between 10 and 500/s. dynamic shear rheology data showed that the extracted oil exhibit more like a solid than liquid. Overall the findings of the study confirmed that COTBD has a significant amount of oil similar in properties to Hamada crude oil. This large amount can be reclaimed and recycles. Depending on this essay, a commercial process could be performed which in parallel will reduce the environmental contamination with hydrocarbons.

Thermodynamic characterization of deepwater natural gas mixtures with heavy hydrocarbon content at high pressures

This paper includes high-accuracy density measurements and phase envelopes for deepwater natural gas mixtures. Mixtures primarily consist of (0.88 and 0.94) mole fraction methane and both mixtures includes heavy components (C6+) more than 0.002 mole fraction. Experimental density and phase envelope data for deep and ultra-deep reservoir mixtures are scarce in literature and high accuracy measurements for such parameters for such natural gas-like mixtures are essential to validate the benchmark equations for custody transfer such as AGA8-DC92 and GERG-2008 equation of states (EOS). Thus, in this paper we report density and phase envelope experimental data via compact single-sinker magnetic suspension densimeter and isochoric apparatuses. Such data help gas industry to avoid retrograde condensation in natural gas pipelines.

Effects of abnormally high heat stress on petroleum in reservoir

An igneous intrusion of 94m thick was discovered intruding into the Silurian sandstone from Tazhong 18 Well. The petroleum previously preserved in the Silurian sandstone reservoir was altered into black carbonaceous bitumen by abnormally high heat stress induced by the igneous intrusion. The reflectance of the carbonaceous bitumen reaches as high as 3.54%, indicating that the bitumen had evolved into a high thermal evolution level. Similar to the Silurian samples from the neighboring Tazhong 11, Tazhong 12, Tazhong 45 and Tazhong 47 wells, the distribution of C27, C28 and C29 steranes of the carbonaceous bitumen is still “V”-shaped and can still be employed as an efficient parameter in oil source correlation. The “V”-shaped distribution indicates that the hydrocarbons from the Tazhong 18 and the neighboring wells were all generated from the Middle-Upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks. However, the oil source correlation parameters associated with and terpanes had been changed greatly by the high heat stress and can no longer be used in oil source correlation. The δ 13C values of the petroleum from the neighboring wells are between −32.53%. and −33.37%., coincident with those of the Paleozoic marine petroleum in the Tarim Basin. However, the δ 13C values of the carbonaceous bitumen from the Tazhong 18 Well are between −27.18%. and −29.26%., isotopically much heavier than the petroleum from the neighboring wells. The content of light hydrocarbons (nC14−nC20) of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction in the carbonaceous bitumen is extremely higher than the content of heavy hydrocarbons. The light/heavy hydrocarbon ratios (ΣnC21 −/ΣnC22 + are between 4.56 and 39.17. In the saturated fraction, the even numbered hydrocarbons are predominant to the odd numbered, and the OEP (Odd to Even Predominance) values are between 0.22 and 0.49. However, the content of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum from the neighboring wells is relatively low and the content of the even numbered hydrocarbons is almost equal to that of the odd numbered. Compared with the samples from the neighboring wells, the abundance of non-alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as phenanthrenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as fluoranthane, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene and benzofluoranthene, are relatively high.

Fluids in Hydrocarbon Basins

A petroleum reservoir consists of a zone with hydrocarbons that may potentially be produced and used as an energy resource. The hydrocarbons may have liquid (oil) properties, gas properties or the reservoir may consist of an oil zone with a gas cap on top. Often a water-rich zone is found beneath the hydrocarbon zone. The petroleum reservoir fluids found in the hydrocarbon zone may be divided into The various fluid types can be distinguished by the content of heavy hydrocarbons and by the phase behavior (number of phases, phase compositions and phase properties). Table 1⇓ shows examples of each type of fluid composition. A natural gas mixture only contains trace amounts of components heavier than C6 while at the other end of the fluid scale, a heavy oil is dominated by components heavier than C6. The properties of heavy oil may in fact be influenced by components as heavy as C200. View this table: Table 1. Examples of reservoir fluid compositions in mol%. M stands for molecular weight and the C7+ density is a 1.01 bar and 15 °C. The phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids is often referred to as PVT properties where P stands for pressure, V for volume (or more correctly molar volume) and T for temperature. Because production takes a petroleum reservoir fluid through significant changes in pressure and temperature, it is of great practical interest to know the volumetric changes occurring as a result of changed T and P conditions. It is also of interest to know how the total volume will split between gas and liquid as a function of T and P and how changes in T and P will affect the densities and …

Characterization of the Light Oil and Heavy Hydrocarbon Content and Composition of Coal Seam Gas Reservoirs: ABSTRACT

Characterization of the Light Oil and Heavy Hydrocarbon Content and Composition of Coal Seam Gas Reservoirs: ABSTRACT

Distribution ofn-parrafins in selected marine benthic organisms

The South Texas Outer Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Mexico has recently been approved for leasing for o i l exploration, thus providing an excellent area for studies on the effects of oi l exploration and d r i l l i n g on the marine environment before, during and af ter such ac t i v i t i es . In order to determine the effects of th is ac t i v i t y on the heavy hydrocarbon content of benthic organisms, we conducted a survey of the E-parrafin content in several species of benthic epifauna. Since there is l i t t l e information on the hydrocarbon content and d is t r ibut ion of most species of marine organsims (MOORE et a l . , 1973), the data obtained from these analyses should not on-Ty--b-e important for th is study, but should also be useful in forming a data base for assessing whether organisms of the same species from other areas have been contaminated by o i l .