Heavy Chemical Industry Research Articles

33rd Exposition of Chemical Industries CHEM EXPO '71

Chem Shows have taken place in better times. Particularly in the sixties, when a booming economy, heavy chemical industry expansion, and rapidly advancing technology provided stimulus for the sales conferences and problem-solving sessions on the floor at the Coliseum. Still, there is plenty of room for optimism today. As C&EN staff writer Joseph Haggin points out in the following pages, the chemical industry is growing, plants do wear out, and new markets open up. Visitors to trade shows as big as the Chem Show are usually exhorted to plan ahead. Without planning, time can easily slip by, with the result that exhibits or exhibitors important to a visitor remain unseen. Such advice is most pertinent this year. With many organizations economizing, it's not unlikely that the average visit to the show will be shorter than in the past. In any event, we hope this issue of ChemExpo '71 will help you in the planning as ...

Iudustrial Complex in Hanshin Metropolitan Area

The purpose of this paper is not only to present the basic characteristics of the industrial complex, which is found in Hanshin area, but also to examine our hypothesis derived from our previous research in Keihin industrial area.The hypothesis for verification is that, in contrast to the conventional idea, the metropolitan areas in our country are dominated by few large-scale companies in heavy-chemical industries, but they are characterized by industrial complexes consisting of a large number of various sized establishments in assembly and miscellaneous industries. Industrial activities of those establishments are fairly complicated and their production system is characterized by the production of a limited amount of commodities with a tremendous industry.The method adopted in this research is essentially similar to that applied in the Keihin research, and involves the following three steps, 1) all establishments with more than 30 employees are listed according to the standard industrial classification, 2) location of those establishments are dotted on the maps, and 3) these maps are consolidated in consideration of historical development of each industry.Various improvements are introduced in this research, but, among them, the most important is that the quantitative method is adopted for the analysis of vocational pattern.The main conclusions derived from our research are as follows.1) The spatial extent of the industrial complex identified in Hanshin metropolitan area is unexpectedly small and only covers Osaka, Amagasaki and Nishinomiya.2) The spatial composition of the industrial complex is essentially similar to that found in Keihin area and, especially, Osaka shares the same characteristic with Tokyo about the production of commodities having their nation-wide market.3) The important difference between Tokyo and Osaka is that, the latter is characterized by the dominance of the parts-makers historically origination from rural areas with heavy dependence on the commercial capital. Most of the commodities are produced for foreign markets. Therefore, the size of production is larger than that of most of the establishments in Tokyo.

Coke-Oven Plant in the Nagoya Works of the Fuji Iron and Steel Co. Ltd.

The Nagoya Works was first opened as a works of the Tokai Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. capitalized by the Fuji Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. in collaboration with local business interests as a nucleus of heavy chemical industries in the Chubu (Nagoya) district. It was later taken over by the Fuji Iron and Steel and Co. Ltd.The production capacity was first planned as 12, 500 tons of pig per day, and 5 million tons of crude steel per year, but now it is aimed at 7 million tons of crude steel per year.As for the coke-ovens, it was decided to adopt 5 meter high Didier “flow-controlled” oven from technical as well as economical point of view. The first battery was put into regular operation on August 20, 1964, and No.2 battery, consisting of 110 ovens, was added last year.At present, both batteries are working with a very high rate of productivity

Analysis on Air Pollution of Yokohama-Negishi Area

We summarized the correlation of air pollution data and meteorological data (especially about inversion of atmospheric temperature, wind velocity and wind direction) in Negishi area.We determined the change of sulfur-oxides concentration of every day and every season, and reffered to effects of the social activity and the inversion of atmospheric temperature.When N or NNE wind blows, Negishi area is polluted, therefore, we suggest that the source of pollution should be in Keihin heavy chemical industry area.

Health in the Heavy Chemical Industry

Health in the Heavy Chemical Industry

Utilization Section: Chairman's address. The electrical engineer and the heavy chemical industry

Utilization Section: Chairman's address. The electrical engineer and the heavy chemical industry

The Origins of the Synthetic Alkali Industry in Britain

Heavy chemical industry in its modern sense originated with the linking together of the manufacture of sulphuric acid and the synthesis of soda alkali from common salt. This integration did not come suddenly into being with the emergence of Nicolas Leblanc's classical process, but took place hesitantly alongside anciently established procedures for extracting alkali from the ashes of land and maritime plants. During the latter half of the eighteenth century, and particularly following the American War of Independence, alkali synthesis by various routes became increasingly important as an auxiliary source of an essential technological material. The beginnings of heavy chemical industry inevitably depended upon developments in the manufacture of textiles, hard soap and glass, the three main consumers of alkali. As production in these industries gathered momentum, the natural sources of alkali-barilla, kelp and potash-gradually failed to keep pace with the demand put upon them. Any investigation of the origins of the synthetic alkali industry is, therefore, dependent upon quantitative considerations, in terms both of the consuming industries and of the natural alkali which was available. So far, however, no historians in this field have adopted such a line of approach.'

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL CONFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES OF JAPAN

With the change of era the industrial zone has seen alternations by the influence of its nation's social economy; and its amplification tends to synthetize the zone. To prove this, firstly by apprehending the reproductive correlations, it is necessary to explain the structural factors of the zone. Consequently, the, author as to explain the geographical conformation of industrial zones chiefly, in Osaka Prefecture. The distribution of industry of Japan has its center in Tokyo and Osaka, and composes regional structure including groups of factories in satelite cities. Industrial zones belong to their respective regions and their faculties are gathered in the center. The calls this central faculty its nucleos. These nuclei are responsible for the organization of our nation's four large indus-trial zones and their marked features of distribution. The nuclei of Osaka may be considered. the nuclei. of Japan and can be classified into the follo-wing wing three types. 1. City central type-Composed of, 9 districts around I shiyama Daichi (Osaka. Castle), highly productive districts of medium and small scale .indus-tries specialized in machine tools and sundries The -chief finished product enterprises are the medium and small sized factories dealing with clothing, printing and book-binding, etc. Their diversions in. enterprise and factory site are rampant. Neverthless, the density of distribution is thickest in Japan. 2. Suburban type-Composed of 13 districts on the outskirts of (1) where numerous large scale machine, machine tool and ceramic factories: stand; and, their local transfers are rampant. The whole industry is made up of large, -medium and small' scale factories. None of these alone is, , dominating, but factories of over 200 workers are beginning to be predo-minant. 3. Satelite city-Composed of 15 cities and 7 c_??_ties (guns) scatteringly distributed over Osaka Plain. These are new-born cities and counties boo-ming with -textile industry. The number of factories is largest in the: cities of. Fuse and Sakai and in the county of N aka I awachi. Cities have a marked, feature of having greater number of factories and more efficient skilled workers than counties. This characteristic distribution can. be considered as a, . result of local diversions influenced by unclear factors. It can be. obtained by both centri-petal and centrifugal forces. That is, as can be observed in various stages, of the history of development, the former exist in the social economic and superior maintenance conditions, and the latter, in the changes in scale and system of management ensued by, the rate of industrial growth. But if we study the factors responsible for the development of zone, we. can observe that the superior topographical conditions such as port., in respect to the shipment of material and the availability of labor have a close chain like relation with the zone. And this fact clearly appears inn het cost ratio. Hence, the composition of zone is developed and: amplified by its nucleus-in the center. Predominance. in production has been. brought about by the influence of both centripetal and centrifugal factors, . and has formed local.. characteristics. Fut., since, in general, the movement towards heavy che-mical industry can be noted in the constant changes of local conditions, it is necessary to improve the quality of topographical conditions based on this movement.

Acute Pulmonary Oedema, Endogenous and Exogenous Causes, with Therapy

This paper is concerned with acute pulmonary oedema of the massive type. We define pulmonary oedema due to transudation of proteinized fluid caused by mechanical or neurogenic factors as endogenous, and that due to exudate of inflammatory fluid due to infection or irritation as exogenous. Regarding treatment, we must consider all theories of etiology. First, to reduce pulmonary stasis and blood volume we should apply serially extremity tourniquets and possibly venesection as approved by the proponents of the “mechanical” theory. Second, we should consider application of certain narcotic and sedative drugs like morphine and papaverin as well as chloretone and phenobarbital as suggested by the “neurogenic” theory. Third, we should use oxygen under positive pressure to buttress leaking pulmonary capillaries according to the exponents of the “anoxia” theory. This last and newest form of therapy is the contribution from experienced physiologists and specialists trained to meet inhalational emergencies in industry and war, those due to carbon monoxide, cadmium fume, oxides of nitrogen, or phosgene intoxication. With our need for preparedness against great fires in war targetareas involving heavy chemical industries, every physician must be familiar with oxygen equipment for positive-pressure inhalation. He must be alert for the unpredictable pulmonary oedema coming on after a latent period of several hours, following the inhalation of smoke and fumes. While many cases of acute pulmonary oedema are those seen in terminal states of hypertensive heart disease, an instance of endogenous oedema, it is our responsibility to get an accurate history of occupational exposure at once because we may be dealing with an instance of exogenous pulmonary oedema due to inhalation of a pulmonary irritant which, if recognized early, may well respond to oxygen treatment under pressure.

Mechanical Engineering in the Chemical Industry

The author reviews briefly the close connexion of an important section of the chemical industry with the Liverpool and the Merseyside areas, from the early years of the nineteenth century, and then discusses the changes that have taken place in these industries due largely to the development of engineering technique and materials of construction. Owing to the wide range of products and processes covered by the chemical industry, the paper has been limited in scope to those branches of the heavy chemical industry that are established and flourishing on Merseyside. Modern methods of performing various operations are compared with methods used in the early days of the industry, the comparison being illustrated by photographs. Prime movers, pumps, packages, materials of construction, instrumentation, and workshop facilities are then considered, and finally emphasis is placed on the scope and opportunities that exist in the industry for mechanical engineers.

Inorganic Process Industries

THIS book is intended to impress on students the importance of following the evolution of an industry and of keeping abreast with modern developments by Studying the literature. The first chapter gives very comprehensive method of studying the litieJature. The remaining nine might better be entitled "Some Inorganic Industries in the United States", and consist of a series of descriptive articles, each of about 40 pages, on the main heavy-chemical industries. These are presented in a historical manner, contain no references, and do not emphasize new developments. At the end of each chapter a number of articles is listed as a recommendation for students to read. These are almost exclusively of American origin. Except for a few historical refer ences, the subject-matter is confined to the manufacture of sodium and potassium salts, chlorine, sulphuric acid, and nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the United States ; and the book can scarcely be expected to appeal to British readers, in spite of an admirable set-up, clear diagrams and good printing.

Industrial fire risks

Section 1 of the paper first describes the classification of buildings and structural materials in relation to fire resistance, and then deals with the hazard from various industrial materials and processes and special precautions which should be adopted in providing and operating electrical installations in view of these risks. Flame-proof and intrinsically safe construction are briefly described.Section 2 illustrates the application of the matter discussed in Section 1, but, since it is impossible to deal with every risk, attention has been particularly paid to the heavy chemical and textile industries by way of examples, although some other matters are also mentioned.The authors wish to make it clear that any opinions expressed in this paper are to be regarded as their own and do not in any way implicate or commit the Factory Department.

Industrial Fire Risks

IN a paper read in London on December 9 before the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Messrs. W. Fordham Cooper and F. H. Mann describe first the classification of buildings and structural materials in relation to fire resistance, and then deal with the hazard from various industrial materials and processes and the special precautions which should be adopted in providing and operating electrical installations in view of these risks. Flame-proof and intrinsically safe constructions are briefly described. The second part of the paper illustrates the application of the matter discussed in the first part; but, as it is impossible to deal with every risk, attention has been particularly paid to the heavy chemical (gas, coke and by-product) and textile industries by way of examples, although some other matters, notably switch and transformer oil-fire risks, are also mentioned.

Production of Fertilizers in India

The principle underlying the use of fertilizers, namely, the necessity of add- ing plant food to the soil, was understood in a general way even in the early days of civilization. It was only about a century ago, however, that the science of plant nutrition and the requirements of the soil for certain elements, in which it is liable to be deficient, began to be clear as a result of the researches of de Saus- sure and Liebig on the Continent and Lowes and Gilbert in England. The ver- satile i awes was not only one of the most brilliant pathfinders in agricultural science but was also the first manufacturer of a chemical fertilizer, namely super- phosphate. Phenomenal progress has since been made in the manufacture of chemical fertilizers in Europe, America and Japan, and today the combined. world production in the case of some of the important fertilizers is computed in terms of millions of tons. The fertilizer industry by its effect on the cost of production of sulphuric acid has given a tremendous impetus to the development of the heavy chemical industries. Since the World War of 1914-18 the synthetic manufacture of fertilizers has been greatly developed.

Mr. E. R. Bolton

EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON, who died on February 10, was born in Dublin in 1878, and was the only son of J. A. Bolton of Blackrock, Co. Dublin, of long Irish ancestry. He was at school at Bedford (Elstow) and studied chemistry at King's College, London, and in Fresenius's laboratory, Wiesbaden. On his return to England he was engaged for a short period in heavy chemical industry in Newcastle and in 1902 became chemist to the East India Products Oil Mills, Hammersmith, later Loders and Nucoline, Ltd. At these mills, Bolton carried out the first caustic refining of coco-nut oil in Great Britain. He became a director of the firm, having in the meantime started in analytical and consulting practice in Hammersmith.

The heavy chemical industry

The heavy chemical industry

Some lutes and cements used in the heavy chemical industry

Some lutes and cements used in the heavy chemical industry

Twenty‐five years of progress in the heavy chemical industries. The age of rationalization

Twenty‐five years of progress in the heavy chemical industries. The age of rationalization

The heavy chemical industry in 1930

Journal of the Society of Chemical IndustryVolume 49, Issue 50 p. 1040-1042 Article The heavy chemical industry in 1930 First published: 12 December 1930 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5000495003AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume49, Issue5012 December 1930Pages 1040-1042 RelatedInformation

Development in the heavy chemical industry

Development in the heavy chemical industry