Heavy Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Research Articles

Heavy Alkyl-Benzene Sulfonate-Controlled Growth of Aragonite-Based Polymorphic CaCO3 Crystals in Emulsion

The non-natural mineralization of CaCO3 with special structures or morphologies is generated during the migration of crude oil and is the main form of scale in alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding in oilfields, adversely affecting oil recovery and causing environmental pollution. To date, the mineralization of aragonite superstructures and the role of heavy alkyl-benzene sulfonate (HABS) in mineralization are still unclear. In this work, aragonite-based superstructures of CaCO3 crystals were obtained in an O/W emulsion with HABS to help deepen the understanding of the diversified growth of CaCO3 scaling in oilfields. As a result, rosette-like, bouquet-like, and dumbbell-shaped CaCO3 crystals with vaterite–aragonite, aragonite, and calcite–aragonite phases were formed with 200 mg/L HABS concentration at 45 °C for 60 min and spherical vaterite phase stabilized at a high HABS concentration (800 mg/L and 1000 mg/L). Rhombohedral calcite content experienced a fluctuation of about 40% as the HABS concentration varied. Needle-like and bundle-like aragonite precipitates were generated with increasing temperatures from 65 °C to 85 °C. Thus, HABS affects the nucleation and growth of the precipitated CaCO3 solid, leading to modifications in the structure and morphology of the crystals. The synergistic effect between HABS and temperature can regulate ion pairs with the calcium ions and block sites that are essential to the incorporation of new solutes into the crystal lattice, which leads to the heterogeneous nucleation of vaterite and aragonite on calcite, forming aragonite-based superstructures in kerosene emulsion. This work may enrich the understanding of CaCO3 mineralization in oilfields, and also provide a novel strategy for manufacturing organic–inorganic composites.

EOR mechanism of fracture oil displacement agent for ultra-low permeability reservoir

Due to the low permeability, small pore throat, and poor pore connectivity of ultra-low permeability reservoirs, fracturing was required to improve the flow environment of oil in the reservoir during its development. The combination of fracturing and oil displacement could reduce the complexity of the development of ultra-low permeability reservoirs. It was feasible to synthesize new surfactants to prepare fracturing oil displacement agents, but the research and development of new surfactants were difficult and costly. This paper aimed to experimentally investigate the imbibition displacement mechanism of fracturing flooding by combining the surfactant of chemical flooding with the fracturing fluid. With the conditions of the ultra-low permeability reservoir in block Y of Changqing Oilfield, the mechanism of remaining oil start-up and fractured oil displacement agent enhanced oil recovery in the ultra-low permeability reservoir was studied by microfluidic model experiment and NMR experiment. A mixture of fracture oil displacement agents was obtained by mixing heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and a betaine-type amphoteric surfactant. HAS-6C, HAS-5E, and HAS-5G were selected for their interfacial tension reaching 10−3 mN/m. Oil–water​ interfacial tension of HAS-5E was the lowest, which can be reduced to 10−4 mN/m. The ability to alter the wettability of HAS-6C was the most significant, which could make the contact angle go down to 64.5°. The multi-round dynamic and static imbibition experiments showed that the combination of selected surfactant and slickwater can greatly improve the imbibition recovery, of which HAS-6C could enhance oil recovery by 17%. The HAS-5E system with the lowest interfacial tension had the best effect of starting clustered residual oil, and the clustered residual oil saturation was reduced by 48.8%. The HAS-6C system with stronger wettability had the best effect of starting throat-like residual oil, and the throat-like residual saturation was reduced by 10.8%.

HABS‐Silicate Controlled Synthesis of Worm‐Like Calcite via Orientated Attachment

AbstractWorm‐like calcite crystals were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method in heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS)‐ silicate hybrid aqueous system at 45 °C for 48 h. The result indicated that HABS can affect step/kink sites on the growth face of {104} calcite by alternating Ca2+ or CO32− layers, resulting a slight rotation or stacking faults of the subunits, which lead to the worm shape of crystalline aggregates by elongating parallel to the c‐axis of the rhombohedral lattice. The overlapping worm structures were obtained with the synergistic effect of HABS and silicate, which presents an additives‐mediated crystallographically self‐assembly of worm‐like units and also the inheritance of orientated attachment with rhombohedral calcite habits.

Micellar solubilization of petroleum fractions by heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant

The primary mechanism of surfactant enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has always been ascribed to ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and dispalcing fluid by forming middle-phase microemulsion. However, it is found in field trials that oil can be largely produced by low concentration surfactant flooding without producing microemulsion. Herein, a widely used EOR surfactant, heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS) was selected to investigate its micellar solubilization behavior for petroleum fractions, alkanes and aromatics, by using UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and fluorescent microscope. Increasing the surfactant concentration resulted in increase of solubilization capacity, and the micellar size increases with the addition of additives, accompanied by an appearance transition from transparent to opaque before and after the maximum solubilization capacity. Alkanes is situated in the micellar core, while aromatics resides in the palisade layer. The evolution from micelle to emulsion has been proved to be a disperse phase mutations once the maximum solubilization capacity is reached. These findings provide support for the contribution of micellar solubilization to surfactant EOR process.

Interfacial self-propagation of oleophilic vaterite in crude oil emulsion and its application for reinforcing polyethylene

Non-nature mineral vaterite crystals with lipophilicity are generated in the crude oil migration process, which adversely affects the oil recovery and causes environmental pollution. In this work, a simulated interfacial self-propagating strategy has been designed to obtain quasi hydrophobic and oleophilic vaterite crystals by mixing heavy alkyl-benzene sulfonate (HABS)/Na2CO3/crude-oil emulsion and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)/CaCl2/crude-oil emulsion. Oleophilic vaterite is produced through ions migration and self-assembly of nanocrystals at the oil/water interfaces. Monodispersed vaterite spheres were achieved with an average diameter of 2.4 μm, a water contact angle of 88.5°, and a kerosene contact angle of 4.5°. Due to the oleophilic surface, the vaterite has a good compatibility with polyethylene, which exerts an essential role in improving the mechanical properties of polyethylene. This finding enriches the understanding of CaCO3 mineralization in oilfield, and provides new strategy not only for waste-derived application of the vaterite scales but also for organic-inorganic composites manufacturing.

Effects of crude oil composition on the ASP flooding: A case from Saertu, Xingshugang and Lamadian Oilfield in Daqing

In order to evaluate reservoir adaptability of the ASP (alkali/surfactant/polymer) system, its field tests have been carried out in Saertu, Xingshugang and Lamadian Oilfield of Daqing. The results show that crude oil compositions have a great effect on the agent concentration in produced liquid and oil recovery increment. Therefore, this paper researches crude oil composition of three oilfields in Daqing, and the interaction between oil and ASP system. The effect of crude oil compositions on the oil recovery increment and the properties of produced liquid are also further studied. Results show that, the active components of crude oil from three oilfields have the peak feature of typical saturated monocarboxylic acids (fatty acid and naphthenic acid). And there are larger types of organic acids in Lamadian oil active components, from nonane acid to nonacosane acid. In addition, the content of n-alkanes with high carbon component in Lamadian raffinate is larger, and its composition is closer to that of heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate. After the interaction between various crude oil and ASP system, the partition coefficients of surfactant and alkali in Lamadian oil is higher. Besides that, the interfacial tension between ASP system and active components or raffinate are both higher. However, there is ultra-low interfacial tension between ASP system and crude oil. This indicates that synergistic effect exists among the colloid and asphaltene in crude oil and surfactant component, which jointly promotes the substantial decrease in interfacial tension. Furthermore, the field tests have proved the results of laboratory physical simulation experiments.

Polymorphic Crystallization and Diversified Growth of CaCO3 in HPAM‐HABS‐Na2SiO3 Hybrid Solutions

AbstractCaCO3 crystallization is a controversial topic hampered in part by the lack of empirical evidence of the growth of polymorphic crystals. In this work, great effort has been made to investigate the polymorphic crystal growth mechanism and the diversified morphologies, including peanut, shuttle, worm‐like and irregular cubic CaCO3 that occur in hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM) ‐ heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS) ‐ Na2SiO3 hybrid system. It is verified that silica has an inhibition effect during the phase‐transformation of CaCO3. With the addition of HPAM, a new morphology of CaCO3 composited with CaCO3 fibres was received in the HPAM‐Na2SiO3 mixed solution. In the ternary additive system, the template effect of HPAM is undermined by HABS, and HPAM forms a new polymer‐surfactant complex conformation. Meanwhile, the inhibition effect of silica is weakened with the increase of organics.

Adsorption, wetting, foaming, and emulsification properties of mixtures of nonylphenol dodecyl sulfonate based on linear alpha-olefin and heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate

ABSTRACTNonylphenol dodecyl sulfonate (C12NPAS) has been synthesized, and mixed with heavy alkyl benzene sulfonates (HABS) in different proportions. The effects of different mixing ratios on properties such as adsorption, wetting, foaming, and emulsification, of the C12NPAS/HABS surfactant mixtures have been systematically investigated. Experimental results have shown that, after mixing, the wetting and foaming properties of C12NPAS/HABS are improved remarkably. Compared with C12NPAS and HABS alone, the adsorption and emulsifying properties of C12NPAS/HABS are far superior, which we attribute to a synergistic effect between these surfactants.

Synthesis and properties of nonylphenol-substituted dodecyl sulfonate

ABSTRACTNonylphenol-substituted dodecyl sulfonate (C12-NPAS) was synthesized via sulfonation-alkylation-neutralization using 1-dodecene, SO3, and nonylphenol as raw materials. The properties such as surface tension, interfacial tension (IFT), wettability, foam properties, and salinity tolerance of C12-NPAS were systematically investigated. The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of C12-NPAS was 0.22 mmol · L−1 and the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) of C12-NPAS was 29.4 mN/m. When compared with the traditional surfactants sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), the surface properties of C12-NPAS were found to be superior. The IFT between Daqing crude oil and a weak-base alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) oil flooding system containing 0.1 wt% of C12-NPAS can reach an ultralow level of 2.79 × 10−3 mN/m, which was lower than that found for the traditional surfactant heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS). The salinity and hardness tolerance of C12-NPAS were much stronger than those found for conventional surfactants, petroleum sulfonate, and LAS. C12-NPAS also shows improved wetting performance, foamability, and foam stability.

Synthesis of peanut-like calcium carbonate intermediates in silica system containing partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and heavy alkyl-benzene sulfonate

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals with various morphologies and polymorphs were synthesized from the aging calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution using inorganic silica as well as organic partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and surfactant heavy alkyl-benzene sulfonate (HABS) as effective crystal growth modifiers by the rapidly mixing method at 45°C. The effect of different additives on controlling calcium carbonate morphology has been investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Peanut-like CaCO3 particles were successfully obtained after the mixture system being aged for 6h at pH of 11.3±0.2, and the transition from sphere through peanut-like shape to cubic shape for CaCO3 particles occurred with increasing of aging time. All the CaCO3 particles were pure calcite when pH was unadjusted (pH=11.2±0.1), however, lower pH favored the formation of vaterite. The research results showed that the adsorption of HPAM and HABS on SiO2-coated CaCO3 surfaces played a crucial role in modifying the crystals morphologies. A hypothetical mechanism for the formation process of the peanut-like CaCO3 was presented.

Synthesis of heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate in a rotating packed bed combined with a stirred tank reactor

This study presents the synthesis of heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate (HABS) via liquid–liquid reaction of heavy alkylbenzene (HAB) with dilute liquid sulfur trioxide (SO3) in a rotating packed bed (RPB) combined with a stirred tank reactor (STR). The effects of different operating conditions including high gravity level (G), total liquid flow rate (QL), SO3 concentration (ζ), SO3 dosage (φ), reaction temperature (T) and reaction time (θ) on HABS content (η) were investigated, and the results revealed that high HABS content of about 88% was achieved under the optimal operating conditions including G of 59, QL of 62.8Lh−1, ζ of 30%, φ of 1.1, T of 45°C and θ of 4min. The results indicated that the sulfonation reaction was basically achieved in the RPB of the combined reactor, and the time of the synthesis process was shortened.

Interfacial Properties of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates Ternary Mixtures

Abstract Dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) behaviors of dialkylbenzene sulfonate (DAS)/heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS)/dodecylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) ternary mixture solutions against a homologous series of alkanes were studied. On the basis of our experimental results, one can find that the lipophilic ability of DAS was stronger than that of HABS. At the lower content of LAS, the ternary system was oil soluble; at the higher content of LAS, the ternary system was water soluble. An IFT in the 10– 3 mN/m range can be obtained for the ternary system against long-chain alkanes (decane, dodecane) under the condition that the content of LAS was 30 %. A dynamic IFT of 10– 4 mN/m order of magnitude was observed against decane. The hydrophilic-lipophilic ability of the surfactant plays an important role in dynamic IFT behavior. With increasing content of LAS, the alkane carbon number of ternary mixture solutions for producing the lower IFT had a tendency to lower.

Effect of Organic Alkalis on Interfacial Tensions of Surfactant/Polymer Solutions against Hydrocarbons

The dynamic interfacial tensions (IFTs) of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) surfactant/polymer/organic alkali systems against a homologous series of alkanes have been investigated by a spinning drop interfacial tensiometer. Two organic alkalis with different molecular sizes, ethanolamine (EA) and diethanolamine (DEA), two surfactants with high interfacial activity, heavy alkyl benzenesulfonate (HABS) and petroleum sulfonate (SLPS), and two kinds of polymers, partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (HMPAM), were employed to study the real mechanisms controlling the IFT behavior. The experimental results show that the addition of organic alkali may affect the dynamic IFTs of surfactant solutions through different mechanisms. First, the possible reaction of organic alkali with the oil-soluble components in industrial surfactants will influence the surface active spices at the interface and enhance the dynamic behavior. Second, the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant may vary, and the surfactant may become more water-soluble because of the ionization of oil-soluble components, especially for HABS. Finally, the organic counterion with larger molecular sizes may affect the arrangement of interfacial surfactant molecules. For both HABS and SLPS surfactants, interfacial interactions between the hydrophobic part of surfactants and the hydrophobic blocks of HMPAM will reduce the interfacial concentration of surfactant monomers by forming aggregates and result in an obvious increment of the IFT value. On the other hand, HPAM will obviously enhance the water solubility of the surfactant/organic alkali solutions and reduce the IFT values for the hydrocarbons with lower alkyl carbon number (ACN).

Mixture of Different Surfactants Enhanced Chemical Flooding for Suijing Oil Recovery

We investigate six different surfactants in interfacial tension (IFT) between the surfactant solution and the crude oil from Suijng oilfield. Based on the measurement of interfacial tension, the anion surfactant Heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS) and non-ionic surfactant alkyl glycoside (APG) are selected for the formulation of mixed surfactant. The IFT between the mixed surfactant solution comprising the HABS and APG and crude oil from Suijing can be reduced to ultralow.The experimental results indicate that the selected mixed surfactant formulation (0.20%HABS+0.10%APG) has a good performance on the tolerance of temperature and salinity and the coreflood test result indicate that the effective of the formulation was high which led to significant oil recovery (56.48%TOR).

Universal Phase Transformation Mechanism and Substituted Alkyl Length and Number Effect for the Preparation of Overbased Detergents Based on Calcium Alkylbenzene Sulfonates

Overbased calcium sulfonate is one of the largest commercially produced nanomaterials; the phase transformation mechanism involved in the key process of carbonation reaction for overbased detergent preparation has not yet been fully understood. Following our previous investigation based on the heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS) surfactant of industrial byproduct, two commercial products with well-defined chemical compositions and structures, long-chain alkylbenzene sulfonate (LCABS) and comparative short-chain linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (SLABS), are employed in this study as model surfactants for further mechanism study of this pivotal process by the combination of analytical techniques such as potentiometric titration, DLS, TEM, FTIR, and XRD. It has been demonstrated that amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is a prerequisite for the preserving and stabilization of the alkaline reserve, especially under thermal work environment. The phase transformation from ACC to crystalline vaterite polymorph rather...

Progress and Effects of ASP Flooding

This article, written by Senior Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 151285, ’Recent Progress and Effects Analysis of ASP-Flooding Field Tests,’ by Youyi Zhu, SPE, Qingfeng Hou, Weidong Liu, SPE, Desheng Ma, SPE, and Guangzhi Liao, SPE, State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing, prepared for the 2012 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 14-18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding is one of the main chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery techniques for increasing crude-oil recovery used by PetroChina. Field tests have been performed in China since 1994, including six pilot tests in sandstone and in conglomerate reservoirs and three industrial tests. Incremental oil recoveries of those tests were greater than 19–20%. Three factors were found to be responsible for successful ASP flooding. Good performance of the oil-displacement agents Good profile control and oil-displacement ability Reasonable well pattern and well spacing Side effects included scaling and corrosion damage to the lifting system that shortened the average pump-checking cycle, strong emulsification that resulted in many liquid-treatment problems, and greatly decreased liquid production. Introduction Since 1994, five ASP-flooding pilot tests have been carried out in different regions of the Daqing oil field. Oil recoveries have been enhanced by 20% compared with waterflooding. Weak-alkali ASP-flooding pilot tests were carried out in conglomerate reservoirs in the northern part of the second middle zone of the Karamay oil field, with oil recoveries improved by more than 20%. Table 1 summarizes these tests. Four expanded ASP-flooding field tests have been carried out in the Daqing oil field since 2000 using industrial surfactants made from heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate (HABS) and petroleum sulfonate. The application was ex-tended from a Type-I layer (higher average permeability—approximately 800×10−3 Μm2—and a thicker oil layer) to a Type-II layer (lower average permeability—approximately 500×10−3 Μm2—and medium oil-layer thickness). ASP flooding has been moved from strong-alkali-type (NaOH) to weak-alkali-type (Na2CO3) fluids. With the progress of ASP-flooding tests, ASP flooding has been applied on a large scale in the Daqing oil field since 2007. Commercial application has been implemented in the East-II Block of Xin 1-2 Region, the South 6 Region, the East-I Block, and the East-II Block of Xin 6 Region. The total reserves of these regions are 28.61×106 m3. Analysis of Field Tests ASP flooding exhibited good enhanced oil recovery in field tests. Chemical Agents. Chemical agents used in the ASP flooding were good quality and had stable performance. The ultralow oil/water interfacial tension (approximately 10−3 to 10−4 mN/m) was achieved when 0.05–0.3 wt% surfactant was mixed with 0.4–1.2 wt% alkali. The adsorption loss of surfactant to the rock was less than 1 mg/g of sand. According to sample data from the injecting well, the pass rate of HABS surfactant for ASP flooding was 99.5%. High-molecular-weight polymer, a salt-resistant polymer with a concentration of 1500 mg/L, was mixed with Daqing-oilfield formation water. The system showed good shear resistance and long-term stability, with a viscosity greater than 40 mPa•s. The viscosity ratio of chemical fluid to crude oil was ensured to be greater than 4.0. High-purity liquid alkali produced by an ionic-membrane process was used and worked well with the surfactant, yielding reduced scale deposit in the injection zone.

Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding in the Daqing Oilfield Class II Reservoirs Using Associating Polymer

Hydrophobically modified associating polyacrylamide (HAPAM) has good compatibility with the Daqing heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant. The HAPAM alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) system can generate ultralow interfacial tension in a wide range of alkali/surfactant concentrations and maintain stable viscosity and interfacial tension for 120 days. The HAPAM ASP system has good injectivity for the Daqing class II reservoirs (100–300 × 10−3 μm2) and can improve oil recovery by more than 25% on top of water flooding. In the presence of both the alkali and the surfactant, the surfactant interacts with the associating groups of the polymer to form more micelles, which can significantly enhance the viscosity of the ASP system. Compared with using HPAM (Mw = 2.5 MDa), using HAPAM can reduce the polymer use by more than 40%.

Surface active and thermodynamic properties of some surfactants derived from locally linear and heavy alkyl benzene in relation to corrosion inhibition efficiency

AbstractLinear and heavy alkyl benzene (HAB) were sulfonated with fuming sulfuric acid (oleum) and the sulfonated products were esterified with tri and poly ethanolamine (d = 4 and 6). The prepared three esters from each series were quaternized withn‐butyl bromide. The resulted six quaternized ester of linear and HAB sulfonate were named as (L1Q, L2Q, L3Q, H1Q, H2Q, and H3Q). The surface and thermodynamic properties of these compounds have been investigated. From the data obtained, it was found that surface tension and surface active properties for the HAB derivatives were better than which obtained from linear alkyl benzene (LAB) derivatives. From the results obtained from the surface activity, the best performance compound from each group was selected to study the corrosion inhibition efficiency of them relative to the surface activity. The obtained results show that the LAB derivative L3Q exhibited inhibition efficiency (93.1%) at 1000 ppm but H3Q exhibited (97%) at 600 ppm. The diversity of the resulted data obtained was discussed in the light of chemical structure of the alkyl benzene sulfonate.

Calcium carbonate phase transformations during the carbonation reaction of calcium heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate overbased nanodetergents preparation

The preparation and application of overbased nanodetergents with excess alkaline calcium carbonate is a good example of nanotechnology in practice. The phase transformation of calcium carbonate is of extensive concern since CaCO3 serves both as an important industrial filling material and as the most abundant biomineral in nature. Industrially valuable overbased nanodetergents have been prepared based on calcium salts of heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate by a one-step process under ambient pressure, the carbonation reaction has been monitored by the instantaneous temperature changes and total base number (TBN). A number of analytical techniques such as TGA, DLS, SLS, TEM, FTIR, and XRD have been utilized to explore the carbonation reaction process and phase transformation mechanism of calcium carbonate. An enhanced understanding on the phase transformation of calcium carbonate involved in calcium sulfonate nanodetergents has been achieved and it has been unambiguously demonstrated that amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) transforms into the vaterite polymorph rather than calcite, which would be of crucial importance for the preparation and quality control of lubricant additives and greases. Our results also show that a certain amount of residual Ca(OH)2 prevents the phase transformation from ACC to crystalline polymorphs. Moreover, a vaterite nanodetergent has been prepared for the first time with low viscosity, high base number, and uniform particle size, nevertheless a notable improvement on its thermal stability is required for potential applications.

Effect of Clay Content on the Adsorption Loss of Surfactant in ASP Floods Systems

This paper discussed the mechanism of adsorption of the petroleum sulfonate and heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate on reservoir sand mixed with clay of Daqing oil field. The results showed that: the adsorption of surfactant increased with the increasing of the surfactant equilibrium concentration and clay content in the ASP floods systems; interfacial tension decreased with the increasing of surfactant content; the interfacial tension become higher after adsorption on the reservoir sand. Application result of weak base system is better than strong base, because of the lower adsorption and interfacial tension is provided.