Heat Generation Research Articles

A novel configuration optimization approach for IES considering exergy-degradation and non-energy costs of equipment

Improving the exergy utilization and economic performance is the core goal for the configuration optimization of the integrated energy system (IES). Achieving such a goal requires accurate evaluation of the exergy efficiency and economy. However, IES is a multisource heterogeneous and strongly coupled system. The development of reasonable exergy efficiency-economy characteristic evaluation indicators is a complex issue that limits its application in IES configuration. This article proposes a novel IES configuration optimization approach based on the concept of the equipment exergyeconomic cost coefficient. The exergyeconomic cost coefficient consists of the exergy-degradation and non-energy costs, which can quantitatively characterize the exergy efficiency and economy of the IES under a unified benchmark. A mechanism model for the equipment exergyeconomic cost coefficient, output of various equipment and total exergyeconomic cost is established. Furthermore, exergy flow attribute classification method is proposed to obtain the equipment exergyeconomic cost coefficient in the IES. The proposed method is verified in a real-world study case located in Yancheng, China. Compared to the conventional configuration method, the capacity of the renewable energy and combined heat and power generation (CHP) are enhanced, while the capacity of purchased electricity and electric boiler (EB) are reduced. It can obtain the minimum total exergyeconomic cost (TEC) for the IES. This study offers a new direction for the optimal configuration of IES.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Net Energy Production of Dark Fermentation from Food Waste Followed by Anaerobic Digestion

There are diverse estimations regarding the carbon reduction effects of alternative hydrogen production technologies. This study assessed the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy balance of a two-stage process combining dark fermentative hydrogen production and anaerobic digestion from food waste using the cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA). The system boundary included collection and transportation, pretreatment and feedstock storage, dark fermentation, H2 purification, anaerobic digestion and heat and power generation and the estimated GHG emission was compared with a single anaerobic digestion of food waste. GHG emission of the biohydrogen production was estimated as 2.48 kg CO₂-eq per kg H₂ without considering avoided emissions from heat and power generation. The environmental impacts were majorly influenced by electricity use. The net energy ratio of the two-stage process was calculated to be 8.18, confirming a net energy gain and the potential GHG emission avoidance for electricity and heat use. Given that the single-stage anaerobic digestion of 16 tons of food waste is replaced by the two-stage dark fermentation process, 76.6 kg CO₂-eq would be avoided. Sensitivity analysis revealed that energy-saving strategies are the most sensitive factors for achieving positive net energy production and low global warming potential.

Projecting Future Mercury Emissions From Global Biofuel Combustion Under the Carbon Neutrality Target

AbstractBiomass plays a crucial role in the low‐carbon energy transition, with a projected contribution of 18.7% to the global energy supply by 2050. However, biofuel combustion has been a notable source of toxic mercury emissions, yet the future trends and distribution of the emissions remain inadequately understood. Here, we projected biofuel combustion under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) using the Global Change Assessment Model and assessed associated mercury emissions in cooking, heating, and power generation over 2020–2050, aligning with the carbon neutrality target. Our analysis reveals that global biofuel mercury emissions are projected to be 9.90–18.40 tons by 2050, compared to the annual emissions of 13.89 tons in 2020. Notably, a substantial increase in emissions from power generation is expected, escalating from 0.57 tons in 2020 to 4.69–8.27 tons by 2050, with China and Southeast Asia emerging as primary contributors. Conversely, mercury emissions from cooking and heating are expected to decrease from 13.32 tons in 2020 to 4.40–11.53 tons by 2050, except in Africa under SSP2, where the emissions may increase from 5.91 to 6.69 tons. Our findings provide a scientific basis for policies aimed at achieving carbon neutrality targets while adhering to the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Cattaneo-Christov fluxes for nonlinear mixed convective entropy generated Reiner-Rivlin material flow

Thermal and solutal transportation processes involve in tremendous useful applications related to heat exchanger, scientific, micro-electronic device technologies and industry sectors like nuclear reactors cooling, marine engineering, nanotechnology, thin-film technology, biomedical applications and thermal conduction in soft tissue. In view of such useful applications the Cattaneo-Christov analysis for nonlinear mixed convective Reiner-Rivlin material flow in presence of constant applied magnetic field is considered. Heat source, magnetohydrodynamics and radiation are incorporated in energy equation. Cattaneo-Christov flux is employed to discuss the thermal and mass transport characteristics. Entropy calculation in radiating flow is discussed. The proposed non-linear systems are transformed into dimensionless ordinary systems through appropriate transformation. Non-linear ordinary expressions are computed for convergent series solutions through Optimal homotopy analysis technique (OHAM). Graphical interpretations for quantities under interest against pertinent variables are explored. Large magnetic parameter has opposite impact for entropy and fluid flow. An increase of temperature through thermal relaxation time parameter is noticed. Velocity has same trend for both mixed convection and Reiner-Rivlin fluid variables. Reduction in concentration is seen for solutal relaxation time parameter. Temperature enhancement is witnessed in presence of heat generation. Entropy rate enhancement for radiation is observed. Decrease in concentration is noticed for reaction. Entropy rate increases against diffusion variable is enhanced.

Multi-objective optimization of a solar-biomass multi-generation system with dual-stage desalination for brine minimization

A hybrid solar-biomass multi-generation system feeding an off-grid community is proposed in this study. An organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) generates electricity by harnessing the thermal energy supplied by the hybrid heat generation system. Part of the produced electricity is utilized to meet the community's electricity needs, while another fraction powers a brackish water reverse osmosis unit (RO). The waste heat from the ORC is recovered to produce domestic hot water and to drive a membrane distillation (MD) unit for RO brine minimization. A multi-objective optimization of the proposed system is conducted using the NSGA-II algorithm and TOPSIS decision-making tool considering plant's overall energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and the total exergoeconomic cost of the useful products as objective functions. The study's results indicate that the overall optimal solution is achieved using R1336mzz(Z), with corresponding energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and hourly exergoeconomic cost of 45.31%, 5.39%, and 87.68 €/h, respectively. Moreover, the unitary costs associated with the useful products are 0.207 €/kWh, 0.029 €/kWh, 0.683 €/m3, and 3.36 €/m3 for the produced electricity, domestic hot water, RO permeate and MD distillate, respectively. In terms of sustainability, the system is not only renewable-driven but also achieves a 21% reduction in brine discharge through heat recovery at the ORC condenser compared to single-stage RO desalination. Additionally, using R1336mzz(Z) with its low global warming potential of 2 significantly lowers CO2 equivalent emissions compared to R245-fa. Lastly, sensitivity analysis indicates that hybridization ratios of up to 80% can result in a 10.6% reduction in CO2 emissions originating from biomass combustion compared to biomass-only solutions.

Insights into deformation-induced heating: Temperature-strain prediction in SCM440 steel under deformation scenarios

Recently, deformation-induced temperature was found to be predictable based on corresponding strain, enabling broader applications in temperature prediction and strain measurement. This prediction relies on the temperature-strain relationship during deformation. However, the influence of deformation rate has not been addressed, despite most materials exhibiting rate-dependent behavior that affects both material properties and deformation-induced temperature. This study aims to explore the rate-dependent behavior of the temperature-strain relationship and develop a prediction model. Thermal-strain analysis reveals a linear correlation between deformation-induced temperature and plastic strain, with rate-dependent behavior governed by the deformation rate. Relationships among change in temperature difference per unit strain, heat generation rate, and strain rate are utilized to establish the prediction model. The developed model is primarily applied under various deformation conditions in uniaxial tensile testing. Prediction results for temperature and strain closely match measured values, with an overall difference within 5 % in most cases, except at slow deformation rates where strain estimation is less effective due to dominant heat convection. The model was also applied to three-point bending tests with different artificial-defect specimens, revealing predictable temperature results with a maximum difference of 7 % and estimated strains agreeing with a 5 % error band in the initial 20 % of plastic strain development. Both findings underscore the crucial influence of heat transfer on prediction accuracy, suggesting its necessity in further improvements. This study provides insights into temperature-strain prediction driven by deformation-induced heating, offering guidance for temperature-strain prediction methods and paving the way for applications in thermal-based inspection and temperature-based strain measurement.

Selection of refrigerant based on multi-objective decision analysis for different waste heat recovery schemes

Waste heat generation, upgrading, and refrigeration are the fundamental ways to recover and utilize waste heat. The rationalizing the use of refrigerants also contribute in creating energy savings and minimizing carbon emissions. This study evaluated the thermodynamics, economics, and environmental of different types of refrigerants in three kinds of waste heat recovery schemes: generate electricity, heat pump, and refrigeration. Based on this, the entropy weight and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) were combined to assess the overall performance of the refrigerants. A thorough analysis revealed that R1234ze(E) can replace R245fa and R123 in the organic rankine cycle (ORC). The best refrigerant for vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) and high temperature heat pump (HTHP) systems is R1243zf. In addition, the multi-objective decision analysis shows that the performance difference among the nine selected refrigerants is the total cost, followed by the environmental impact. The approach is successful in recognizing the variations between different refrigerants in the same waste heat recovery scheme and gives a thorough evaluation. It sets instructions for the future use of eco-friendly refrigerants and their application waste heat recovery schemes.

Sensor-Based and Visual Behavioral Profiling of Dry Holstein Cows Presenting Distinct Median Core Body Temperatures

The consequences of heat stress during the dry period can extend into the postpartum period, affecting health and productivity in the subsequent lactation. We hypothesized that cows with distinct core body temperatures (CBTs) would exhibit disparate behaviors associated with different degrees of heat generation or dissipation. The primary objective was to investigate behavioral differences of dry Holstein cows (n = 50) classified as high-temperature (HT) or low-temperature (LT), based on median CBT during the summer months using visual observations and accelerometer technology. A secondary objective was to investigate the transcriptome of white blood cells (WBCs) collected from a subgroup of HT and LT cows (n = 5; per group). Minor behavior differences were observed during the visual observations (performed for a total of 16h/cow). Based on automated monitoring system (AMS) data, collected 24/7 over a period of 42 days per cow, HT cows displayed higher periods of high activity and lower periods of inactivity prepartum and diminished rumination time postpartum than LT cows. There were 16 differently expressed genes (DEGs) in WBCs of HT compared to LT cows. Several of the identified DEGs have been previously associated with heat stress. The observed trends in the AMS data indicate that CBT and patterns of activity prepartum may serve as valuable predictors for identifying dairy cows with distinct tolerance to heat stress.

Study on the relationship between high temperature oxidation and temperature rise rate of engine oil

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between high temperature oxidation and temperature rise rate of engine oil attempted to explore a new indicator to evaluate oil degradation. Design/methodology/approach Accelerated oxidation test combined with molecular simulation and road test is carried out in this paper. The temperature rise characteristics of mineral oil and synthetic oil under different oxidation temperatures (140°C, 155°C and 170°C) and time (50 h, 100 h, 150 h and 200 h) were determined by accelerated oxidation. The mechanism of temperature change characteristics of used oils was analyzed with molecular simulation. Two experimental vehicles carried six road tests with synthetic and mineral oil. Findings The results of this study show that the temperature rise rate of oxidized mineral and synthetic oil is higher than the new oil. The temperature rise rate is proportional to the oxidation time and oxidation temperature. The synthetic engine oil temperature rise rate is lower than that of the mineral engine oil. The same result was obtained in road tests. Molecular simulation verifies that small molecules were generated after oil oxidation which results in intermolecular friction and increased heat generation. Originality/value This paper indicates that temperature rise rate has potential to be taken as an indicator to evaluate oil oxidation which provides a new way for engine oil analysis. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2024-0177/

Thionation of conjugated porphyrin with enhanced photodynamic and photothermal effects for cancer therapy

Phototherapy has emerged as a promising modality for cancer treatment in recent years, owing to its precise temporal control and minimally invasive nature. Here, two new organic porphyrin molecules, denoted as ONP and SNP, were designed and synthesized with an acceptor–donor–acceptor (A-D-A) architecture. The donor–acceptor (D-A) pairs in molecules facilitated the intermolecular charge transfer (ICT), thereby amplifying near-infrared (NIR) absorbance and promoting nonradiative heat generation. Notably, the substitution of oxygen atoms with sulfur in naphthalimides (NI) led to significant change of their photophysical and photochemical properties. Specifically, the sulfur atoms exhibited pronounced spin–orbit coupling (SOC) effect, leading to efficient photoinduced intersystem crossing (ISC) processes, thus facilitating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Upon self-assembly, the formed nanomaterials (ONP NPs and SNP NPs) exhibited spherical morphology with average size about 150 nm. The biocompatibility and photocytotoxicity of nanoparticles against Hepa1-6 cells were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Additionally, the synergistic effects (photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy) of SNP NPs were confirmed through diverse in vitro experiment under 690 nm laser irradiation. The generation of intracellular ROS by SNP NPs was confirmed with DCFH-DA as probe. This study provides an ingenious strategy for developing organic nanomaterials with high treatment efficiency through synergistic photodynamic/photothermal effects.

Enhancement of heat dissipation efficiency in the CSNS target through the innovative design of a serial cooling water channel

This paper presents a coupling of the Monte Carlo method with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the flow channel design of an irradiated target through numerical simulations. A novel series flow channel configuration is proposed, which effectively facilitates the removal of heat generated by high-power irradiation from the target without necessitating an increase in the cooling water flow rate. The research assesses the performance of both parallel and serial cooling channels within the target, revealing that, when subjected to equivalent cooling water flow rates, the maximum temperature observed in the target employing the serial channel configuration is lower. This reduction in temperature is ascribed to the accelerated flow of cooling water within the serial channel, which subsequently elevates both the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number, leading to enhanced heat transfer efficiency. Furthermore, the maximum temperature is observed to occur further downstream, thereby circumventing areas of peak heat generation. This phenomenon arises because the cooling water traverses the target plates with the highest internal heat generation at a lower temperature when the flow channels are arranged in series, optimizing the cooling effect on these targets. However, it is crucial to note that the pressure loss associated with the serial structure is two orders of magnitude greater than that of the parallel structure, necessitating increased pump power and imposing stricter requirements on the target container and cooling water pipeline. These findings can serve as a reference for the design of the cooling channels in the target station system, particularly in light of the anticipated increase in beam power during the second phase of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS Ⅱ).

Deciphering cleaner and sustainable frontiers in scientific cow waste valorization: a review.

The forecasted global population growthis poised to create a greater exigency for livestock-derived food production,leading to a significant wastegeneration from the industrial-scalelivestockoperations, which necessitates to develop sustainable waste management solutions. The heightened demand for livestock and dairy products has driven a surge in cow waste (CW) production. While CW is typically used as organic fertilizer or solid fuel, improper disposal poses potential environmental hazards. Anaerobic digestion and composting transform CW into valuable products, such as biofuels and organic fertilizers, with the potential for electricity and heat generation, biochar production, and advanced friction materials. The CW contains essential inorganic and organic compounds vital for plant functions, including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen, and minerals such as potassium, sulfur, iron, magnesium, copper, cobalt, and manganese. Additionally, the rich microbial diversity in cow dung drives the production of bioenergy carriers like biomethane and biohydrogen, promoting cost-effective energy generation and environmental sustainability. This review employs bibliometric analysis to explore the latest trends in CW applications, with a particular focus on innovative applications such as cellulose extraction, biochar production, microbial fuel cells, and nanoparticle synthesis. Itfurther evaluates the environmental impacts of these technologies and assesses their potential to advance sustainable and cleaner frontiers in the valorizationof CW.

A Novel NR-DA-Based ANN for SHEPWM in Cascaded Multilevel Inverters for Renewable Energy Applications

Harmonics is the major power quality problem caused by nonlinear devices, leading to malfunction or operational halt of the system. Low-order harmonics increase vibration and heat generation in motors. Therefore, controlling harmonics in the output waveform is the prime target for industrial applications to avoid economic loss. Selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) is one of the techniques used for eliminating or minimizing selected harmonics in the output voltage waveform. This paper utilizes the Newton-Raphson method and Dragonfly Algorithms to calculate optimum switching angles for a Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel inverter (CHBMLI). The algorithms use non-linear equations to calculate the Switching Angles of MLI. The Dragonfly algorithm requires several iterations to reach an optimum solution. For complex problems, this algorithm becomes computationally expensive and time-consuming. A lookup table addresses the limitation by offline training an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to generate the optimum switching angle for a given modulation index. Neural Fitting Tool in MATLAB software is used to train the ANN model. The simulation is performed using MATLAB SIMULINK software for both 5-level and 7-level CHBMLI configuration. The Dragonfly algorithm-based ANN achieves THD 8.84% when the modulation index (M) equals 0.8 for a 7-level inverter and THD 14.91% for a 5-level inverter and effectively minimizes third and fifth-order harmonics.

Improvement of the Thermal Performance of PCM-Based Heat Sink Used in Electronic Cooling by Adding Nano-Particles

Recently, thanks to the technological advances, electronic devices are getting smaller in size. This causes an increase in the heat generation per unit area. This heat has to be removed from electronic devices for them to be longer-lasting, more efficient and more reliable. There are many active and passive methods designed for this objective. One of them is embedding phase change material (PCM) in the heat sink. PCM, during the phase change stage, absorbs the heat generated in the system and thus aids in keeping the temperature at a certain value. The biggest downside of PCM is its rapid conduction of heat. PCM properties can be improved by using nanoparticles. In this study, nanoparticles such as TiO2 and CuO were added to PCM and such a modified PCM is used in a finned heat sink. The thermal behavior of the PCM with addition of 1%, 2% and 5% TiO2 and CuO was investigated numerically in three dimensions. RT-28HC was used as the PCM in the study. It was shown that as the nanoparticle ratio increases, heat transfer coefficient of the PCM rises and the melting time of Nanoparticle PCM (NPPCM) is less than that of pure PCM. However, it was observed that, the melting time of PCM with CuO added is longer than that of the PCM with TiO2 added.

Hybrid Carbon Black/Silica Reinforcing System for High-Performance Green Tread Rubber.

Silica, as a high-quality reinforcing filler, can satisfy the requirements of high-performance green tread rubber with high wet-skid resistance, low rolling resistance, and low heat generation. However, the silica surface contains abundant silicon hydroxyl groups, resulting in a severe aggregation of silica particles in non-polar rubber matrix. Herein, we explored a carbon black (CB)/silica hybrid reinforcing strategy to prepare epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)-based vulcanizates. Benefiting from the reaction and interaction between the epoxy groups on ENR chains and the silicon hydroxyl groups on silica surfaces, the dispersion uniformity of silica in the ENR matrix was significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, the silica can facilitate the dispersity and reinforcing effect of CB particles in the ENR matrix. By optimizing the CB/silica blending ratios, we realized high-performance ENR vulcanizates with simultaneously improved mechanical strength, wear resistance, resilience, anti-aging, and damping properties, as well as reduced heat generation and rolling resistance. For example, compared with ENR vulcanizates with only CB fillers, those with CB/silica hybrid fillers showed ~10% increase in tensile strength, ~20% increase in elongation at break, and ~20% increase in tensile retention rate. These results indicated that the ENR compounds reinforced with CB/silica hybrid fillers are a promising candidate for high-performance green tread rubber materials.

Interface/Dipole Polarized Antibiotics-Loaded Fe3O4/PB Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive Therapy of Osteomyelitis Under Medical Microwave Irradiation.

Due to their poor light penetration, photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy are ineffective in treating deep tissue infections, such as osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Here, a microwave (MW)-responsive magnetic targeting composite system consisting of ferric oxide (Fe3O4)/Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles, gentamicin (Gent), and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is reported. The PLGA/Fe3O4/PB/Gent complex is used in combination with MW thermal therapy (MTT), MW dynamic therapy (MDT), and chemotherapy (CT) to treat acute osteomyelitis infected with S. aureus-infected. The powerful antibacterial effect of the PLGA/Fe3O4/PB/Gent is determined by the synergistic effects of heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the Fe3O4/PB nanoparticles under MW irradiation and the effective release of Gent at the infection site via magnetic targeting. The antibacterial mechanism of the PLGA/Fe3O4/PB/Gent under MW irradiation is analyzed using bacterial transcriptome RNA sequencing. The MW heat and ROS reduce the activity of the protein transporters on the bacterial membrane, along with the transport of various ions and the acceleration of phosphate metabolism, which can lead to increased permeability of the bacterial membrane, damage the ribosome and DNA, and accompany the internal protein efflux of the bacteria, thus effectively killing the bacteria.

Functionalized cellulose nanocrystals-MoS2 nanosheets to tailor brick–mortar architecture of green composite for next-generation electronic packaging

Thermally conductive green composites are an attractive solution for addressing the escalating heat generation in miniaturized microelectronic devices. They offer simplicity in processing, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to potentially degrade, making them well-suited for overcoming heat-related challenges in next-generation electronics and 5G communication applications. Here, innovative work focuses on developing heat dissipation films by imitating artificial brick–mortar architecture. This approach incorporates cellulose nanocrystals-molybdenum disulfide (CNC-M) nanosheets as bifunctional fillers in polypropylene carbonate (PPC) via straightforward casting technology. This novel composite system leverages CNC-M nanosheets “brick” as oriented bonding and thermal linkers within the PPC “mortar,” significantly enhancing heat transfer across the film, enabling efficient heat propagation and overall thermal conductivity to 3.1 W·m−1·K−1, which is 4450.7 % higher than that of pure PPC. The superior heat dissipation capability enables these composite films to efficiently cool smartphone CPUs, shells, and high-power LED modules. When applying the composite film containing 8 wt% CNC-M to smartphone CPUs and cell phone shells, temperatures decrease by 17.9 °C and 8.3 °C, respectively. Notably, LED modules experience a significant temperature reduction of 22.6 °C. This distinctive “brick–mortar” architecture creates a homogeneous trapezoidal layered architecture that significantly enhances strong hydrogen bonding interactions within a composite film, resulting in exceptional mechanical properties, aging durability, and shape memory. The composite film with 5 wt% CNC-M exhibited impressive increases in tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 152.6 % and 1322.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, the composite film exhibited enhanced UV resistance and based materials. This study advances high-performance thermal conductive materials for electronics thermal management, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable solutions in electronics.

Feasibility and application of novel electrical curing method for constant-temperature hardening of concrete at cold regions

To explore the feasibility and strategies of applying electric curing technology to reinforced concrete components, this study introduces a method of electric curing for concrete constant temperature hardening (EC-CCTH). Concrete specimens were placed in an environment with a temperature of −10 °C, and an EC-CCTH system was used to maintain the internal temperature of the specimens at 20 °C. The analysis focused on the specimens' strength, temperature, microstructure, and energy consumption. Under winter conditions with ambient temperatures ranging from 1 °C to 7 °C, EC-CCTH was applied to concrete slabs, and their strength and temperature were monitored. Additionally, numerical simulations were conducted to further examine the current density and temperature distributions within the slabs. The results showed that the 28-day strength values of electrically cured specimens were comparable to those of standard-cured specimens. The hydration process and pore structure of the concrete specimens remained unaffected by the application of alternating current. Although the presence of steel bars led to an uneven distribution of current density and non-uniform heat generation within the concrete, this was mitigated by thermal conduction effects. Due to the constant temperature effect of the electric field, the concrete slab reached a strength of 13.9 MPa at 3 days, indicating the practical feasibility of EC-CCTH in engineering. Furthermore, the energy consumption for EC-CCTH of the slab was only 20.1 kW h, highlighting its effectiveness in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions.

Safety Analysis of Metallic Tokamak-I Against Electromagnetic and Structural Loads

During tokamak operation, the structural integrity of the vacuum vessel (VV) of Metallic Tokamak-I (MT-I), a small spherical tokamak, was evaluated. This evaluation involved simulating real experimental data of electromagnetic (EM) and structural loads using the ANSYS platform. Internal heat generation, induced currents, and inertial and pressure loads in the VV were analyzed to determine their effects on the VV. This analysis was conducted on a 180-deg sector model over a 10-ms-event period. To create multiple checkpoint events, the plasma current was assumed to be formed at variable positions of the VV, hence inducing variable current for each event. The events are divided into four cases based on the radial and vertical displacements of plasma. The response of the VV structure was calculated using coupling of EM and structural modules of ANSYS. It is observed from the numerical results that the maximum stress on the VV is in a safe range and that the temperature rise on the vessel can be reduced by natural convection only if the event is ended in 10 ms. A prolonged event can result in permanent deformation in the VV structure. A disruption event on the limiter region is also studied.

Induction heating system of massive rings before rolling

The work examines an induction heating system for a large ring in a rectangular coil. The end surface of the workpiece is located horizontally. To form a uniform temperature distribution in the workpiece pushed into the inductor, a rotation mechanism is used. Conducted studies of the distribution of heat generation power and temperature in the workpiece showed the need to reduce the field strength in the hole area. A solution to the problem was found through the use of magnetic cores in the inductor design, displacing currents in the workpiece beyond areas prone to overheating. The obtained results of modeling electromagnetic and thermal fields in the workpiece confirm the correctness of the design solution.