Plate Heat Transfer Research Articles

Numerical simulation of battery thermal management based on ring microchannel cold plate

Efficient heat dissipation methods have been the focus of battery thermal management research. Due to the limitations of flow and heat transfer in traditional straight channel cold plates (SCCP), this paper introduces a ring channel cold plate (RCCP) and utilizes the j/f factor to evaluate the comprehensive thermal performance of the cold plates. Through comparison and analysis, it is found that the RCCP has a lower pressure drop and better comprehensive thermal performance. As the mass flow rate increases, the j/f improvement effect of the RCCP becomes more pronounced. Additionally, when the branch channel width is 6 mm, the RCCP exhibits higher comprehensive thermal performance. However, in the RCCP of equal width, the innermost channels have the shortest flow path and the largest flow rate. To further enhance heat transfer, the influence of non-uniform structure on the performance of RCCP is investigated. The result shows that the narrow inside and wide outside channel arrangement can enhance the heat transfer performance of the RCCP but at the cost of increasing pressure drop. Among them, the outermost, middle, and innermost channel widths of 6.66 mm, 6 mm, and 4 mm, the cold plate has better comprehensive thermal performance, more suitable for battery thermal management. The RCCP with a narrow inside and wide outside provides a new option for more efficient battery thermal management.

Measurement of local condensation heat transfer coefficient (HTC) within a brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE) and heat transfer assessment of low-GWP R134a replacements

This paper presents local condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTCs) and temperature profiles of R134a and three low-GWP replacements, R1234yf, R1234ze(E), and R152a, within Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers (BPHEs). The measurement of local temperature profiles allows to couple the evaluation of thermal and hydraulic performances of refrigerants into a single parameter named Total Temperature Penalty (TTP). The experimentation was carried out in a prototype BPHE instrumented with thermocouples inserted into the plate wall to measure the local heat flux and wall temperature. The transition from gravity-controlled condensation to mixed condensation was observed in the refrigerant mass velocity interval 15−20 kg m−2s−1. The experimental HTCs were compared with existing theoretical models finding a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) within 10–15 %. The TTP analysis highlights similar condensation performance for R134a, R1234yf and R1234ze(E) refrigerants, while R152a performs better than R134a.

Time-dependent three-dimensional conductive heat transfer of flat plate and vertical cylinder with different thermal conductivity and heat source

This research aims to numerically analyze the temperature distribution in a geometry consisting of a rectangular cube piece and a cylindrical piece with different thermal conductivity coefficients. The studied geometry is in three-dimensional space and in the time interval of 0≤t≤0.01s and has been analyzed with special boundary conditions. The material of the rectangular cube piece is made of Copper-Aluminum Bronze material (95 % Cu, 5 % Al) and with thermal conductivity coefficientk1=83W/m.k, and the material of the cylindrical piece placed on the rectangular cube and in its center is made of Aluminum-Silumin material (87 % Al, 13 % Si) with a thermal conductivity coefficientk2=164W/m.k. The boundary conditions of the rectangular cube piece are assumed so that the lower face and the two side faces facing each other have a constant heat flux (Dirichlet boundary condition), and the upper face and the other two faces facing each other are low-temperature faces. The side face is insulated in the cylindrical piece, and the upper face is considered high-temperature. The upper side of the rectangular cube piece and the connection point of the cylindrical piece also have a low temperature. All dimensions of the desired geometry are taken into account at the micro level. The results show that by choosing the parts that have a higher thermal conductivity but have a smaller volume and are located in the upper part of the geometry and its upper face has a high temperature, the temperature distribution is done in a fraction of a second and the heat has also spread to the lower part.

Performance of an additive-manufactured precooler under high-temperature and negative pressure environment

This paper introduces an original plate-fin precooler designed for potential applications in extreme low-pressure environments. Utilizing additive manufacturing technology, the heat transfer plate thickness is constrained to 2.0 mm, with channel widths inside the plate achieving 0.8 mm. Through experimental methods, this study aims to assess the precooler’s performance and identify critical influencing factors. Experimental results indicate that the hot fluid inlet temperature to the precooler exceeds 1100 K, with static pressures dropping below 30 kPa. Despite these conditions, the precooler demonstrates an impressive pressure recovery coefficient exceeding 97 % and achieves a maximum temperature drop of 731.4 K for the hot fluid. Furthermore, it is observed that the overall performance of the precooler diminishes with increasing mass flow rates of the hot fluid, showing fluctuations of up to 25 % when assessed by the j/f1/3 factor. Additionally, while the hot fluid inlet velocity exceeds 90 m/s, laminar flow predominates during the heat transfer process. Moreover, regardless of whether the cooling fluid experiences a phase change within the precooler, its heat transfer performance show priority than that of the hot fluid. Thus, changes in the mass flow rate of the cooling fluid have minimal impact on the overall precooler performance. Finally, the first-stage heat exchanger plays a critical role in the heat transfer process, accounting for over 2/3 of the total temperature and pressure drop for the hot fluid. This research is expected to contribute to the design of high-efficiency, low-resistance precoolers, particularly those applied for operation under negative pressure conditions.

Effect of the surface form of the herringbone aluminum plate in a plate heat exchanger on the boiling heat transfer performance of ammonia

In this study, ammonia boiling heat transfer coefficient and the overall heat transfer were measured in a plate evaporator for an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system using aluminum plates. The OTEC system used ammonia as the working and a plate heat exchanger (PHE) that combined titanium plates. In this study, we used an anodized aluminum herringbone plate with two chevron angles of 45 and 60° installed in a PHE and measured the boiling heat transfer coefficients of ammonia and overall heat transfer coefficients for both plates to compare their heat transfer performances. The experimental conditions included a hot water flow rate of 1 – 12 L/min, a working fluid mass flux of 7 – 30 kg/m2s, a hot water inlet temperature of 30 – 40 °C, and a system pressure of 700 kPa.It was observed that anodized aluminum can be used as a heat-transfer plate for the PHE. In addition, the maximum overall heat transfer coefficient of chevron angle of 45° was 4 kW/m2K, and that of 60° was 3.5 kW/m2K, respectively. The maximum ammonia boiling heat transfer coefficient of 45° was 12.5 kW/m2K, and that of 60° was 13 kW/m2K, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient values are similar. Additionally, the correlation between the nondimensional heat transfer and the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter of aluminum plates was also clarified for comparison with the previous ammonia plate heat transfer in a flat plate. By comparing the correlation equations, the aluminum plate exhibited a value twice that of the flat plate.

Measurement of local boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) within a brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE) and heat transfer assessment of low-GWP R134a replacements

This article shows the local boiling HTCs of R134a and three low-GWP replacements, R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R152a within a (BPHE). The experimentation was performed in a test-section specially set up for the measurement of the local two-phase HTC at a saturation temperature of 10 °C, with a refrigerant mass velocity from 9.5 to 35.2 kg m−2 s−1, incoming vapour quality between 0.2 and 0.3 and almost complete vaporisation. Both nucleate boiling and forced-convection boiling play an important role in these tests, depending, mainly, on the location along the plate. The comparison with theoretical models shows that both Longo et al. (2015) and Amalfi et al. (2016) models reproduce very well the experimental HTCs. The measurement of local temperature profiles within the BPHE allows to couple the evaluation of thermal and hydraulic performances of refrigerants into a single parameter named Total Temperature Penalty (TTP). The TTP analysis highlights similar boiling performance for R134a, R1234yf and R152a refrigerants, while R1234ze(E) displays worse performance.

Effect of temperature and velocity inlet conditions at the diffusers on the thermal and dynamic behavior of an impacting swirling multi-jet system

This study concerns the numerical simulation of a system of swirling turbulent jets impacting a flat plate, by two numerical models of the closure of the Navier Stokes equations (k-ω sst). The jet impact technique is widely applied in the field of heating, drying and cooling of industrial objects. The experimental test bench comprising a diffuser of diameter D, impacting the perpendicular plate, such that the impact distance H = 4D. The swirl is obtained by a swirl generator, made up of 12 fins arranged at 60° from the vertical, placed just at the outlet of the diffuser. The temperature of the swirling jets blowing on the plate is measured with a VELOCICALC PLUS portable thermo-anemometer device, in different stations. It is noted that this diffuser configuration having balanced inlet temperatures (T, T, T), gives a uniform distribution of temperature and velocity on the surface of the plate. This temperature distribution results from a 95% spread of homogenization of plate heat transfer. The (k-ω sst) model gave temperature and velocity profiles that coincide with those of the experimental results. By way of comparison, the (k-ω sst) model better predicts impacting jets, particularly in fluctuating zones. The latter remains a relatively better numerical simulation tool in terms of quality.

Local Heat Transfer of a Smooth Flat Plate Impinged by Multiple Jets

A smooth flat plate impinged by multiple jets is investigated for the local heat transfer using a thermal imaging technique. An inline arrangement of circular jets with all side exit scheme is implemented. Jets are introduced from a 4 mm thick orifice plate. The jet diameter is 3 mm. Reynolds numbers (based on the jet diameter) range covered in this study are from 500 to 15,000. The variation of the local, spanwise average, and overall average Nusselt numbers is investigated for nozzle exit to targeted plate spacing of 0.5 d–6 d, where d is the jet diameter. A periodic pattern is witnessed in the local Nusselt number with a drop in its amplitude in the spanwise direction. For a given Reynolds number, the local and average Nusselt numbers are influenced by nozzle exit to targeted plate spacing. The influence of Reynolds number on the local and average Nusselt number is captured using Re n . The value of n is found to be 0.5 and 0.6 depending on the Reynolds number range. In comparison with a single jet, multiple jet impingement on a smooth flat plate deteriorates the local Nusselt number. A semi-empirical correlation that captures the periodic nature of local and average Nusselt numbers is suggested.

Heat transfer measurements on a flat plate and cylinders at high velocity conditions: Comparison of calculation models with infrared thermography

In this study, various heat transfer measurement models using infrared (IR) thermography were applied to a flat plate and cylinders to examine the accuracy and suitability of the measurements in a transonic blow-down test facility recently developed at Korea Aerospace University. Experiments were performed under three inlet velocity conditions for the flat plate, and for the cylinders, two diameters, two turbulence intensity levels, and five inlet velocity conditions. The surface temperature distribution during the experiment was acquired using an IR camera, and the surface heat transfer coefficient (HTC) was calculated using four HTC calculation models based on the one-dimensional semi-infinite (1D SI) solid assumption: step change (STEP), Duhamel's superposition (DUH), 1D finite volumetric model (1D FVM), and linear regression model (LRM). The LRM showed minimum deviation with reference correlation for the flat plate heat transfer measurements, while STEP, DUH, and 1D FVM showed increased deviations at higher mainstream velocity conditions. The measurements by LRM at the cylinder stagnation location showed the most comparable value with the reference correlation, whereas STEP and FVM showed about 10% deviation from the reference. It is concluded that the LRM is the most suitable heat transfer calculation model for high velocity tests because the model excludes the ramping data during the transient tests, and it can also obtain the local adiabatic wall temperature experimentally.

Enhancing recuperators performance in supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle of solar power plants through ribbed heat transfer plates

Sixteen diverse combinations of ribbed heat transfer plates (HTPs), comprising continuous and discontinuous rib configurations, are investigated as potential replacements for traditional smooth HTPs in both the low-temperature recuperator (LTR) and high-temperature recuperator (HTR) of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles. The findings indicate that the impacts of the introduced HTPs are more significant under the operating conditions of the LTR than those of the HTR. Generally, the incorporation of denser ribs at the upstream sections of both the hot and cold flow paths leads to a significant enhancement in j-factor values. On the hot side of the LTR, these increases exceed 60%, while on the cold side, they surpass 40%. It is also observed that variations in rib pitch exert a more substantial influence on thermal performance compared to alterations in rib length. When comparing non-uniform rib patterns, it is found that the use of ribs with variable lengths increases f-factor values, whereas the design of HTPs with variable rib pitches decreases these values. The design of HTPs with a non-uniform arrangement of rib pitch yields the best overall performance in the LTR. The performance index values for the hot-side and cold-side of this model reach 1.39 and 1.26, respectively.

Enhancing thermal efficiency of aluminum heat sink by reduced graphene oxide-layer coating approach

Light emitting diode (LED) technology plays a significant role in the market of lighting technologies due to its high efficiency compared to conventional lighting solutions. Cooling of high-power LEDs, on the other hand, is a critical aspect in maximizing LED performance. Furthermore, due to the powder, rain, and muds, LED armatures including a finned heat sink may not be efficient according to its design and utilization areas especially for outdoor illumination. Eliminating these factors, un-finned heat sink LED armatures are also preferred, yet the temperature dissipation of the un-finned type is not homogeneous relatively according to finned type. In this study, a graphene coated un-finned heat sink was developed to obtain relatively homogeneous temperature distribution and increase heat transfer of aluminum plate. An un-finned heat sink comprising thin graphene film was designed by a computer-aided-design (CAD) program and the thermal analysis was conducted by a finite element analysis (FEA) program. The experimental measurements offered that the maximum and minimum junction temperatures for the bare, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-layers coated aluminum heat sinks were obtained as 90 − 70◦C, and 59–54◦C, respectively. The outstanding in-plane thermal conductivity of rGO-layers facilitated the homogenous heat distribution throughout the aluminum heat sink. Moreover, the design and thermal analysis of developed heat sinks were validated with experimental results with the 2.4% error with respect to maximum junction temperature. It can be concluded that rGO-layers coated aluminum heat sink enabled to facilitated the heat transfer more than bare aluminum due to its higher thermal conductivity. In brief, this work opens a new gate for designing the graphene based materials-integrated cooling solution for LED applications.

Experimental study of the effect of different heat transfer plates on the heat transfer characteristics of flue gas condensation

Experimental study of the effect of different heat transfer plates on the heat transfer characteristics of flue gas condensation

Power disassembly equipment for high efficiency heat transfer plate heat exchangers

Plate heat exchangers are realized by means of a heat transfer mechanism, in which heat is naturally transferred from the hot substance to the object with a lower temperature according to the laws of thermodynamics. Two liquids of different temperatures flow on the wall, heat transfer on the wall and convection of the liquid on the wall, thus promoting heat transfer between the two liquids. Under the same flow rate and power consumption conditions, its heat transfer coefficient is three times that of shell and tube heat exchangers, which is a key and efficient new equipment for effectively using effective resources and saving and developing new energy. However the heat supply plate heat exchanger has a tiny circulation surface and is easily obstructed. Regular maintenance and cleaning, troubleshooting, and plate replacement all necessitate frequent heat exchanger disassembly and installation. The requirements and challenges in dismantling and assembling the heat exchanger are very high, and manual disassembly is wasteful, making consistent force difficult to achieve. The current methods of disassembly and assembly are inefficient and incorrect. The intelligent mechanization of disassembly and assembly equipment is realized in this paper by driving, clamping, automatic control, distance measurement, sensing, and other systems. The problems of uneven force, low efficiency, and precision in plate heat exchanger disassembly and assembly are solved. Our power disassembly equipment for high efficiency heat transfer plate heat exchangers not only enhances disassembly efficiency and precision, but it also ensures the safe operation of the plate heat exchanger heating system, and the heat transfer efficiency and heat exchange efficiency are improved. Furthermore, it has a wide range of applications in the petroleum, chemical, and other industries.

Numerical Study of the Influence of Different Bending Shapes on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Annular Cross Wavy Primary Surface Recuperator (CW-PSR)

The cross-wave primary surface recuperator (CW-PSR) is a dependable option as a recuperator for micro gas turbines (MGT). The micro CW-PSR studied in this paper is composed of 171 stacked curved plates, with each plate containing 33 micro heat transfer channels with equivalent diameters of less than 1 mm. In this study, the influence of bending curvature on the thermal performance of CW-PSR plates is investigated through three-dimensional numerical simulation with fluid–solid–thermal coupling. The results indicate that the variation in bending curvature studied can result in a noteworthy 8% difference in the total heat transfer coefficient of CW-PSR plates. A direct correlation between heat transfer capacity and secondary flow strength is derived mathematically, explaining the mechanism by which secondary flow enhances heat transfer. By employing this relationship, a comprehensive analysis of CW-PSR plates with diverse bending curvatures is conducted, effectively showcasing how curvature influences the secondary flow pattern and enhances the channel’s heat transfer capacity. In addition, this paper considers the comprehensive influence of the size parameters of the heat transfer unit and the bending curvature of the heat transfer plate on the heat transfer and flow characteristics of the CW-PSR, and a dominant mathematical expression is obtained, which can be used for the design of similar heat exchangers of the same type.

Thermal performance comparison and new layout scheme study of high geothermal tunnel insulation layer

In order to solve the problem of designing the thermal insulation layer for high geothermal tunnels, this paper studies the nature of thermal insulation materials and the structure of the thermal insulation layer. Based on the mechanisms of heat transfer from the cylinder wall and the flat plate, combined with the physical and thermophysical properties of the materials tested, the selection of thermal insulating materials for high geothermal tunnels as well as the layout were analyzed. The results of the study showed that polyurethane materials proved to be a better overall insulation material, with better water resistance and lower thermal conductivity, as well as better compressive strength. The flat plate heat transfer model can be used to predict the temperature distribution of the lining structure, which simplifies heat transfer calculations and analysis. This paper proposed a new insulation design solution using polyurethane-corrugated steel insulation lining with a double layer deployment. Numerical simulation results show that the thermal insulation design scheme can effectively reduce the temperature of the lining structure, which is beneficial to improve the thermal performance of the lining structure. The results of the study may provide new ideas for the design of heat-insulating structures for high geothermal tunnels.

Experimental Investigation of Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Plate Heat Exchanger Using a Thin Heat Transfer Surface

Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of local heat transfer characteristics of single-phase flow in a plate heat exchanger (PHE). The local heat transfer coefficient is evaluated using a test section with PHE geometry for measuring wall temperature distribution. The test section of 1.5 mm thickness is employed to consider the heat conduction effect of the heat transfer plate. The results indicated that the local heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the development of the thermal boundary layer along the flow direction and the maldistribution of water flows along both the direction perpendicular to the flow and the stacking direction. The harmonic mean heat transfer coefficient calculated by the measured local heat transfer coefficient agrees with the average heat transfer coefficient evaluated by the modified Wilson plot method within ±25% and within ±16% for the hot side and the cold side, respectively.

Hypersonic flow and heat transfer of a micro-rough plate in the near-continuum regime

Hypersonic flow and heat transfer of a micro-rough plate in the near-continuum regime

Experimental and numerical study on the heat transfer of a flat plate impinged by air-water mist jet

Experimental and numerical study on the heat transfer of a flat plate impinged by air-water mist jet

Experimental Study on the Effect of Microchannel Spacing and Fractal Angle on Bubble Growth Behavior

Bubble growth behavior significantly influences boiling heat transfer performance, and different microchannel structures and configurations affect bubble growth behavior. To explore the impact of microchannel structures and configurations on the growth behavior of boiling bubbles, two types of microchannel test plates were fabricated on copper substrates using laser machining technology. It was a parallel configuration plate with five different microchannel spacings and a blade vein configuration plate with four different fractal angles. The bubble growth behavior on these two types of surfaces was studied through visual experiments. The results show that smaller microchannel spacing leads to earlier bubble coalescence and departure times under the same degree of superheat. The 3.00 mm microchannel spacing is the critical interfering distance for the parallel configuration plates, while interference behavior occurs for the bubbles on the simulated vein configuration plates at any fractal angle. Furthermore, in different ranges of superheat, the bubble departure diameter increases with increasing superheat, and the frequency of bubble departure initially increases and then decreases with increasing superheat. This study provides experimental data support and design reference for the design of heat transfer plate structures.

Correlation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer of Isothermal Plate Under Low Pressure

With the rapid development of vacuum tube transport technology, there is increased interest in understanding the behavior of the heat transfer of rarefied gas in a vacuum tube. Currently, most empirical correlations of forced convection heat transfer are conducted at the standard atmospheric pressure, so many correlations are not applicable to conditions below the atmospheric pressure. To investigate the heat transfer property under low-pressure conditions, the forced convection between isothermal plate and air in a low-pressure environment is numerically simulated. The results show that the traditional correlation of the forced convection heat transfer between the isothermal plate and gases is different from the actual results at low pressure, and the correlation is completely invalid when the pressure is lower than 0.2 kPa. Based on the data of numerical calculation, a modified correlation of forced convection heat transfer between an isothermal plate and gases under low pressure is proposed. The correlation coefficient R is greater than 0.99, and the fitting error is less than 10% at the 95% confidence level. The change of heat transfer depends on the Reynolds number in the pressure range of 0.2–100 kPa, but the effect of Reynolds number is weakened and the effect of pressure is strengthened when the pressure is below 0.2 kPa.