Thermometer Research Articles

A wearable multi-modal acoustic system for breathing analysis.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide with over 3 × 106 deaths in 2019. Such an alarming figure becomes frightening when combined with the number of lost lives resulting from COVID-caused respiratory failure. Because COPD exacerbations identified early can commonly be treated at home, early symptom detections may enable a major reduction of COPD patient readmission and associated healthcare costs; this is particularly important during pandemics such as COVID-19 in which healthcare facilities are overwhelmed. The standard adjuncts used to assess lung function (e.g., spirometry, plethysmography, and CT scan) are expensive, time consuming, and cannot be used in remote patient monitoring of an acute exacerbation. In this paper, a wearable multi-modal system for breathing analysis is presented, which can be used in quantifying various airflow obstructions. The wearable multi-modal electroacoustic system employs a body area sensor network with each sensor-node having a multi-modal sensing capability, such as a digital stethoscope, electrocardiogram monitor, thermometer, and goniometer. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the resulting acoustic spectrum is used as a measure of breathing intensity. The results are shown from data collected from over 35 healthy subjects and 3 COPD subjects, demonstrating a positive correlation of SNR values to the health-scale score.

EFEKTIFITAS TEPID SPONGE BATH TERHADAP PENURUNAN SUHU TUBUH PADA ANAK KEJANG DEMAM DI RSUD LAWANG MALANG

A convulsion is a complaint that often makes a child come to the Accident and Emergency Department. Most febrile convulsion occurs due to fever. The treatment by nurses at the during of fever is to provide anti-pyretic’s drug according to the physician’s instructions and there is no non-pharmacological action in terms of lowering body temperature such as giving a warm compress (Tepid Sponge Bath). The purpose of this study is to know the effectiveness of Tepid Sponge Bath to decrease body temperature in children’s febrile convulsion in the Adenium’s room at RSUD Lawang. Design of the research used Quasi Experimental with the design type of Non-equivalent Control Group Design. The number of samples obtained as many as 26 respondents. The sample used Accidental Sampling Method. Measuring instrument for measuring body temperature in treatment group and control group used Digital Thermometer for forehead with 98% accuracy level. The result of statistical analysis of Independent Sample t-test showed no difference of body temperature at minute 30.60 and 90 after TSB, but at minute 45 and 120 there was significant difference (p value = 0,000 <0,05). The recommendation of this study is children who have fever to get Tepid Sponge Bath action because it can reduce the risk of febrile convulsion.

Radiative Thermal Effects in Large Scale Additive Manufacturing of Polymers: Numerical and Experimental Investigations.

The present paper addresses experimental and numerical investigations of a Large Scale Additive Manufacturing (LSAM) process using polymers. By producing large components without geometrical constraints quickly and economically, LSAM processes have the capability to revolutionize many industries. Accurate prediction and control of the thermal history is key for a successful manufacturing process and for achieving high quality and good mechanical properties of the manufactured part. During the LSAM process, the heat emitted by the nozzle leads to an increase in the temperature of the previously deposited layer, which prepares the surface for better adhesion of the new layer. It is therefore necessary to take into account this part of heat source in the transient heat transfer equation to correctly and completely describe the process and predict the temperature field of the manufactured part. The present study contributes to experimental investigations and numerical analysis during the LSAM process. During the process, two types of measurements are performed: firstly, the heat emitted by the nozzle is measured via a radiative heat sensor; secondly, the temperature field is measured using an infrared camera while varying the process speed. At the same time, a numerical simulation model is developed in order to validate the experimental results. The temperature fields of the manufactured parts computed by numerical simulations are in very good agreement with the temperature fields measured by infrared thermograph with the contribution of the nozzle’s heat exchange.

Concordance of temperature measurements on preterm and term infants using oesophageal (core), axilla & skin methods in a neonatal intensive care unit

Aimthe aim of this contemporary paper is to investigate agreement between the axilla, core (oesophageal) and skin method of temperature taking. DesignA comparative descriptive design with a non-probability convenience sample used to describe the difference in recorded temperature by each method in preterm and term infants, gestational age from 24 weeks to term +14 days. MethodAll infants born at 24 weeks and term plus 14 days gestation, admitted to NICU and received parental consent were enrolled in the study. Infants were nursed in various thermal environments.Oesophageal temperature was recorded using the InnerSense sensor/feeding tube (Philips Healthcare, axilla by the BD digital thermometer and skin temperature by the Philips skin temperature probe. ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that oesophageal and axilla temperature estimates are very similar, with most differences less than 0.5 °C (CC = 0.63). By contrast, a comparison of oesophageal and skin method temperature estimates shows a much weaker agreement (CC = 0.37).This study confirms that oesophageal temperature taken via the Philips InnerSense can be used safely, as it agrees with the axilla method.Infants nursed in the neonatal intensive care environment, especially when preterm or term with PPHN for example, have special requirements for temperature regulation and minimal handling.

Comparison of Axillary Digital and Infrared Forehead Thermometer

Introduction: Although digital thermometers have made the temperature recording easy, quick and safe, with the risk of mercury completely excluded, there is still a risk of transmission of infection from one individual to another. Infrared thermometers offer a non-touch, rapid and convenient method of temperature recording, with virtually no risk of disease transmission. We conducted a study to assess and compare temperature recordings from an infrared forehead thermometer and axillary digital thermometer during fever, and once the fever subsides. Methods: Hundred patients attending the out-patient department of Department of Pediatrics at Dr.B.R Ambedkar medical college and hospital from September 2019 to December 2019, or those admitted in the wards with a complaint of fever were screened using two techniques – Axillary temperature recording using a digital thermometer and a forehead temperature was recorded using a non-contact infrared forehead thermometer. Patients were given antipyretics to treat the fever and temperature was again recorded once the fever subsided using the same method. Two medical personnel were trained to screen and record the respective findings from each method and they were blinded from the other outcome of other recording. Results: The mean IFR temperature measured in the febrile phase was 100.85 (± 0.76), which was significantly higher than the mean AD temperature, 100.21 (± 0.74). (p-value <.0001). In the afebrile phase as well, the mean IFR temperature was significantly higher than the mean AD temperature. Conclusion: IFR thermometers do provide an advantage of no-touch technique over the digital thermometer. However, as the results showed a weak correlation between IFR and axillary digital recordings, it is suggested that IFR thermometers be used for screening of children for fever as it decreases the contact and reduces the infection.

Nano-bio-engineered silk matrix based devices for molecular bioanalysis.

Silk is a fibrous protein, has been a part of human lives for centuries, and was used as suture and textile material. Silk is mainly produced by the members of certain arthropods such as spiders, butterflies, mites, and moths. However, recent technological advances have revolutionized silk as a biomaterial for various applications ranging from heat sensors to robust fibers. The biocompatibility, mechanical resilience, and biodegradability of the material make it a suitable candidate for biomaterials. Silk can also be easily converted into several morphological forms, including fibers, films, sponges, and hydrogels. Provided these abilities, silk have received excellent traction from scientists worldwide for various developments, one of them being its use as a bio-sensor. The diversity of silk materials offers various options, giving scientists the freedom to choose from and personalize them as per their needs. In this review, we foremost look upon the composition, production, properties, and various morphologies of silk. The numerous applications of silk and its derivatives for fabricating biosensors to detect small molecules, macromolecules, and cells have been explored comprehensively. Also, the data from various globally developed sensors using silk have been described into organized tables for each category of molecules, along with their important analytical details.

Quantification of radiative attenuation provided by fire hose nozzles

SummaryThe aim of this study is to investigate the radiative protection provided by various fire hose nozzles used by several Fire Rescue Services in France and to propose an experimental set‐up to quantify it. This study combined the use of radiative sources (a radiant panel or a fire inside a standard shipping container) and metrological devices (radiative heat sensors, IR camera and spectrometer) to estimate the radiative attenuation of water sprays used to protect the firefighters against thermal effects which occur during a fire. For all the fire hose nozzles tested in this work, the maximal effective attenuation reaches 75%. For most of them, an increase of the flow rate improves the radiative attenuation. However, this study shows that a similar attenuation can be reached for different flow rates, suggesting that the droplet size diameter and the droplet volume fraction also play a significant role in the efficiency of the provided spray.

Digital thermometer innovation as a body temperature measuring tool for FKIP Mataram university employees during the covid-19 pandemic

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic requires that every employee in a university maintains his health. One of the most important body parts to maintain during this pandemic is body temperature. The purpose of this study was to develop a non-contact digital thermometer to measure the body temperature of FKIP employees, Mataram University. The digital thermometer development method starts from literature studies, tool specifications, hardware design, software design and thermometer testing to measure employee body temperature in the morning and afternoon. The results of the digital thermometer test showed that the employee’s body temperature in the morning with an average of 33.36 °C and in the afternoon with an average of 33.96 °C. So it can be concluded that the Mataram University FKIP employees who came to work did not experience Covid-19 symptoms.

Prevalence and risk factors for admission hypothermia in neonates in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos, Nigeria

Background: Hypothermia on admission in neonatal units is a well-recognized contributor of neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to identify risk factors for hypothermia on admission in a resource-poor setting which will help provide targeted preventive interventions. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from July 1, 2020 to January 31, 2022. A total of 567 neonates were included in the study, data were collected from the unit electronic database. The axillary temperature of each neonate was measured using a digital thermometer at the point of admission. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to assess associated risk factors. Results: The prevalence of admission hypothermia (AH) in the study population was 42.4% with mild and moderate hypothermia accounting for 46.3% and 53.7%, respectively. Maternal ages 20–29 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09–0.93) and 30–39 years (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08–0.88) and primary education (aOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21–0.92) were associated with reduced risk of AH. Age <24 h (aOR 3.61, 95% CI 1.70–7.66), gestational age 28–32 weeks (aOR 3.90, 95% CI 1.41–10.79) and 33–36 weeks (aOR 2.835, 95% CI 1.52–5.28), admission weight <2.5 kg (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.18–3.43), and cold season (aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.06–3.14) were associated with increased risk of AH. Mortality in those with AH was 3 folds (crude odds ratio 3.38, 95% CI 1.6–6.82). Conclusion: Hypothermia on admission is common in neonates in resource-poor settings. Training of newborn care-providers in maintaining thermoneutral environment and temperature at delivery and postnatal periods will be a cost-effective intervention in reducing neonatal mortality.

Investigation of cutting parameters in milling of DIN 1.2379 and Sleipner materials

In today?s machining conditions, the goal is to produce the most suitable quality with the lowest cost. In order to minimize the problems of mouth spillage, especially those used in cutting molds, we have studied Sleipner material as an alternative material and examined the machinability parameters between DIN 1.2379 material used in the application. In this study, with the aid of a force gauge, the forces generated on the material during machining, the surface roughness values after machining with the help of surface roughness device and the temperature values of the materials during machining were measured with the temperature gauge. A total of twelve experiments were carried out for each material at three different chip depths at constant cutting speed and four different progressions for each chip depth. These experiments have been understood from the results obtained from the data that Sleipner material has shown a more stable structure and better results than DIN 1.2379. Thus, the negative manufacturing conditions that may occur during mold production and during mold operation are minimized. In this case, it is necessary to take into consideration the number of the parks produced in the mold and the frequency of mold usage in the material selection of the cutting steel of the cutting molds.

Preliminary studies on TPB coating on inner walls of ten-cm-scale cylindrical PTFE detector

&lt;sec&gt;ALETHEIA (a liquid hElium time projection cHambEr In dark matter) project is an originally creative dark matter experiment aiming to search for low-mass (100 MeV/c&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;–10 GeV/c&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) WIMPs. While there have existed more than ten experiments doing research on low-mass WIMPs, the ALETHEIA is supposed to grow up to be a leading project worldwide due to many unique advantages, including but are not limited to extremely low intrinsic backgrounds, easy purification , and strong potential capability of signal/background discrimination. Owing to the project’s original creativity, there has existed no direct experience of building such a detector yet; consequently, we have to launch a set of R&amp;D programs from scratch, including the TPB coating process conveyed in this paper.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;An incident particle that hits a liquid helium detector would generate 80-nm-long scintillation. There are currently no commercially available photon detectors capable of efficiently detecting the scintillation light and a wavelength converter must be used to convert the 80-nm-long scintillator into visible light. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) can then be implemented to detect the 450-nm-wavelength light. The TPB (Tetraphenyl Butadiene, 1, 1,4, 4-tetraphenyl-1, 3-butadiene) is widely used for realizing the conversion. Although in thedark matter experiment using argon pulse-shape discrimination (DEAP) , 2.3-μm-thick TPB is successfully coated on the inner wall of the sphere with a radius of 85 cm, we cannot mimic the whole process in our experiment directly out of the two following reasons: (a) our detector shape is cylindrical, not spherical, and (b) the diameter of the current detector prototype is only 10 cm, while the one of the DEAP detectors is as large as 1.7-meter. Consequently, we must design and build an appropriate coating apparatus suitable for our detector. Owing to the existence of necessary auxiliary parts (such as cables for heating and temperature sensors), on which some vapored TPB molecules would be deposited when the coating is in progress. As a result, a blind spot on the inner wall always exists that cannot be fully coated; the blind spot area will affect the visible light yield of 80-nm-long scintillation. To solve the problem, we split the coating process into two steps: coating the curved surface and one base together in the first step and coating another base in the second step. In this way, the cylindrical detector's whole inner wall (the curved surface and the two bases) will be coated. Another key technology is to design an appropriate source sphere containing TPB powder. There are 20 holes evenly distributed on the surface of the sphere. After the TPB powder is heated andevaporated into the gas, the TPB molecules should move slowly enough to ensure that they scatter from each other long enough within the source before randomly finding a hole to escape. As a result, the TPB molecules come out of the source in an isotropic way then adhere to the inner surfaces of a cylindrical detector (diameter and height are both 10 cm) with nearly the same thickness. The TPB coating thickness on the inner wall is in a range between 1.50 and 3.02 μm, which corresponds to the thinnest and thickest TPB plate, respectively. The variation mainly comes from the different distances from the coating place to the source, which lies at the center of the PTFE cylinder. The thickness difference will not bother us because the conversion efficiency for 80-nm-long scintillation is almost the same as that for the TPB thickness in a range from 0.7 to 3.7 μm.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;In addition to introducing the ALETHEIA project briefly at the beginning, we mainly address several aspects of TPB coating: coating principle, source design, coating process, coating thickness monitoring, and the comparison of thickness among coating plates from three independent methods. The whole process addressed in this paper is expected to provide a valuable reference for other experiments with similar requirements.&lt;/sec&gt;

Quantitative Definition of Fever Needs a Change: A Longitudinal Study from the Hospital Workers and their Family Members

Introduction: The age-old definition of fever was derived using cross-sectional population surveying utilising old techniques without considering symptomatology. However, the diagnosis of fever must be made only in the presence of associated symptoms that can distinguish it from the mere asymptomatic physiologic rise of temperature. Aim: Analysis of symptoms to re-define the cut-off of fever based on symptomatology. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study on the healthy population of Uttarakhand, India was conducted and the population was followed up from July 2019 to September 2020. Healthy staff and students of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), and their family members between 4-100 years of age were chosen. Participants were advised to self-monitor oral temperature with a standard digital thermometer in either left or right sublingual pocket and record it in the thermometry diary. The study was considered complete if the participant had all the three phases of the study (i.e., prefebrile, febrile, and postfebrile phases) or completed the duration of the study. The febrile phase was defined when the participants subjectively ‘felt feverish’. Associated symptoms like fatigue, warmth, headache, and feeling malaise were also recorded. Results: Mean age of the participants was 24.24±5.92 years, and 52.1% (75) were males. Per protocol analysis was done for febrile participants (n=144, temperature recordings=6544). The mean febrile phase temperature was 100.25±1.440 F. A temperature of 99.10 F had maximum diagnostic accuracy for feeling feverish (98.2%), along with one (98.3%) or two (99%) associated symptoms. Summer and spring months showed higher temperatures (100.38±1.44 v/s 99.80±1.49, p-value&lt;0.001), whereas no significant temperature difference could be noted amongst the genders. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the revised temperature cut-off to define fever should be 99.10 F along with one or two associated symptoms.

Effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy on body temperature among patients with fever in selected ICUs of a tertiary care hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab

Fever itself is not an illness. A fever is usually a sign that immune system is busy fighting an infection or other illness. Water is an excellent conductor, which allows it to transfer heat effectively and quickly. Water has a temperature conducting capacity twenty-seven times that of air. When Hot Water Foot Bath applied for 15-20 minutes the blood vessels in the feet starts expanding and gets improved circulation, and relieving aches, tiredness and fever. The improved blood circulation resets the hypothalamic set points by heat transfer from higher heat area to lower heat area. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy on body temperature among patients with fever. Methodology: In this study, with Quantitative approach, pre-test and post-test control group design was used. This study was conducted in ICUs of Tertiary care Hospital, Ludhiana The target population consists of patients with fever admitted in ICUs. Purposive sampling technique was used to draw sample from target population as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. With lottery method, patients (N= 50) were divided into two groups i.e. n1=25 (experimental group) and n2=25 (Control group). Pre-test of body temperature was done by using standardized digital thermometer. For experimental group, hot water foot bath therapy at 107.6 °F (42°C) water temperature as measured with lotion thermometer was given for 15 minutes. Later, post-test of body temperature was done to determine the effectiveness of hot water foot bath therapy. Result: The findings of the study showed that significant difference has been found in experimental group and control group in pre-test and post-test between the groups and within experimental groups. In between the groups, i.e. in experimental group was 99.424±0.5811 and in control group was 100.648±05516. Within the experimental group, mean value of body temperature in pre-test was 100.632 ±0.4110 °F, in posttest it was 99.424 ±0.5811°F, whereas, in control group mean value of body temperature in pre-test was 100.624±0.4944°F, and in post-test it was 100.648±0.5516°F. Conclusion: The finding of the study demonstrated that hot water foot bath therapy was an effective non-Pharmacological method to reduce the body temperature. The mean post-test body temperature was lower than mean pre-test body temperature. There was significant difference in body temperature has been found between the experimental group and control group, as well as with in the experimental group in pre-test and post-test.

Digital Thermometer

In this article, a prototype of a digital thermometer is shown, with the objective that students and teachers have more efficient laboratory material, reducing accidents due to the handling of high-risk materials, in the laboratory of chemistry. Because conventional thermometers have mercury in their bulb, which is toxic to humans. Thus, the personnel who use them to carry out their research and practices can reduce the risks when handling these temperature measurement instruments. In this sense, the design and construction of a box-type thermometer were carried out with 3D software. This model was chosen because it is more resistant and accessible to transport. In turn, an electronic control, programmed and controlled by an Atmega328P microcontroller, was implemented in the thermometer. This element allows more accurate temperatures to be taken since it has a temperature sensor (type K thermocouple). An OLED screen was implemented in this model, which is powered by a 9V rechargeable battery. Once the prototype was assembled, tests were carried out in the laboratory. To compare the determination of the temperature and have the certainty of its operation. With this prototype, verification and experimental tests are carried out to verify its effectiveness. It is determined that this type of equipment is functional for safely measuring temperature, using it in good practices and experiments carried out at the University.

Architectural proposal for the rehabilitation and improvement of the houses of the city Yagúl housing unit, Oaxaca

This article presents the results of an investigation carried out in the Yagul city housing unit in the state of Oaxaca, in order to study the deterioration problems that have caused the abandonment of the houses, and in this context, to propose strategies that solve these problems in addition to improving the quality of life of the inhabitants. For this investigation, non-destructive tests were carried out on the houses of the place, such as: Concrete compression resistance test using a digital sclerometer, temperature tests with a thermographic camera and infrared digital thermometer, detection of reinforcements using a portable Pachometer and soil mechanics. The results obtained have allowed us to know the current state of the houses and based on these data, make an architectural proposal for the rehabilitation and improvement of said houses, generating a bioclimatic environment and comfort for its inhabitants.

Continuous monitoring of the health status of cement-based structures: electrical impedance measurements and remote monitoring solutions

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;The continuous monitoring of cement-based structures and infrastructures is fundamental to optimize their service life and reduce maintenance costs. In the framework of the EnDurCrete project (GA no. 760639), a remote monitoring system based on electrical impedance measurements was developed. Electrical impedance is measured according to the Wenner’s method, using 4-electrode arrays embedded in concrete during casting, selecting alternating current as excitation, to avoid the polarization of both electrode/material interface and of material itself. With this measurement, it is possible to promptly identify events related to contaminants ingress or damages (e.g. cracks formation). Conductive additions are included in some elements to enhance signal-to-noise ratio, as well as the self-sensing properties of concrete. Specifically, a distributed sensor network was implemented&lt;span style="text-decoration: line-through;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; consisting of measurement nodes installed in the elements to be monitored, then connected to a central hub (RS-232 protocol). Nodes are realized with an embedded unit for electrical impedance measurements (EVAL-AD5940BIOZ board with AD5940 chip, by Analog Device) and a digital thermometer (DS18B20 by Maxim Integrated), enclosed in cabinets filled with an IP68 gel against moist-related problems. Data are available on a Cloud through Wi-Fi network or LTE modem, hence can be accessed remotely via a use-friendly multi-platform interface.&lt;/p&gt;

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION PADA ARMFIELD TH 1: PROPERTI TERMOMETRIK DAN RESPON SENSOR TEMPERATUR

Calibration is needed to ensure that the measuring instrument works according to existing standards. The ability to calibrate measuring instruments is very necessary in the engineering world, especially calibration of temperature measuring instruments due to the importance of measuring temperature in the field of mechanical engineering. The purpose of this practical work report is to operate the Armfield TH1-Temperature Measurement and Calibration tool properly, investigate the thermometric properties of various temperature measuring instruments, also determine the response received by the device to changes in temperature. In testing the thermometric properties, using PT100 REF as a reference for other temperature measuring instruments. Thermistor Reading is the most accurate because it has the smallest difference with the PT100 REF compared to other measuring instruments. Thermistor Reading produces an average temperature difference of 0.036°C compared to PT100 REF. In testing the response of temperature sensors, the response given by the thermocouple temperature gauge is quite good both in the water bath and in the flask. When the thermocouple was transferred to the flask quickly, the temperature only ranged from 2.38°C to 4.05°C with a temperature change of 1.67°C, which means that the temperature measurement is quite stable when in the flask.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB KERUSAKAN DOKUMEN REKAM MEDIS RAWAT JALAN DI RUANG PENYIMPANAN RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM SITI KHADIJAH PALEMBANG

The duties, roles and functions of the filing are the filing section serves as a security guard and confidentiality of medical record documents, protects medical record documents from the dangers of physical, chemical, biological damage, assists in the assessment of value for medical records, assists in the implementation of the destruction of medical record forms. This type of research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The population in this study was the entire outpatient medical record file in March in the storage room of Siti Khadijah Palembang Islamic Hospital in 2021 and the sample was chosen by using random sampling. The data collection techniques in this study are observations, interviews, documentation and checklists. The study results obtained damage to medical record documents in the storage room RSI Siti Khadijah Palembang by 15%. Intrinsic factors that include the quality of paper, maps, ink, and adhesives are mostly in good condition so it is less likely to be a factor causing damage. Extrinsic factors include dust. It is recommended that rsi Islam Siti Khadijah Palembang add facilities in the storage room, such as installing temperature gauges and humidity temperature in the storage room

Relationship between rectal temperature measured with a conventional thermometer and the temperature of several body regions measured by infrared thermography in fattening rabbits. Influence of different environmental factors

In clinical examination of rabbits, the temperature is usually recorded with a digital thermometer introduced rectally, an invasive procedure that could cause handling stress. The aim of this study was to assess body temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) in four areas of the rabbit’s anatomy: eye (ETT), outer ear (OETT), inner ear (IETT) and nose (NTT), and then validate it as an alternative measure to rectal temperature (RT) assessed with a conventional thermometer. Temperature samples were taken twice a week from 48 weaned rabbits of Spanish Common Rabbit breed during a 38-d fattening period. The factors considered were: doe from which the rabbits came (8 does), weeks of fattening period (4 to 5 wk), batch (3 periods of the year: April-May, June-July and January-February) and group size (cages with 1 to 7 rabbits). On average, the results were an RT of 38.48±0.02 °C; ETT of 37.31±0.05 °C; OETT of 29.09±0.26°C; IETT of 30.53±0.251 °C, and NTT of 33.29±0.11 °C (mean±se). Moderate, statistically significant positive correlations (PP

АНАЛІЗ ТЕПЛОВИХ ЕФЕКТІВ ПРИ БАГАТООСЕРЕДКОВОМУ СТРУКТУРОУТВОРЕННІ

Abstract. The possibility of a thermal imaging technique for studying the setting of composite materials in the light of the paradigm of multifocal structure formation is analyzed. Since thermal violated observations are characterized by a high thermal sensitivity to temperature gradients up to hundredths of degrees, they make it possible to distinguish the temperature differences arising in the adjacent sections of the hardening binding. A technique for obtaining thermal images (thermograms) of a hardening composite binder is implemented. A series of thermograms of setting processes was obtained, for two of them a quantitative study was carried out, including the temperature gauge and the construction of several types of graphic mappings of the obtained patterns ‒ the normalized frequency of the distribution of the area of the binder for those temperatures and two types of densitograms ‒ radial and circular, allowing to visualize the structure of thermal foci arising in a binder. The hardening of binding materials is considered as a multistage exothermic process, in which hydration processes is accompanied by heating. The speed of heterogeneous processes associated with hydration depends, in turn, on the characteristics of the forming structure of binding materials. The observed thermal processes are considered as an indirect response, "shadow" of structure formation processes. The information consisting in this indirect response, however, is enough to make a number of conclusions on the nature of the emerging structure. The study revealed a high probability of the formation of foci near the macroscopic boundaries of the section (walls and bottom of the form), inconsistency of the structural processes, the occurrence of diverse foci of structure formation corresponding to temperature foci. The interpretation of the data obtained is the conclusion about formation of the regions of high plastic deformations near the boundaries of the contact of the foci. This regions are considered as a cluster of microscopic boundaries of the section, cracks and pores, which give rise to the structure of the destruction of the hardened material. The emergence of such areas is associated with nonynchronouspassage of structuring in different parts of the binder.