Heat Sensation Research Articles

Discomfort assessment in peripheral angiography: Randomized clinical trial of Iodixanol 270 versus Ioversol 320 in diabetics with critical limb ischemia

To assess and compare the intra-arterial injection-associated discomfort of iodinated contrast media (CM) and the impact on diagnostic efficacy in diabetics with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Arterial revascularization is a mainstay in patients with CLI. Previous diagnostic angiography is a crucial step that can be affected by CM injection discomfort compromising the revascularization results, and it could vary related to the CM agents. One hundred forty-eight patients received Iodixanol 270 mg iodine pro ml or Ioversol 320 mg iodine pro ml in a prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial. Injection-associated discomfort was assessed by Visual Analogic Scale (VAS). Diagnostic efficacy and safety up to 1 week were evaluated. The incidence of pain has been around 50% of the all population in study, with lesser incidence of pain (25.7% vs 74.3%; P < 0.0001) and of heat sensation (55.4% vs 85.1%; P < 0.0001), after Iodixanol than after Ioversol injection. Discomfort mean score, according to VAS assessment, was less in the Iodixanol group (8.1 ± 15.3) than in the Ioversol group (36.0 ± 29.7), after first injection (P < 0.001) and for all injections (P < 0.001). A significant difference was also observed in favor of Iodixanol (P < 0.001), respect to mean score of discomfort and heat sensation, assessed by the operators after all the CM injections. Iodixanol caused less frequent and severe discomfort, characterized as pain and heat during intra-arterial administration compared with Ioversol. The pain severity is tightly related to image and diagnosis quality with an impact on the patients for additional injections and larger CM volumes.

A Simple Finger Stimulator for Simultaneous Vibration and Heat Stimulation

In this study, we developed a simple finger stimulator that can simultaneously control vibration and heat stimulation. The newly developed stimulator consists of three parts, namely the control unit, drive unit, and an actuator. The control unit controls the stimulation type, frequency, intensity, and time. The drive unit amplifies the stimulation signal that drives the actuator. The actuator displays the vibration and heat stimuli quantitatively and simultaneously. Although the developed stimulator is simple, it has a wide frequency range of 0-400 Hz comprising 40 levels, and vibration stimulation intensity comprising 50 levels. The control temperature and stimulation temperature used for heat stimulation comprise four and eight levels, respectively. In addition, the developed stimulator has many advantages in terms of the overall system, stimulation control, and safety. Therefore, the developed stimulator can be used for integrative tactile perception and cognition studies on various vibration and heat sensations.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Fruit Extract of Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb) on Laboratory Animals

Aim of Study: This study was aimed to evaluate the possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanol extract of fruit of Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb).Study Design: Assessment of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between June 2012 and March 2013.Methodology: The crude ethanol extract was investigated for the anti-inflammatory effect on Long Evans rats using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. For anti-inflammatory study, 20 rats were divided into 4 different groups, each receiving either distilled water, standard drug or the extract at the doses of 250 and 500mg/kg body weight (BW). The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing method in Swiss albino mice divided into 4 different groups (control, standard and extract at two different doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg BW).Results: The results of preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides in significant amounts. The results of anti inflammatory activity study showed that the fruit extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema in Long- Evans rats. Both the extracts were able to show a dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity as compared to diclofenac sodium used as a standard drug. The extract elicited a highly significant (p<0.001) analgesic activity in a dose dependent manner on hot plate method, acetic acid-induced writhing test. In the hot plate method, the extract increased the reaction time of heat sensation to 94.71% and 82.7% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg BW while that of the standard drug was 61.45% at the 3rd hour of study. In acetic acid induced writhing test, the percent inhibition of writhing response by the extract was 50.57% and 59.77% at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses respectively (p<0.001).Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of the ethanol fruit extract of Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb) may be due to the presence of various chemical constituents especially flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids or terpenoids. These experimental findings would further establish the scientific basis of the traditional uses of the plant in the management of inflammatory conditions as well as control of pain.

Coronary stent evaluation with coronary computed tomographic angiography: Comparison between low-osmolar, high-iodine concentration iomeprol-400 and iso-osmolar, lower-iodine concentration iodixanol-320

BackgroundReliability of coronary angiography by multidetector row CT (MDCT-CA) for stent evaluation is still a matter for debate, and it is unknown whether contrast medium characteristics may affect diagnostic performance of MDCT-CA. ObjectiveWe compared iomeprol-400 with iodixanol-320 to evaluate coronary stents with MDCT-CA. MethodsWe randomly assigned 254 patients undergoing coronary stent follow-up with the use of MDCT-CA to iomeprol-400 at 5.0 mL/sec flow rate (group 1; n = 83), iodixanol-320 at 6.2 mL/sec flow rate (group 2; n = 87), and iodixanol-320 at 5.0 mL/sec flow rate (group 3; n = 84). Heart rate (HR) immediately before and at the end of scanning, HR variation, premature heart beats, and heat sensation by visual analog scale during scanning were recorded. Mean attenuation was measured in the aortic root and coronary arteries. Image quality score and type of artifacts were assessed. ResultsMean attenuation was significantly lower in group 3 than in the other groups. In group 3, stent evaluability was significantly higher and artifact rate was significantly lower than in group 2 (99% vs 91% and 4% vs 15%) and group 1 (99% vs 92% and 4% vs 17%), respectively, mainly because of a significant lower rate of beam-hardening artifacts (3 cases in group 3 vs 22 and 27 in groups 2 and 3, respectively). In group 3, visual analog scale, HR at the end of imaging, and number of patients with premature heart beats during the scan were significantly lower than in the other groups. ConclusionsIodixanol-320 provides better image quality of coronary stents, allowing higher MDCT-CA evaluability, than iomeprol-400.

Peripheral Pain-Sensing Neurons: from Molecular Diversity to Functional Specialization

Recent work in Cell Reports by Minett et al. and Yang et al. highlights the complexity of pain pathways and points to new ways of thinking about chronic and disease-related pain.

Quantitative Evaluation on Discomfort Perception of Human Skin Based on Partial Least-squares Regression Method

Due to the discomfort sensation of human skin in previous friction experiments is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, the human skin tribological tests are carried out on an UMT-II multi-specimen test system in present study. The volunteers' physiological signals(skin temperature, conductance and electroencephalogram) are collected by using a physiological feedback system NeXus-10. Corresponding discomfort sensations of pain, drag and heat emerging in the test are recorded by scoring. The correlation between the physiological indices and subjective sensation is analyzed, and a model equation, based on the partial least-squares regression, is constructed with the illustration of human discomfort sensation versus physiological indices and tribological stimulus. By using the model equation, the discomfort perception during skin tribological tests can be evaluated quantitatively.

No association of polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene with thermal pain sensation in healthy individuals.

BackgroundRecent studies have suggested an association between genotypes affecting the expression of the serotonin transporter and thermal pain perception and the thermal grill. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in thermal and mechanical pain perception and the thermal grill in two groups of healthy volunteers according to their genotype, associated with either high (n = 40) or low (n = 40) expression of the serotonin transporter and according to gender. Cold and warm detection and pain thresholds, pressure pain threshold and cold, warm and pain sensations to single or alternating stimuli with cold (20°C) and warm (40°C) temperatures (known as the thermal grill) were determined. In addition, intensity of ongoing pain and area and intensity of pinprick hyperalgesia in the secondary hyperalgesic area following topical application of capsaicin and vehicle control (ethanol) were determined.ResultsNo significant differences in detection and pain thresholds for cold and warm temperatures, presence of paradoxical heat sensation, pressure pain threshold and pain responses to suprathreshold thermal stimuli were observed. There was also no difference in capsaicin-evoked ongoing pain and secondary hyperalgesia between the two genotype groups (p >0.4), also when subdivided by gender (p >0.17). In addition, there were no significant differences in the perception of the thermal grill between the two genotypes (p >0.5), also when subdivided by gender.ConclusionsGenotypes associated with high or low expression of the serotonin transporter were not associated with thermal pain thresholds, pressure pain threshold, pain after capsaicin application or responses to the thermal grill.The present results do not support that the investigated genotypes play a major role in thermal pain perception among healthy individuals.

3P2-E05 熱放射を利用した触覚ディスプレイの熱制御手法(ハプティックインタフェース)

Thermal radiation induce heat sensation to human. By controlling the temperature and position, we propose haptic display employing nociceptive sensation. In this study we investigated how to control the thermal sensation.

Responses to tonic heat pain in the ongoing EEG under conditions of controlled attention

To confirm the existence of an ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern that is truly suggestive of pain, tonic heat pain was induced by small heat pulses at 1 °C above the pain threshold and compared to slightly less intense tonic non-painful heat pulses at 1 °C below the pain threshold. Twenty healthy subjects rated the sensation intensity during thermal stimulation. Possible confounding effects of attention were thoroughly controlled for by testing in four conditions: (1) focus of attention directed ipsilateral or (2) contralateral to the side of the stimulation, (3) control without a side preference, and (4) no control of attention at all. EEG was recorded via eight leads according to the 10/20 convention. Absolute power was computed for the frequency bands delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha1 (8–11 Hz), alpha2 (11–14 Hz), beta1 (14–25 Hz), and beta2 (25–35 Hz). Ratings were clearly distinct between the heat and pain conditions and suggestive for heat and pain sensations. Manipulation of attention proved to be successful by producing effects on the ratings and on the EEG activity (with lower ratings and lower EEG activity (theta, beta1, 2) over central areas for side-focused attention). During pain stimulation, lower central alpha1 and alpha2 activity and higher right-parietal and right-occipital delta power were observed compared to heat stimulation. This EEG pattern was not influenced by the manipulation of attention. Since the two types of stimuli (pain, heat) were subjectively felt differently although stimulation intensities were nearby, we conclude that this EEG pattern is clearly suggestive of pain.

Difference in Tissue Temperature After Therapeutic Ultrasound Using Biofreeze Mixture and Ultrasound Gel as Coupling Media

Biofreeze, a topical analgesic, is commonly used as a coupling medium during therapeutic ultrasound to add greater relief of pain, although it may block transmission of ultrasound energy. Our objective was to compare a mixture of 1-part Biofreeze and 3-parts ultrasound gel to 100% ultrasound gel to assess intramuscular heating and perceived sensation of heat. Fifteen participants received a continuous 3-MHz ultrasound treatment with the Biofreeze mixture or 100% ultrasound gel on 2 diff erent days. We measured intramuscular tissue temperature and visual analog scale scores for heat sensation. The Biofreeze mixture produced a tissue temperature increase similar to the 100% ultrasound gel (P = .32), while producing a greater perceived sensation of heat (P � .0001). However, due to Biofreeze’s viscosity, more of the mixture (12.9 � 2.6 mL) was needed than the ultrasound gel (10 � 0 mL) to prevent overheating of superfi cial tissues. [Athletic Training & Sports Health Care. 2013;5(x):xxx-xxx.]

Analgesic effect of ferulic acid on CCI mice：behavior and neurobiological analysis

To study the analgesic effect of chronic administration with ferulic acid, and preliminarily discuss its mechanism. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia tests were conducted to observe the analgesic effect of chronic administration with ferulic acid on CCI mice. The neurochemical detection method was applied to observe the effect chronic administration with ferulic acid on monoamine neurotransmitter and monoamine oxidase activity. Compared with the normal group, CCI mice showed notable reduction in heat sensation and nociceptive threshold in and mechanical allodynia. Ferulic acid (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg x kg(-1), po) could significantly reverse the situations. In an in-depth study, we found that the reason for these results was that ferulic acid was dose-dependent in increasing 5-HT and NE levels in hippocampus, frontal cortex and amygdale and could inhibit MAO-A activity in mouse brains. These results showed that ferulic acid has the analgesic effect. Its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity and the increase in monoamine neurotransmitter in mouse brains.

English

It should be pointed out that indoor climates in buildings is significant to the accomplishment of a building not only in making it comfortable, but also in deciding its energy consumption holistically and the thermal comfort of the occupants in the building. Thermal comfort can be defined as a psychological state of mind, often expressing a sensation of considerable heat or cold and it occurs when there is a balanced exchange of heat between a person's body and the environment, marked by the absence of regulatory sweating. Thermal comfort is imperative in both psychological and physical aspect where it could affects morale of the people. Based on their degree of thermal comfort, residents may complain, productivity may suffer and in some situations, people may refuse to work in a particular environment. This paper will discuss thoroughly the concept of thermal comfort, effects of thermal condition on occupants and some of the significant factors that influencing thermal comfort. In addition, thermal transition between the external environment and internal spaces of the buildings, human body interaction with surroundings and effective comfort range will also be presented to get a clear picture on how thermal comfort affects the building occupants comprehensively.

Flavanones That Selectively Inhibit TRPM3 Attenuate Thermal Nociception In Vivo

Transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) is a calcium-permeable nonselective cation channel that is expressed in a subset of dorsal root (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia sensory neurons. TRPM3 can be activated by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) and heat. TRPM3⁻/⁻ mice display an impaired sensation of noxious heat and thermal hyperalgesia. We have previously shown that TRPM3 is blocked by the citrus fruit flavanones hesperetin, naringenin, and eriodictyol as well as by ononetin, a deoxybenzoin from Ononis spinosa. To further improve the tolerability, potency, and selectivity of TRPM3 blockers, we conducted a hit optimization procedure by rescreening a focused library that was composed of chemically related compounds. Within newly identified TRPM3 blockers, isosakuranetin and liquiritigenin displayed favorable properties with respect to their inhibitory potency and a selective mode of action. Isosakuranetin, a flavanone whose glycoside is contained in blood oranges and grapefruits, displayed an IC₅₀ of 50 nM and is to our knowledge the most potent inhibitor of TRPM3 identified so far. Both compounds exhibited a marked specificity for TRPM3 compared with other sensory TRP channels, and blocked PregS-induced intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration signals and ionic currents in freshly isolated DRG neurons. Furthermore, isosakuranetin and previously identified hesperetin significantly reduced the sensitivity of mice to noxious heat and PregS-induced chemical pain. Because the physiologic functions of TRPM3 channels are still poorly defined, the development and validation of potent and selective blockers is expected to contribute to clarifying the role of TRPM3 in vivo.

Deep brain stimulator-induced diaphoresis in Parkinson’s disease patients

We report an unusual finding of bilateral facial and corporeal diaphoresis and sensation of heat during deep brain stimulation in two patients. Stimulation of the hypothalamospinal tract located medial to the subthalamic nucleus is likely to be responsible for this side effect.

The Major Brain Endocannabinoid 2-AG Controls Neuropathic Pain and Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica

Recurrent myelitis is one of the predominant characteristics in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). While paresis, visual loss, sensory deficits, and bladder dysfunction are well known symptoms in NMO patients, pain has been recognized only recently as another key symptom of the disease. Although spinal cord inflammation is a defining aspect of neuromyelitis, there is an almost complete lack of data on altered somatosensory function, including pain. Therefore, eleven consecutive patients with NMO were investigated regarding the presence and clinical characteristics of pain. All patients were examined clinically as well as by Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) following the protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS). Additionally, plasma endocannabinoid levels and signs of chronic stress and depression were determined. Almost all patients (10/11) suffered from NMO-associated neuropathic pain for the last three months, and 8 out of 11 patients indicated relevant pain at the time of examination. Symptoms of neuropathic pain were reported in the vast majority of patients with NMO. Psychological testing revealed signs of marked depression. Compared to age and gender-matched healthy controls, QST revealed pronounced mechanical and thermal sensory loss, strongly correlated to ongoing pain suggesting the presence of deafferentation-induced neuropathic pain. Thermal hyperalgesia correlated to MRI-verified signs of spinal cord lesion. Heat hyperalgesia was highly correlated to the time since last relapse of NMO. Patients with NMO exhibited significant mechanical and thermal dysesthesia, namely dynamic mechanical allodynia and paradoxical heat sensation. Moreover, they presented frequently with either abnormal mechanical hypoalgesia or hyperalgesia, which depended significantly on plasma levels of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerole (2-AG). These data emphasize the high prevalence of neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia in patients with NMO. The degree of mechanical hyperalgesia reflecting central sensitization of nociceptive pathways seems to be controlled by the major brain endocannabinoid 2-AG.

GW24-e0997 Postmarketing Surveillance Study with Iodixanol in 20185 Chinese Patients from Routine Clinical Practices

ObjectivesTo determine prospectively the incidence and nature of immediate and delayed ADRs occurring after administration of iodixanol in routine clinical practices among non-selected patients, and to assess patient discomfort (pain...

Thermal comfort evaluation in kindergarten: PMV and PPD measurement through datalogger and questionnaire

In this research we present the results of a study about thermal comfort measurement and evaluation in kindergartens for children of 4 and 5 years of age.The overall study objective is to compare (1) indoor microclimate parameters, measured with a Datalogger following EN ISO 7730, and (2) children's subjective judgment, collected through a questionnaire following EN ISO 10551. Since we interviewed pre-scholar children, we needed to modify the questionnaire based on a psycho-pedagogical approach. School educators helped us change the questionnaire according to the pedagogical approach of the kindergarten (“Loris Malaguzzi” pedagogical model). This particular approach allowed us to verify how children understand concepts like temperature or heat sensation. The results show that children are sensible to these well-being issues, even if they express their opinion according to specific world models.The comparison between Datalogger instrumental data and questionnaire highlighted the need to enlarge the concept of comfort, taking into account different subject categories (children, young people, elderly people, infirm, etc.). This analysis shows that children understand the concept of comfort and can define their perceived and preferred thermal comfort level. Moreover, we verified that the PMV of children is slightly higher in respect to adults.

Camphor Activates and Sensitizes Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) to Cooling and Icilin

Camphor is known to potentiate both heat and cold sensations. Although the sensitization to heat could be explained by the activation of heat-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPV1 and TRPV3, the camphor-induced sensitization to cooling remains unexplained. In this study, we present evidence for the activation of the cold- and menthol-sensitive channel transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) by camphor. Calcium transients evoked by camphor in HEK293 cells expressing human and rat TRPM8 are inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonists 4-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-N-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinecarboxamide and 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate. Camphor also sensitized the cold-induced calcium transients and evoked desensitizing outward-rectifying currents in TRPM8-expressing HEK293 cells. In the presence of ruthenium red (a blocker of TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPA1), the camphor sensitivity of cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons was highest in a subpopulation of cold- and icilin-sensitive neurons, strongly suggesting that camphor activates native TRPM8. Camphor has a dual action on TRPM8: it not only activates the channel but also inhibits its response to menthol. The icilin-insensitive chicken TRPM8 was also camphor insensitive. However, camphor was able to activate an icilin-insensitive human TRPM8 mutant channel. The activation and sensitization to cold of mammalian TRPM8 are likely to be responsible for the psychophysical enhancement of innocuous cold and "stinging/burning" cold sensations by camphor.

Living with ‘Hwa-byung’: the psycho-social impact of elder mistreatment on the health and well-being of older people

Objectives: Elder abuse and neglect is an increasing concern that adversely affects the health and well-being of older people in most societies. The purpose of this paper is to describe the psycho-social impact of elder mistreatment on the health and well-being of older Korean people living in New Zealand.Method: Data were collected from in-depth interviews. The lived experiences of elder abuse and neglect were studied with 10 older people who were, or who had been, mistreated in their family context. To analyse the data collected, a combined analysis approach was employed using traditional code-based techniques and a concept-mapping method.Results: The findings of the study show that the effects of elder mistreatment were complex and multidimensional. The older persons who were mistreated in family settings experienced a range of emotional, psychological distress and physical symptoms. Many of them identified ‘Hwa-byung’ (literally anger disease) as a health issue associated with suppressed emotions of anger, demoralisation, heat sensation and other somatised symptoms.Conclusion: Elder abuse and neglect is a traumatic life event that has considerable psycho-social impacts on older people experiencing the problem. It is important to recognise the power of multidimensional challenges caused by elder mistreatment in health and well-being.

Eugenol and carvacrol induce temporally desensitizing patterns of oral irritation and enhance innocuous warmth and noxious heat sensation on the tongue

Eugenol and carvacrol, from the spices clove and oregano, respectively, are agonists of TRPV3, which is implicated in transduction of warmth and possibly heat pain. We investigated the temporal dynamics of lingual irritation elicited by these agents, and their effects on innocuous warmth and heat pain, using a half-tongue method in human subjects. The irritant sensation elicited by both eugenol and carvacrol decreased across repeated applications at a 1-minute interstimulus interval (self-desensitization) which persisted for at least 10minutes. Both agents also cross-desensitized capsaicin-evoked irritation. Eugenol and carvacrol significantly increased the magnitude of perceived innocuous warmth (44°C) for >10minutes, and briefly (<5minutes) enhanced heat pain elicited by a 49°C stimulus. Similar albeit weaker effects were observed when thermal stimuli were applied after the tongue had been desensitized by repeated application of eugenol or carvacrol, indicating that the effect is not due solely to summation of chemoirritant and thermal sensations. Neither chemical affected sensations of innocuous cool or cold pain. A separate group of subjects was asked to subdivide eugenol and carvacrol irritancy into subqualities, the most frequently reported being numbing and warmth, with brief burning, stinging/pricking, and tingle, confirming an earlier study. Eugenol, but not carvacrol, reduced detection of low-threshold mechanical stimuli. Eugenol and carvacrol enhancement of innocuous warmth may involve sensitization of thermal gating of TRPV3 expressed in peripheral warm fibers. The brief heat hyperalgesia following eugenol may involve a TRPV3-mediated enhancement of thermal gating of TRPV1 expressed in lingual polymodal nociceptors.