Gas Heat Research Articles

Analysis of preferences of households for choosing heating and cooling systems: A discrete choice analysis in Iran

The residential sector uses a large fraction of energy for heating and cooling to provide comfort conditions for households. Technical features of appliances are determining factors of the demand for energy. The present paper thus aims to study the determinants of household adoption decision by applying the discrete choice model. Households face with unordered choice, and multinomial and mixed logit models are employed to study the heterogeneity of choices of households related to heating and cooling technologies. While most of the research works have considered preferences based on cross-sectional data collected through discrete choice experiments, the present study employs micro-level household survey data including observed preferences in order to contribute to better understanding of the actual choice behavior of households. In addition, the dynamic effect of variation of variables on the household preferences have been investigated over time. The results show that heterogenous preferences of families in choosing appliances are affected by socio-demographic characteristics. Analysis of marginal effects indicate that urbanization, education, building type and households expenditure are the most effective parameters. The level of education has the most positive impact on the adoption of wall-mounted package and split air conditioner where the probability of using them has increased by 1.65% and 4.87%, respectively. On the other hand, high education level reduces the probability of gas heater and fan adoption by 3.49% and 3.43%. The estimated results show that urbanization increases the probability of choosing central heating by 3.73% and split air conditioner by 6.1% while it decreases the adoption probability of oil heater by 5.02% and fan as by 8.9%.

Multi-layered composite coatings with enhanced corrosion and abrasion resistance for industrial flue gas waste heat recovery

The corrosion and abrasion performance of flue gas heat exchangers is a prominent research focus in the field of industrial flue gas waste heat recovery. In this study, we have developed a multi-layered composite coating containing fluorographene and carborundum fillers, which exhibits excellent anti-corrosion and wear-resistant properties. Electrochemical and abrasion experiments demonstrate that the multi-layered composite coating effectively improves both the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of the material. The structure and preparation of this multi-layered composite coating provide a novel approach for design and application of advanced coatings for highly corrosive and dusty flue gas waste heat recovery.

Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift black holes and the emergence of jetted AGN

Abstract In this work we study the co-evolution of central black holes (BHs) and host galaxies by utilizing an advanced iteration of the DELPHI semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and evolution. Based on dark matter halo merger trees spanning the redshift range from z = 20 to z = 4, it now incorporates essential components such as gas heating and cooling, cold and hot BH accretion, jet and radiative AGN feedback. We show how different BH growth models impact quasar and galaxy observables at z ≥ 5, providing predictions that will help discriminate between super-Eddington and Eddington-limited accretion models: despite being both consistent with observed properties of SMBHs and their host galaxies at z ∼ 5 − 7, they become very clearly distinguishable at higher redshift and in the intermediate mass regime. We find that the super-Eddington model, unlike the Eddington-limited scenario, predicts a gap in the BH mass function corresponding to the intermediate-mass range 104 M⊙ < Mbh < 106 M⊙. Additionally, it predicts black holes up to two orders of magnitude more massive for the same stellar mass at z = 9. The resulting velocity dispersion – BH mass relation at z ≥ 5 is consistent with local measurements, suggesting that its slope and normalisation are independent of redshift. Depending on the Eddington ratio, we also model the emergence of AGN jets, predicting their duty cycle across as a function of BH mass and their potential impact on the observed number density distribution of high-redshift AGN in the hard X-ray band.

Buoyancy driven bioconvective Casson nanofluid flow over a vertical stretching cylinder in Darcy–Forchheimer permeable medium with Arrhenius activation energy and chemical reaction

A mathematical framework is conceived to analyze the flow of Darcy–Forchheimer Casson nanofluid around a vertically stretchable cylinder, taking into account the convective boundary conditions. The heat and mass transport phenomena are visualized in the existence of activation energy and gyrotactic microorganisms with buoyancy effects. Additionally, an external magnetic field is applied to the flow problem. This particular model finds applications in biomedical engineering, the oil and gas industry, heat exchangers and thermal systems, environmental engineering, and renewable energy. By employing suitable transformations to transform partial differential equations into ordinary ones, the MATLAB function bvp4c package is utilized to numerically solve the equations. The findings presented through graphs illustrate the influence of various parameters on velocity, heat and mass transfer, and the density of gyrotactic microorganisms. The analysis revealed that fluid momentum decreases with increasing porosity numbers, while higher activation energy values enhance concentration. Moreover, an increase in the Peclet number reduces the microorganism’s distribution. Tables compute the motile microorganism’s density, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. A substantial rise in activation energy prominently increases concentration, accompanied by a decrease in the Sherwood number. The density of microorganisms rises with higher values of the curvature parameter, Prandtl number, and Brownian motion parameter, but decreases with an increasing Hartman number. Noteworthy concordance is noted when juxtaposing the findings of this investigation with those of earlier scholarly research.

HiFi-Gas: Hierarchical Federated Learning Incentive Mechanism Enhanced Gas Usage Estimation

Gas usage estimation plays a critical role in various aspects of the power generation and delivery business, including budgeting, resource planning, and environmental preservation. Federated Learning (FL) has demonstrated its potential in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of gas usage estimation by enabling distributedly owned data to be leveraged, while ensuring privacy and confidentiality. However, to effectively motivate stakeholders to contribute their high-quality local data and computational resources for this purpose, incentive mechanism design is key. In this paper, we report our experience designing and deploying the Hierarchical FL Incentive mechanism for Gas usage estimation (HiFi-Gas) system. It is designed to cater to the unique structure of gas companies and their affiliated heating stations. HiFi-Gas provides effective incentivization in a hierarchical federated learning framework that consists of a horizontal federated learning (HFL) component for effective collaboration among gas companies and multiple vertical federated learning (VFL) components for the gas company and its affiliated heating stations. To motivate active participation and ensure fairness among gas companies and heating stations, we incorporate a multi-dimensional contribution-aware reward distribution function that considers both data quality and model contributions. Since its deployment in the ENN Group in December 2022, HiFi-Gas has successfully provided incentives for gas companies and heating stations to actively participate in FL training, resulting in more than 12% higher average gas usage estimation accuracy and substantial gas procurement cost savings. This implementation marks the first successful deployment of a hierarchical FL incentive approach in the energy industry.

Research Status of Heat Dissipation Technology for Electric Vehicle Drive Motors

Background:: The application of electric vehicles in daily life is becoming increasingly widespread. However, the heat dissipation issues of the electric motors directly impact electric vehicles' stability and safety. Thus, research on the heat dissipation of the electric motor is conducive to improving the reliability of the drive motor and ensuring the overall stability and safety of electric vehicles; there is a growing emphasis on the development trends of heat dissipation technologies for electric vehicle drive motors. Objective:: In order to meet the increasing requirements of electric vehicles for stability and safety and to solve the problems of low heat dissipation efficiency of electric vehicle drive motors, the size of heat dissipation devices, and the short life span caused by the high temperature of drive motors, the heat dissipation of drive motors is optimized and the heat dissipation structure is improved. Methods:: Based on the structural characteristics of heat dissipation of electric vehicle drive motors, various representative patents related to the current heat dissipation technology of electric vehicle drive motors are summarized. Results:: By summarizing a large number of patents on electric vehicle drive motor heat dissipation technology, it is concluded that the current research on electric vehicle drive motor heat dissipation mainly focuses on liquid heat dissipation or gas heat dissipation and that the main reason for the heat dissipation problem of electric vehicle drive motors is the low heat dissipation efficiency due to over-reliance on a single heat dissipation method, and the reliability is poor due to failure to reasonably control heat dissipation according to the need for heat dissipation. This paper proposes a new idea of heat dissipation for electric vehicle drive motors, which effectively combines liquid heat dissipation and gas heat dissipation. Moreover, the heat dissipation efficiency will be significantly higher than the existing heat dissipation scheme, and the proposed heat dissipation concept of "ondemand distribution" will effectively improve the utilization rate of the heat dissipation medium and reduce the heat dissipation cost and the reasonable heat dissipation structure will reduce the volume of the heat dissipation device. The reasonable heat dissipation structure will also reduce the volume of the heat dissipation device. In addition, the future development of heat dissipation technology for electric vehicle drive motors is also discussed. Conclusion:: The heat dissipation scheme proposed in this paper will effectively improve the heat dissipation problem of electric vehicle drive motors. Compared with the existing heat dissipation methods, the heat dissipation efficiency of the heat dissipation scheme proposed in this paper will be improved by more than 8.5%, and the service life of the drive motor will be extended by more than 5.1%, while the size of the electric vehicle drive motor will be reduced by 6%. More related patents will be invented in the future.

Application of emission spectroscopy in plasma-assisted NH3/air combustion using nanosecond pulsed discharge

This work investigates the effects of atmospheric-pressure nanosecond (ns) pulsed plasma discharges on NH3/air flames using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Firstly, spatially-resolved OES in the 200–800 nm range of NH3/air flames with and without discharges are presented to identify the plasma-induced excited species (such as N2* and H*). Then, time-resolved OES with ns timescale resolution are achieved to illustrate the discharge dynamics using a statistical imaging strategy, which is specifically designed to overcome the timing jitter of the discharge. From the time-resolved spectra of excited N2, the first and second emission events in NH3/air flames with a time interval of 80 ns are revealed, and each exhibits a profile with two exponential decays. Furthermore, spatial- and time-resolved rotational and vibrational temperatures are derived from the spectral fitting of N2(C→B) to quantify the thermal effects of ns plasmas, thus revealing the ultrafast and slow gas heating processes. In addition, the electron number density along the flame is obtained from the intense Hα line, which locally reaches up to 1 × 1017 cm−3. Besides, the spatial-resolved Hα line intensity suggests that the flame chemistry does not directly affect, but the discharge dominates the production of the atomic hydrogen. It provides insight into the kinetic effects of ns pulsed discharge on NH3 combustion enhancement.

Technoeconomic Analysis of Oxygen-Supported Combined Systems for Recovering Waste Heat in an Iron-Steel Facility

In this study, it is proposed to generate electrical energy by recovering the waste heat of an annealing furnace (AF) in an iron and steel plant using combined cycles such as steam Rankine cycle (SRC), organic Rankine cycle (ORC), Kalina cycle (KC) and transcritical CO2 cycle (t-CO2). Instead of releasing the waste heat into the atmosphere, the waste heat recovery system (WHRS) discharges the waste heat into the plant’s low-temperature oxygen line for the first time, achieving a lower temperature and pressure in the condenser than conventional systems. The waste heat of the flue gas (FG) with a temperature of 1093.15 K from the reheat furnace was evaluated using four different cycles. To maximize power generation, the SRC input temperature of the proposed system was studied parametrically. The cycles were analyzed based on thermal efficiency and net output power. The difference in SRC inlet temperature is 221.6 K for maximum power output. The proposed system currently has a thermal efficiency and total power output of 0.19 and 596.6 kW, respectively. As an environmental impact, an emission reduction potential of 23.16 tons/day was achieved. In addition, the minimum power generation cost of the proposed system is $0.1972 per kWh.

A novel CFD-DEM-DPM modelling of fluid-particles-fines reacting flows

The complex fluid-particle-fine (FPf) reacting flows have been widely practised in many energy-intensive engineering processes, yet numerical methods capable of comprehensively describing the particle-scale thermochemical behaviours related to the FPf reacting flows were still lacking. In this work, a novel CFD-DEM-DPM model is developed, for the first time, to describe the fluid, particles and fines reacting flows and their interactions. Then, to demonstrate its effectiveness, it is employed to simulate the co-combustion of coke and pulverized coal in a dynamic raceway in ironmaking blast furnaces (BFs). After model validation, the complex in-furnace phenomena related to the co-combustion of coarse coke particles and fine coal particles are comprehensively captured. Particularly, instead of the pre-set raceway treatment in the previous raceway simulations, a dynamic raceway cavity is predicted explicitly driven by the fluid-particle-fine interactions and further, inside the dynamic raceway, the combustion of coal fines including moisture evaporation, devolatilization and char reactions are presented in detail. Subsequently, the impact of operations with and without coal injections are quantitatively compared, showing that both the reducing gas and reaction heat from the coal combustion contribute to an expansion of the raceway cavity. Further, the effects of pulverized coal rate on the in-furnace phenomena are studied. The present work represents a significant breakthrough in the explicit modelling of FPf reacting flows, and provides a cost-effective tool for understanding FPf-related processes and developing new technologies including carbon–neutral ironmaking technologies.

Estimation of thermodynamic and physicochemical properties of the alkali astatides: On the bond strength of molecular astatine (At2 ) and the hydration enthalpy of astatide (At- ).

The recent accurate and precise determination of the electron affinity (EA) of the astatine atom At0 warrants a re-investigation of the estimated thermodynamic properties of At0 and astatine containing molecules as this EA was found to be much lower (by 0.4 eV) than previous estimated values. In this contribution we estimate, from available data sources, the following thermodynamic and physicochemical properties of the alkali astatides (MAt, M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs): their solid and gaseous heats of formation, lattice and gas-phase binding enthalpies, sublimation energies and melting temperatures. Gas-phase charge-transfer dissociation energies for the alkali astatides (the energy requirement for M+ At- ➔ M0 + At0 ) have been obtained and are compared with those for the other alkali halides. Use of Born-Haber cycles together with the new AE (At0 ) value allows the re-evaluation of ΔHf (At0 )g (=56 ± 5 kJ/mol); it is concluded that (At2 )g is a weakly bonded species (bond strength <50 kJ/mol), significantly weaker bonded than previously estimated (116 kJ/mol) and much weaker bonded than I2 (148 kJ/mol), but in agreement with the finding from theory that spin-orbit coupling considerably reduces the bond strength in At2 . The hydration enthalpy (ΔHaq ) of At- is estimated to be -230 ± 2 kJ/mol (using ΔHaq [H+ ] = -1150.1 kJ/mol), in good agreement with molecular dynamics calculations. Arguments are presented that the largest alkali halide, CsAt, like the smallest, LiF, will be only sparingly soluble in water, following the generalization from hard/soft acid/base principles that "small likes small" and "large likes large."

Validation of a New Method for Continuous Flare Combustion Efficiency Monitoring

A new method is described for calculating flare combustion efficiency (CE) and destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) using a numerical parametric model. The method combines key variables that affect flare performance including the flare vent gas net heating value (NHV), flare design, flow rate, exit velocity, and inert gas composition, alongside the environmental influence of crosswind speed. Each effect is characterized using a parametric model derived from experimental testing data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The inclusion of CFD allows the model to be extended into the high-wind conditions that cannot be adequately controlled for in empirical testing yet represent some of the most challenging conditions in which to maintain good combustion. This new parametric model method (PMM) is coupled with ultrasonic flowmeters from which the molecular weight and net heating value of the flare gas can be derived using the vent gas speed of sound measurement. In doing so, this method provides a reliable continuous flare combustion efficiency measure that can be deployed at scale with minimum hardware updates. The system was verified using an extractive sampling method with tests conducted on three full-scale industrial flares including non-assisted, single-arm pressure-assisted, and multi-arm pressure-assisted flare designs. A total of seventy valid test points were carried out with varying flow rate and flare gas heating value, covering a CE range from 46–100%. The uncertainty of the method was assessed using both traditional error propagation and Monte Carlo methodology. The results from the new method agree with the extractive method to within 0.8% in the ≥98% DRE region where flares are expected to operate to limit the impacts of flaring as a source of methane as a greenhouse gas. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the larger DRE discrepancy for DRE ≤ 98% correlates to the measurement uncertainties for both methods.

New strategy to further enhance the thermal insulation performance of silica aerogel: Decline the macropore content between skeletons

Silica aerogels are considered as promising porous thermal insulation materials. However, the macropores between skeletons in the microstructure prevent further improvement of the thermal insulation performance. Therefore, it is feasible to decrease the macropores content between skeletons to enhance the thermal insulation performance. In this work, we employed Al2O3 nanoparticles as fillers and utilized high-temperature treatment to shrink the skeletons and reduce the macropores content. The experimental results demonstrate that the Al2O3 nanoparticles are well-dispersion within the skeletons and the diameters of macropores dramatically decrease from 7.55 μm to 0.78 μm. The thermal conductivity declines from 0.0821 to 0.0673 W/ (m K). Furthermore, the silica aerogel is treated at high-temperature environment to further reduce the macropores diameters. As a result, the skeleton structure undergoes significant shrinkage. The micropore volume increases from 0.013 to 0.102 cm3 g−1, and the specific surface area increases from 9.828 to 294.4 m2 g−1. The thermal conductivity decreases from 0.0727 to 0.0368 W/ (m K) with the temperature increasing. Theoretical calculations indicate that the attribution of the thermal conductivity reduction is primarily the weakening of gaseous heat transfer below 400 °C. Above 400 °C, the effect of solid heat transfer becomes stronger than the limitation of gaseous heat transfer, which aligns with the experimental results. This study presents novel strategy for enhancing the thermal insulation performance of silica aerogels.

Study of gas radiation effect on the performance of single-pass solar heaters with an air gap

This paper investigates the performance of solar gas heaters that utilize an air gap between the glass cover and the absorber, along with radiating gas. By using a participating fluid as the working gas, thermal radiation can be absorbed, emitted, and scattered, enhancing the heat transfer between the absorber and the flowing gas. Free convection airflow inside the air gap adds to the forced convection airflow through the solar collector's duct. The study utilizes the κ-ε model and the discrete ordinate method for radiative intensity computation to analyze the flow and energy equations. Numerical results indicate a significant increase in thermal efficiency, particularly at lower gas mass flow rates, when employing radiating gases with high radiative absorption coefficients. The research shows about 40% improvement in thermal efficiency is obtained in test cases at a gas mass flow rate of 0.01 kg/s. A gas flow optical thickness of τ = 2 is found to be optimal among the investigated parameters. In addition, this paper demonstrates high efficiency of up to 70% for plane solar collectors without the need for configuration changes by using working gases with high radiative properties, such as pressurized CO2.

Optimizing refuse-derived fuel production from scheduled wastes through Aspen plus simulation

This study aims to improve the quality of fuel with high calorific value namely Sfuel – a commercial high-quality refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from hazardous waste via modifying the process design and operating parameters of thermal conversion process. The study analyses key parameters of RDF quality, such as calorific value and heavy metal content, before and after process modifications based on the combination of experimental and simulation using Aspen Plus. In this study, the temperature and pressure of the simulation system are varied from 100 to 700 °C and from 1 to 5 bar, respectively. Findings indicate that there are a total of eleven heavy metals and 179 volatile compounds in the “Sfuels”. The quality of the targeted product is greatly improved by the metal evaporation at high temperatures and pressures. However, the calorific value of RDF significantly decreases at 700 °C due to a large amount of the carbon content being evaporated. Although the carbon content at high temperatures is significantly lost, the heat from the vapour stream reactor outlet, which is reused to preheat the nitrogen gas stream supplied to the system, reduces energy consumption while improving the thermal conversion efficiency of the system. Besides, low pressure along with high temperature are not the optimal conditions for quality Sfuels improvement by thermal conversion. Results also indicate that electric heating is more economically efficient than natural gas heating.

Numerical Heat Transfer Simulation of Oil Shale Large-Size Downhole Heater

Downhole heaters are critical for effectively achieving in situ oil shale cracking. In this study, we simulate the heat transfer performance of a large-scale helical baffle downhole heater under various operational conditions. The findings indicate that at 160 m3/h and 6 kW the outlet temperature can reach 280 °C. Controlling heating power or increasing the injected gas flow effectively mitigates heat accumulation on the heating rod’s surface. The outlet temperature curve exhibits two phases. Simultaneously, a balance in energy exchange between the injected gas and heating power occurs, mitigating high-temperature hotspots. Consequently, the outlet temperature cannot attain the theoretical maximum temperature, referred to as the actual maximum temperature. Employing h/∆p13 as the indicator to evaluate heat transfer performance, optimal performance occurs at 100 m3/h. Heat transfer performance at 200 m3/h is significantly impacted by heating power, with the former being approximately 6% superior to the latter. Additionally, heat transfer performance is most stable below 160 m3/h. The gas heating process is categorized into three stages based on temperature distribution characteristics within the heater: rapid warming, stable warming, and excessive heating. The simulation findings suggest that the large-size heater can inject a higher flow rate of heat-carrying gas into the subsurface, enabling efficient oil shale in situ cracking.

Quantifying the Financial and Climate Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Abatement Pathways in Residential Space Heating

New York State (NYS) has set strict greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets across all sectors of its economy, including the heating sector. This study examines the financial value and environmental impacts of the residential space heating sector in NYS under different GHG abatement options by comparing the existing natural gas heating pathway with three potential GHG abatement pathways: renewable natural gas (RNG), hydrogen blended into RNG, and air-source heat pumps (ASHPs). These pathways are analyzed via a comparative net present value (NPV) framework from 2022 to 2042 with the emission reduction represented as a revenue stream that serves as a function of the social cost of GHGs. The investment timing of each of these pathways is also accounted for to reflect the pathways’ varying deployment timelines. The ASHP pathway with a 10% financial discount rate and a 2% social cost of the GHG discount rate achieves the lowest NPV. The RNG pathway achieves the highest NPV. A sensitivity analysis determines the impact of key factors on the NPV results. This study aims to inform policymakers, homeowners, and stakeholders of the potential benefits and costs of each of the four pathways to aid them in their decision-making process.

Simulation of heat-transfer conditions and development of a method for heating a sinter charge with water preheated using the heat of exhaust gases

Simulation of heat-transfer conditions and development of a method for heating a sinter charge with water preheated using the heat of exhaust gases

Investigation of electrolyte intermittent commutation effects on electrochemical machining

ABSTRACT Traditional blade electrochemical machining (ECM) adopts electrolyte unidirectional flow (EUF), resulting in serious accumulation of insoluble byproducts, gas, and Joule heat along the flow path. Here, an electrolyte intermittent commutation flow (EICF) was reported. Blade formed with EICF model was simulated, by comparison with EUF. Exploratory experiments were carried out, and how the time ratio of forward electrolyte flow time (t F) and reverse electrolyte flow time (t R) affects the blade ECM performance was investigated. The manufacturing accuracy and surface roughness depend on t F:t R, and they first improve and then deteriorate, reaching its optimal value at t F:t R = 1:3. Finally, the surface morphology is less affected by the t F:t R, the dissolution morphology exhibits that grain boundary is preferentially susceptible to electrochemical attack, compared with grain. The reason for this corrosion mechanism is that Ti and Nb are more easily enriched at the grain boundaries, while Cr, Fe and Ni are depleted.

2D disc modelling of the JWST line spectrum of EX Lupi

We introduce a number of improvements to the thermo-chemical disc modelling code PRODIMO and new theoretical approaches that can be used to better predict and analyse the JWST line spectra of protoplanetary discs. We developed a new line escape probability method for disc geometries, and a new scheme for dust settling, and discuss how to apply UV molecular shielding factors to photo rates in 2D disc geometry. We show that these assumptions are crucial for the determination of gas heating and cooling rates and discuss how they affect the predicted molecular concentrations and line emissions. We apply our revised 2D models to the protoplanetary disc around the T Tauri star EX Lupi in quiescent state. We calculate infrared line emission spectra between 5 and 20 µm from CO, H2O, OH, CO2, HCN, C2H2, and H2, including lines of atoms and ions, using our full 2D predictions of molecular abundances, dust opacities, and gas and dust temperatures. We developed a disc model with a slowly increasing surface density structure around the inner rim that can simultaneously fit the spectral energy distribution, the overall shape of the JWST spectrum of EX Lupi, and the main observed molecular characteristics in terms of column densities, emitting areas, and molecular emission temperatures, which all result from one consistent disc model. The spatial structure of the line-emitting regions of the different molecules is discussed. High abundances of HCN and C2H2 are caused in the model by stellar X-ray irradiation of the gas around the inner rim.

Numerical simulation of streamer, pressure wave, and vortex induced by nanosecond pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharges

In this study, a two-dimensional fluid model is employed to simulate the streamer, pressure wave, and vortex in surface dielectric barrier discharge driven by nanosecond pulse voltage (ns-SDBD). It comprises a numerical model with two interconnected modules: discharge dynamics and gas flow dynamics. These modules are coupled through the physical variables including ‘EHD force’, ‘thermal source’, ‘velocity field’, ‘gas temperature’, and ‘gas pressure’. Our research primarily focuses on the underlying physical mechanisms of pressure waves and vortices for plasma-based flow control. The generation of pressure waves is attributed to the rapid gas heating by pulsed discharge, whereas the formation and development of the vortex are related to the ionic wind (EHD effect) provided by the plasma. To thoroughly understand and optimize flow control performance, an investigation into the effects of various discharge parameters, such as voltage amplitude and polarity, is conducted. Additionally, several SDBD modules are arranged in series, each featuring a dual three-electrode configuration. Subsequently, the dynamic behaviors of multiple streamers, pressure waves, and vortices, along with their interactions, are explored.