Heating Furnace Research Articles

Fluted pumpkin waste potential as a green solid bioalkaline catalyst for neem seed oil biodiesel synthesis

Developing green routes for biodiesel synthesis is essential for sustaining environmental benignity. Thus, this present study investigated the development of a solid catalyst using fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) pod husk as a bio-based raw material via high-temperature furnace heating, ranging from 300 – 1000 oC. The catalyst properties were investigated by conducting surface functional group, surface crystallinity, surface area, and pore distribution analyses. The efficacy of the synthesized catalyst was investigated using 28 randomized experiments carried out on transesterification of esterified neem oil, which established 12:1, 3.5 wt.%, and 60 min as optimal conditions for methanol/neem oil ratio, catalyst dosage, and reaction time, respectively, with a maximum neem seed oil methyl esters (NSOME) yield of 96.71% through response surface methodology. The statistical assessment of the developed model gave a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9907 and a coefficient determination of 0.9816 (R2). The physicochemical properties of the NSOME agree with American and European standard limits, making it suitable for transportation and energy purposes. The catalyst could be deployed for three reaction cycles with high turnover frequencies. Hence, fluted pumpkin waste and neem oil are suitable as a green route for biodiesel synthesis.

Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory-Based Dynamic Prediction Model of Single-Crystal Furnace Temperature and Heating Power

Precise temperature and heating power control are crucial for crystal quality and production efficiency in the Czochralski single-crystal growth process. Existing sensor technologies can only monitor these parameters in real time, lacking the ability to predict future trends, which limits the ability to implement preventive control before issues arise. To address this, a temperature and heating power prediction model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is proposed and developed using extensive production data. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is applied to identify the key parameters related to temperature and heating power. Hyperparameter optimization uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to improve prediction accuracy. The performance of the PSO-LSTM model is compared with two other widely used prediction models, demonstrating its superior predictive capability. The results show that the PSO-LSTM model achieves highly accurate temperature and heating power predictions in the crystal growth process, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0295 for temperature and 0.0392 for heating power, further validating its effectiveness for real-time predictive control.

Optimization of Combustion Parameters in the Fire Tube of Water Jacket Heating Furnace Based on FLUENT

The combustion calculation domain of a water jacket heating furnace was established, and the fuel consumption and air consumption were optimized based on FLUENT. The amount of air consumption is based on the theoretical value of combustion, an air excess coefficient of 1.2 is taken, and the fuel consumption rate is set at 110, 130, 150, 170, and 190 m3/h. A comparative analysis of the calculation results shows that when the fuel consumption rate is 170 m3/h, the fuel combustion in the fire tube is the most intense, the combustion temperature is the highest, and the average temperature on the inner wall of the fire tube is the highest. Based on the optimal fuel consumption rate of 170 m3/h, the air consumption continues to be optimized. The air consumption was characterized by the air excess coefficient, which was 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, and 1.30, respectively. The comparative analysis of the calculation results shows that the flame temperature and diffusion combustion are the highest in the fire tube when the air excess coefficient is 1.25, but the average temperature of the inner wall of the fire tube is low, and the heat transfer effect is not optimal, while the air coefficient is 1.15.

Structural Optimization Design of Automobile Windshield Heating Furnace Based on Workbench

ABSTRACTThis article optimizes the structural optimization of the high‐temperature heating furnace used in the front glass manufacturing process of automobiles. In order to improve the heat condition in the glass forming process, the steady‐state thermal module of the finite element analysis software ANSYS Workbench is used to simulate the thermal forming process of the automotive front gear glass, and the influence of the specific heat of the front gear glass at rising temperature, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the coefficient of radiation heat transfer, and other parameters on the forming accuracy are studied. The mechanical properties and viscosity curve of the front glass were analyzed with the change of temperature, the collaborative service integration of “preheating‐injection molding‐pressing‐gluing” of the front glass was established, the thermoforming process was optimized, the temperature–force field thermodynamic coupling model was created, and the reliability of the constitutive model and simulation of the front glass was verified. It makes up for the deficiency that the existing theoretical research is separated from the actual generation and cannot play an effective guide to the production practice. This paper provides a new scheme for the structure design of automotive front gear glass heating furnace and provides reference for other similar forming structures.

A compact furnace for in-situ studies on high-temperature reactivity of coke using synchrotron radiation SAXS

The study of coke reactivity under high temperature conditions is crucial for understanding its behavior in industrial processes. This study presents a novel compact heating furnace, developed for in-situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies on the high-temperature reactivity of coke. The furnace achieves temperatures up to 1400∘C at a heating rate of 12∘C/min and enables steam introduction, simulating industrial conditions. Combination of the furnace with the in-situ SAXS setup at synchrotron radiation facilities facilitates real-time monitoring of structural changes at nanoscale in coke under various temperature and atmospheric conditions. This advancement offers a robust experimental platform for studying coke reactivity, with potential benefits for optimizing industrial processes and reducing environmental impact.

Effects of rapid infrared radiation heating on the warping deformation and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Co-Cr dental alloy.

Infrared radiation heating (IRH) technology has been innovatively applied to the annealing of selective laser melted (SLM) cobalt chromium (Co-Cr) frameworks. However, previous studies have not reported the effects of IRH on the warping deformation and mechanical properties of these frameworks. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of IRH on the warping deformation and mechanical properties of dental SLM Co-Cr alloy and to evaluate its potential applications in dental restorations. Two types of specimens, bone-shaped tensile specimens and warping deformation specimens (cantilever beam structures), were fabricated by SLM, followed by annealing using IRH and general furnace heating (GFH). The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n=6) based on the applied heat treatment method and build direction (IRH-XY; IRH-Z; GFH-XY; GFH-Z). The cantilever beam support structure of the warping deformation specimen was cut using wire cutting, and the warping deformation was measured using a digital image correlation optical extensometer. Tensile tests were used to evaluate mechanical properties, with the fracture characteristics being observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A micro-Vickers hardness tester was used to measure the microhardness. The microstructures were analyzed using a metallographic microscope. All data were analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test (α=.05). The surfaces of the SLM Co-Cr warping deformation specimens treated with IRH showed slight oxidation, while those treated with GFH exhibited a dark black appearance. No significant difference was found in deformation between the IRH group (0.412 ±0.039 mm) and the GFH group (0.379 ±0.070 mm) (P>.05). The elongation of the longitudinally built specimens was significantly higher than that of their transversely built counterparts (P<.05), while the yield strength showed an opposite trend. The longitudinally built specimens demonstrated ductile fracture characteristics, while the transversely built specimens displayed quasi-cleavage fractures. The specimens treated with IRH exhibited comparable tensile strength and microhardness with the GFH-treated specimens, with no statistically significant differences (P>.05). IRH treatment resulted in finer grains in the SLM Co-Cr alloy. Many fine second-phase particles precipitated from the matrix in the longitudinally built specimens, while few were observed in the transversely built specimens. The SLM Co-Cr specimens treated with IRH achieved comparable warping deformation and mechanical properties with those of the GFH-treated specimens. The IRH technology holds great potential for application to dental restorations.

Comparison of two hybrid systems employing linear Fresnel collector and waste heat recovery based on energy, exergy, economic, and environmental aspects

This research aims to develop a new hybrid system that incorporates a linear Fresnel collector (LFC) and waste heat recovery technology using direct storage tanks (DST) to generate stable and uninterruptible power. Moreover, the proposed hybrid system is assessed in terms of energy, exergy, economic, and environmental factors and is compared to a direct steam generation (DSG) hybrid system. In both systems, the heat recovery system recycles the waste heat of an electric arc furnace's low-temperature flue gases. In the first system, the DST plays a vital role in reducing the solar field's fluctuations to provide a stable heat load for an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The ORC receives continuous thermal energy with a solar multiple of 2.7 and a storage capacity of 16 h, generating an average net power of 1,253.80 kW throughout a full day. The findings show that the DST hybrid system has a 10.50% and 14% thermal and exergy efficiency superiority over the DSG hybrid system, respectively. Upon comparing the two hybrid systems, it is evident that the cost of the generated electricity is approximately 25% lower when using two DSTs. However, the DSG hybrid system shows greater savings in both emissions and production costs of CO2.

A Review on Microwave Processing Technique in the Synthesis of CaCu3Ti4O12

Microwave heating has a high potential technique to be used as an effective substitute for traditional furnace heating techniques in today's ceramic industries, including the synthesis of promising very high dielectric materials with relative permittivity, er = 105 of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO). The microwave processing approach employs microwave radiation to heat materials more efficiently and uniformly to promote uniform densification. Hence, this approach improved the material’s characteristics tremendously compared to the traditional furnace. As microwave heating lowers the reaction times, it has the potential to save both money and energy compared to conventional heating techniques. In CCTO processing, microwave energy was commonly used to replace the heating technique in the calcination stage, sintering stage, or both. This review delves into the historical development and advancements in microwave processing methods within ceramic manufacturing, particularly focusing on CCTO electroceramics. The aim is to assess the viability of microwave processing as a complete substitute for conventional furnace heating techniques in the production of CCTO.

Surface morphological studies on hot corrosion behaviour of pre-oxidized plasma sprayed WC-CoCr coating on AISI316L steel in Na2SO4/NaCl molten salt environment

Abstract The hot corrosion behaviour of plasma sprayed WC-CoCr coatings on AISI 316 L steel substrate is studied in two corrosive salt environments namely 100% Na2SO4 and 75% Na2SO4+25%NaCl at 1000 °C. Also, on WC-CoCr coated AISI 316L steel substrate, a persistent Cr2O3 barrier scale is created employing pre-oxidation at 1200 °C for ten hours with the expectation that it would withstand hot corrosion in a Na2SO4 salt environment at 900 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron micro probe analysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are performed on samples to examine the pre oxidation and hot corrosion characteristics of plasma sprayed WC-CoCr coatings at elevated temperatures. The findings indicate that the presence of both salt environment affects the degradation process of WC-CoCr coatings. The coatings in 100% Na2SO4 and the mixture of 75% Na2SO4+25%NaCl has a weight change of 0.14 mg cm−2 and 0.33 mg cm−2, respectively, after hot corrosion at 1000 °C for 50 cycles. Each cycle includes 1 h heating in furnace and 20 min cooling in ambient air. Corrosion kinetics using thermogravimetric method showed that non-pre-oxidized samples gained 52.5% more weight and more severely affected by hot corrosion than pre-oxidized ones. During hot corrosion after 2 h, there was relatively negligible corrosion, but after 4 and 8 h, deposits of Na2WO4, WO3, Cr2O3 and CoSO4 were produced. Oxides were primarily composed of Cr2O3 and WO3. Cr2O3 and WO3 acted as barriers to the penetration and diffusion of corrosive elements through coatings, which contributed to the hot corrosion resistance in the corrosive area. The hot corrosion deterioration of WC-CoCr coatings may be effectively reduced by introducing pre oxidation. Slower reaction rate of pre oxidized Cr2O3 scale may operate as a barrier which separates hot corrosion by Na2SO4 salt.

Fabrication of PVTF Films with High Piezoelectric Properties Through Directional Heat Treatment

Piezoelectric materials can realize the mutual conversion of mechanical energy and electric energy, so they have excellent application prospects in the fields of sensors, energy collectors and biological materials. The poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based polymers have the best piezoelectric properties in the piezoelectric polymer, but they still have a large room for improvement compared with the piezoelectric ceramics. Improving their content of the polar β phase has become a consensus to polish up the piezoelectric performance. Most available studies construct hydrogen bonds or coulomb interactions between the surface of the dopant and molecular chains by doping, which promotes the molecular chains arrangement and thus facilitates the formation of the polar β phase. Recent studies show that the ordered arrangement of molecular chains is also important for piezoelectric properties. At present, the main way to improve the piezoelectric performance of PVDF is through doping or complex heat treatment process. Here, the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) film was treated by directional heat treatment which used a heating table. Compared with uniform heat treatment like muffle furnace heat treatment, this simple vertical temperature gradient has many advantages for the content of the β phase and the crystallinity of P(VDF-TrFE). The results of the experiment showed that the content of the β phase of films remained at about 88%. When the film thickness was limited to 100 μm and the heat treatment temperature was limited to 200 °C, its crystallinity could reach 75% and the highest piezoelectric coefficient could reach 33.5 ± 0.7 pC/N. P(VDF-TrFE) films based on the experimental methods described above that show great potential for future applications in electronic devices and biomedical applications.

The influence mechanism of thermal invasion on spontaneous combustion of different coals using continuous adiabatic heating and non-isothermal oxidation method

Within deep coal mines, the elevated ground temperature has the potential to induce thermal invasion, thereby exacerbating coal spontaneous combustion (CSC). To investigate the influence mechanism of thermal invasion on CSC, experiments were conducted using coals of different metamorphic degrees (lignite, bitumite, and anthracite) with a continuous adiabatic heating and non-isothermal oxidation method in an oxidation furnace and an in-situ ESR spectrometer. Thermal invasion markedly enhanced the inherent susceptibility of spontaneous combustion of coals by increasing the oxygen consumption rate and lowering the apparent activation energy. This enhancement results from active free radicals generated during thermal invasion which accelerated coal-oxygen reactions during non-isothermal oxidation. These free radicals were found to be mainly carbon-centred radicals adjacent to an oxygen atom (alkyl radicals). An increase in both the g-factor value and free radical concentration was observed with thermal invasion temperature and invasion duration, especially in lignite, leading to a surge of free radical concentration during non-isothermal oxidation. The active free radicals generated during thermal invasion can easily react with oxygen, providing heat for coal-oxygen reactions and enabling rapid free radical generation. These findings offer insights for developing CSC evaluation and prevention strategies in deep mines where high ground temperatures are encountered.

Effect of Melamine on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in the n(111)-(111) Series of Pt3Co

Enhancement of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity is an important subject for the development of fuel cells. In this study, we prepared the n(111)-(111) series of Pt3Co single crystal electrodes using an induction heating furnace and investigated the ORR in 0.1 M HClO4 using the rotation disk electrode (RDE). The specific activity of the ORR (jk) increased monotonously with increasing terrace width n on the n(111)-(111) series of Pt3Co, showing the highest activity on Pt3Co(111). The value of jk of Pt3Co(111) was 59-fold higher than that of Pt(111) at 0.95 V(RHE). This trend was different from those of the same series of Pt, Pt3Co, and Pt3Ni reported previously. Furthermore, the ORR activity was improved on all electrodes by adding melamine to the electrolytic solution. Melamine was preferentially adsorbed at the terrace edge. Pt3Co(553) n = 5 showed the highest activity. The values of jk at 0.95 V(RHE) were 23- and 3.3-fold higher than those of Pt(553) n = 5 and Pt3Co(553) n = 5 without melamine modification, respectively. The durability of Pt3Co(553) n = 5 with melamine was improved 8.0-fold.Graphical

Combustion characteristics of regenerative heating furnace for oil shale retorting based on top air supply

To comply with stricter air pollution standards, a new top air supply technology was proposed. Through numerical simulation, the effects of the number of air nozzles (A), air inclination (B) and fuel gas nozzle position (C) on the average temperature in the furnace, incomplete combustion heat loss and NO emission were analyzed. The research results show that the number of air nozzles has an important impact on the vortex in the pre-combustion chamber, the installation position of the fuel gas nozzles has a certain impact on the vortex formed in the combustion chamber, while the inclination of the air nozzles has no obvious effect on the vortex formation; the mean furnace temperature is most significantly affected by the interaction of factors A and B(A × B), and other factors have relatively little influence; the incomplete combustion heat loss at the exit of the combustion chamber is mainly dominated by factor A, followed by factors A × B and C. For the NO emission value at the exit of the combustion chamber, factors A and A × C have a significant impact, factors A × B also have a certain impact, and other factors can be ignored.

Fast simple determination of nitrogen in reduced graphene oxide by pulse furnace heating combined with thermal conductivity detection technique

The fast accurately determining the contents of various elements in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has long been the most important research topic in the field of analytical chemistry for a long time. In this study, a new method was developed for fast and simple determination of total nitrogen content in rGO via pulse furnace heating combined with a thermal conductivity detection technique. Two key parameters, extraction power and sample weight were optimized experimentally. A nitrogen release curve was obtained through pulse furnace heating combined with thermal conductivity detection. The quantification limit of nitrogen element was calculated based on the results of the multiple blank experiments, and the accuracy and precision of the new method were verified by measuring nitrogen contents in rGO samples. The accuracy of this method was verified through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a CHNOS analyzer comparisons. This is the first study, in which pulse furnace heating combined with thermal conductivity detection was used to determine the total nitrogen content in rGO.

Production of carbon storage sintered body from fly ash by microwave heating

Environmental11fly ash (FA), concrete sludge cake (CSC), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM). concerns have spurred research into replacing thermal power with microwaves in chemical plants to promote sustainability. However, there is a lack of established methodologies for scaling up microwave heating furnaces through analytical and experimental approaches. In this study, a sintered material intended for use as roadbed material was developed using concrete sludge cake and fly ash from a thermal power plant. This material can incorporate up to 10 % carbon with the addition of certain additives. Furthermore, a microwave heating furnace was designed based on parametric analysis to ensure both homogeneity and efficiency in operation. The developed microwave furnace, with a capacity of 30 kW, is capable of sintering 640 kg of fly ash daily in a uniform manner. Employing the methodology outlined, microwave furnaces can be optimised to accommodate specific materials, facilitating the design of systems suitable for the electrification of chemical plants.

DETERMINATION OF THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON-CARBON MATERIALS BY A COMPUTATIONAL-EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

The continuous improvement of thermal protection efficiency for rocket and space technology (RST) components is a key aspect of progress in this field. Today, carbon-carbon composite materials (CCCM) are increasingly becoming the standard in thermal protection systems. Simultaneously, CCCMs are being used more frequently in devices for testing RST materials and evaluating component durability. For instance, CCCMs serve as structural and heating elements in vacuum furnaces under high mechanical and thermal loads. The expanding application of such materials requires enhancements to existing methods and the development of new approaches for studying and determining their thermophysical properties. This paper addresses this need by investigating heat propagation in flat CCCM samples with different fiber orientations in the matrix using a combined experimental-computational method to determine their heat capacity and thermal conductivity in the temperature range of 300–1200 K. The study involved furnace heating of CCCM samples, with the selected temperature range justified by the onset of thermoerosion at 1200 K for CCCMs. Temperatures up to 1200 K with heating durations of up to 60 seconds typically do not cause significant surface degradation. Heat capacity was determined at temperatures up to 700 K using the IT-с-400 device and calculated up to 2000 K using the «ASTRA 4.0» software. Thermal conductivity was obtained through a computational-experimental approach, employing a heat conduction model and an inverse problem methodology. Experimental temperatures from two surfaces of a flat sample during one-sided heating were used to solve the inverse problem. The COMSOL Multiphysics® software package, an integrated platform for modeling physical processes (including heat transfer) in environments and objects of various geometries, was employed for the calculations.

Study on Natural Characteristics of Coal Gangue Oxidation under the Action of Water.

The exposed accumulation of coal gangue undergoes changes when it is soaked by rainwater, exhibiting varying tendencies for spontaneous combustion in different precipitation regions. This study investigates the effects of moisture on the oxidation and spontaneous combustion of coal gangue in high-sulfur coal gangue from the Qipanjing area of Inner Mongolia. Initially, coal gangue samples were subjected to soaking and air-drying treatments at different moisture contents. The dried coal gangue samples were then placed into a self-designed programmable heating furnace for thermal experiments, during which the gases generated were collected and characterized using gas chromatography. By comparing the oxygen consumption and volume fractions of gases such as CO, CH4, and C2H6 produced from coal gangue treated at different moisture contents, it was found that the low-temperature oxidation characteristics were optimal at a moisture content of 25%. At this level, the initial formation temperatures of gases like CO, CH4, and C2H6 were the lowest, with peak concentrations observed at 390 °C. Conversely, when the moisture content exceeded 70%, a significant amount of combustible material in the coal gangue was dissolved and dispersed by water, leading to a marked decrease in the concentrations of indicator gases produced at 390 °C. In fact, these concentrations fell below those of the control group, which was not subjected to water soaking or subsequent drying. The water immersion treatment also lowered the initial temperature points for the generation of various indicator gases by approximately 15 °C, making spontaneous combustion more likely.

Role of constraint volume and heat flux on the design of evaporator tubes of steam generator by entropy generation minimization

This paper proposes a design methodology for evaporator tubes of a steam generator by applying the entropy generation minimization (EGM) approach. A two-phase flow-based entropy generation model for steam generator evaporator tubes is developed, with coolant volume as a constraint. For a target steam generation rate, the total entropy generation of the evaporator circuit is minimized using system volume and furnace heat flux as two constraints. It is observed that for a fixed steam generation rate, with increasing evaporator diameter, the furnace height decreases while the cross-sectional area increases. The analysis reveals that for a steam generation rate of 100 kg/s and a fixed circuit volume of 47 m3, increasing the heat flux from 36 to 50 kW/m2 shifts the EGM point from an evaporator diameter of 62 mm to 84 mm, respectively. On the other hand, the minimum point shifts to a diameter of 43 mm when the heat flux is decreased to 25 kW/m2. The present study concludes that the selection of the constraint volume for designing the evaporator downcomer circuit for a target steam generation rate should be done based on the available furnace heat flux to choose the most efficient design.

Fuzzy Logic Approach for Modeling of Heating and Scale Formation in Industrial Furnaces.

Heating steel charges is essential for proper charge formation. At the same time, it is a highly energy-intensive process. Limiting the scale formed is critical for reducing heat consumption in this process. This paper applies fuzzy logic to model heating and scale formation in industrial re-heating furnaces. Scale formation depends on the temperature of the initial charge, heating time, excess air coefficient value, and initial scale thickness. These parameters were determined based on experimental tests, which are also the inputs in the model of the analyzed process. The research was carried out in walking beam furnaces operating in hot rolling mill departments. To minimize the excess energy consumption for heating a steel charge in an industrial furnace before forming, a heating and scale formation (HSF) model was developed using the fuzzy logic-based approach. The developed model allows for the prediction of the outputs, i.e., the charge's final surface temperature and the scale layer's final thickness. The comparison between the measured and calculated results shows that the model's accuracy is acceptable.

Magnesium ion substitution in various calcium phosphates: A way towards bone regeneration

This study examined the gradual replacement of Ca2+ with a small amount of Mg2+ ions (0–1 wt%) in selected calcium phosphates commonly used in regenerative medicine: hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, brushite CaHPO4∙2H2O, and β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) Ca3(PO4)2. These compounds were obtained using precipitation reactions from aqueous solutions, followed by appropriate thermal treatment (drying or furnace heating). The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the materials were thoroughly analysed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Additionally, the release of Mg2+ ions from the selected materials was investigated, and a preliminary in vitro toxicity assessment was performed.The results showed that the introduction of magnesium ions up to 1 wt% was achieved with relatively high efficiency (63–82 % for brushite, 77–97 % for hydroxyapatite, and 88–100 % for β-tricalcium phosphate). The entire series of hydroxyapatites was phase-homogeneous, but monetite was observed as an additional phase in the case of brushite samples. In contrast, several βTCP samples were contaminated with a small amount of calcium oxide and hydroxide. The incorporation of Mg2+ ions significantly impacted the unit cell parameters of each type of calcium phosphate and the ultrastructure of the obtained powders. With an increase in the amount of introduced magnesium, the resulting crystals became smaller and showed a greater tendency to form aggregates. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to obtain calcium phosphate materials containing Mg2+ ions with a gradual release of ions. The fastest ions release occurred from the brushite sample, while the slowest was from the apatitic powder, which is in great accordance with the solubility of the materials. All samples, except for Mg0.5-Bru, were non-cytotoxic.