Heat Exchanger Pressure Research Articles

Deterioration in Heat Transfer to Fluids at Supercritical Pressure and High Heat Fluxes

At slightly supercritical pressure and in the neighborhood of the pseudocritical temperature (which corresponds to the peak in the specific heat at the operating pressure), the heat transfer coefficient between fluid and tube wall is strongly dependent on the heat flux. For large heat fluxes, a marked deterioration takes place in the heat transfer coefficient in the region where the bulk temperature is below the pseudocritical temperature and the wall temperature above the pseudocritical temperature. Equations have been developed to predict the deterioration in heat transfer at high heat fluxes and the results compared with previously available results for steam. Experiments have been performed with carbon dioxide for additional comparison. Limits of safe operation for a supercritical pressure heat exchanger in terms of the allowable heat flux for a particular flow rate have been determined theoretically and experimentally.

Conceptual Design of Double Steel Containment Vessels

In conjunction with nuclear plants, huge containment vessels for the enclosure of the pressure circuit, embracing reactor and heat exchangers, have already found acceptance. Inside of the containment vessel, surrounding the primary coolant loops, is a primary shielding wall which is a principal barrier against missiles resulting from internal explosion, affords protection to the vessel itself, and tends to protect the vessel from radiation damage, activation, and nuclear heating. Under normal operation the temperature of the containment is generally accepted as 150°F or less and is subject to only minor thermal stress effects; however, under maximum credible accident, or MCA, the temperature may rise to 300°F or more, depending upon engineered safeguards, free volume, and heat sinks provided in the vessel. Therefore, the vessel sustains a small thermal stress at normal operation but must withstand significant thermal deformation and interior pressure under MCA conditions. At the present time reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete vessels are generally designed for this type of containment, whereas a single steel vessel is considered economically unfeasible because of the large thickness of plate required.

Climatic stress indices for domestic animals.

Past attempts to devise an index of climatic stress are briefly reviewed, and a new “Relative Strain Index (RSI)” is proposed. RSI is the ratio between the evaporative cooling required to compensate for the heat stress, and the maximum evaporative cooling that the animal can provide by physiological means. RSI takes into account the air temperature, vapor pressure, air movement,and radiant heat exchange,as well as the metabolic rate and insulation provided by the animal's coat. The index can be used to predict the probable tolerance of animals of types that have been sufficiently well studied. It can also be used to estimate the relative tolerances of animals having different physiological capacities or metabolic rates, but otherwise comparable; and it can be used to predict the relative effectiveness of proposed environmental controls.

On the Optimum Extracting Points of the Cascade Drain Type Regenerative Cycle

The regenerative cycle may be classified into two types according to the methods of heating the feed water, namely the mixing type and the surface type. Furthermore, the latter consists of two types ; i.e., the one is the type in which the steam extracted from turbine stage heats the feed water only once, and the other is what the extracted steam from each stage of turbine heats the feed water in succession in the lower pressure heat exchangers and it is so-called "cascade drain type regenerative cycle". In this paper, the optimum extracting points of this cascade drain type regenerative cycle are discussed on the following assumption, i-i'=constant where i=the enthalpy of steam i'=the enthalpy of saturated water at the same pressure as "i", and then the results obtained by our method are compared with those by Laupichler-Kinkeldei's method. And we have been able to make sure that our method gives the better results than those by Laupichler-Kinkeldei's method.

Problems in Heat Exchange Pressure Drop

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProblems in Heat Exchange Pressure DropLeo Friend and W. E. LoboCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1939, 31, 5, 597–607Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1939https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50353a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts

On employing disks of fusible metal to prevent explosions in steam boilers

This chapter describes design and operating issues to be considered with regard to specific equipment items including pressure vessels, heat exchangers, tanks, pumps compressors, flares, boilers and electrical equipment. Piping, valves, and instrumentation are discussed in the next chapters.